Catalytic Materials Research Articles

A Review on Chemistry and Methods of Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of research on 1,2,4-triazoles conducted over the last fifteen years. 1,2,4-Triazoles are highly significant in the pharmaceutical industry, with numerous compounds from this class used clinically as antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitubercular agents. Beyond their pharmaceutical relevance, this review also explores their role in material science and agriculture. In material science, 1,2,4-triazoles are gaining prominence, particularly in the development of energetic materials (EMs), due to their exceptional properties such as thermal stability, coordination ability, and performance comparable to well-known explosives. Their applications extend to polymers, corrosion inhibitors, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and they play a significant role in the development of functional materials for sensors, catalysis, and energy storage. Additionally, the review addresses general aspects and synthetic methodologies for the functionalization and construction of the 1,2,4-triazole ring. Synthetic methods discussed include metalation synthesis, cyclization of hydrazine derivatives, multicomponent reactions, cyclization of amides and amidines, and microwave-assisted synthesis. Given the significance of the triazole scaffold, its synthesis has garnered considerable attention due to its wide-ranging applications across various industrial sectors.

Fundamentals and Challenges of Ligand Modification in Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis

AbstractThe development of efficient catalytic materials in the energy field could promote the structural transformation from traditional fossil fuels to sustainable energy. In heterogeneous catalytic reactions, ligand modification is an effective way to regulate both electronic and steric structures of catalytic sites, thus paving a prospective avenue to design the interfacial structures of heterogeneous catalysts for energy conversion. Although great achievements have been obtained for the study and applications of heterogeneous ligand‐modified catalysts, the systematical refinements of ligand modification strategies are still lacking. Here, we reviewed the ligand modification strategy from both the mechanistic and applicable scenarios by focusing on heterogeneous electrocatalysis. We elucidated the ligand‐modified catalysts in detail from the perspectives of basic concepts, preparation, regulation of physicochemical properties of catalytic sites, and applications in different electrocatalysis. Notably, we bridged the electrocatalytic performance with the electronic/steric effects induced by ligand modification to gain intrinsic structure‐performance relations. We also discussed the challenges and future perspectives of ligand modification strategies in heterogeneous catalysis.

Host‐Guest Assemblies of Polyoxovanadate Clusters as Supramolecular Catalysts

Supramolecular functional materials can be used to overcome some of the most challenging tasks in materials science, where the dynamic nature of supramolecular interactions can be leveraged to fine‐tune the properties of the material. The Lindqvist hexavanadate family of polyoxometalates are interesting candidates for supramolecular materials due to their redox and Lewis acid properties that enable their application in energy conversion or catalysis. Despite their promising potential, hexavanadate clusters are underrepresented in supramolecular materials, mainly due to the synthetic challenges related to their inherent reactivity. In this work, pillar[5]arene was successfully grafted onto a Lindqvist hexavanadate and the resulting structure was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, presenting the first example of a crystal structure of a polyoxometalate covalently functionalized with a pillar[5]arene. By introducing a ditopic guest molecule that could interlink pillar[5]arene moieties, host‐guest interactions were leveraged as the driving force for the formation of supramolecular assemblies incorporating hexavanadate clusters in a controlled manner. The enhanced catalytic performance of the resulting aggregates confirmed their potential application as functional catalytic materials. This novel approach for developing hexavanadate‐based catalysts reported here showcases the potential of using host‐guest interactions as a means to introduce catalytically active metal‐oxo clusters into supramolecular frameworks.

Host-Guest Assemblies of Polyoxovanadate Clusters as Supramolecular Catalysts.

Supramolecular functional materials can be used to overcome some of the most challenging tasks in materials science, where the dynamic nature of supramolecular interactions can be leveraged to fine-tune the properties of the material. The Lindqvist hexavanadate family of polyoxometalates are interesting candidates for supramolecular materials due to their redox and Lewis acid properties that enable their application inenergy conversion or catalysis. Despite their promising potential, hexavanadate clusters are underrepresented in supramolecular materials, mainly due to the synthetic challenges related to their inherent reactivity. In this work, pillar[5]arene was successfully grafted onto a Lindqvist hexavanadate and the resulting structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, presenting the first example of a crystal structure of a polyoxometalate covalently functionalized with a pillar[5]arene. By introducing a ditopic guest molecule that could interlink pillar[5]arene moieties, host-guest interactions were leveraged as the driving force for the formation of supramolecular assemblies incorporating hexavanadate clusters in a controlled manner. The enhanced catalytic performance of the resulting aggregates confirmed their potential application as functional catalytic materials. This novel approach for developing hexavanadate-based catalysts reported here showcases the potential of using host-guest interactions as a means to introduce catalytically active metal-oxo clusters into supramolecular frameworks.

Two-Dimensional Topological Platinum Telluride Superstructures with Periodic Tellurium Vacancies for Efficient and Robust Catalysis.

Defect engineering in the inherently inert basal planes of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), involving the introduction of chalcogen vacancies, represents a pivotal approach to enhance catalytic activity by exposing high-density catalytic metal single-atom sites. However, achieving a single-atom limit spacing between chalcogen vacancies to form ordered superstructures remains challenging for creating uniformly distributed high-density metal single-atom sites on TMDs comparable to carbon-supported single-atom catalysts (SACs). Here we unveil an efficient TMD-based topological catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), featuring high-density single-atom reactive centers on a few-layer (7 × 7)-PtTe2-x superstructure. Compared with pristine Pt(111), PtTe2, and (2 × 2)-PtTe2-x, (7 × 7)-PtTe2-x exhibits superior HER performance owing to its substantially increased density of undercoordinated Pt sites, alongside exceptional catalytic stability when operating at high current densities. First-principles calculations confirm that multiple types of undercoordinated Pt sites on (7 × 7)-PtTe2-x exhibit favorable hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energies, and remain active upon increasing hydrogen coverage. Furthermore, (7 × 7)-PtTe2-x possesses nontrivial band topologies with robust edge states, suggesting potential enhancements for HER. Our findings are expected to advance TMD-based catalysts and exploration of topological materials in catalysis.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity of MoS2 Nanostructures Prepared Using Nonionic Surfactant

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has garnered significant interest as an auspicious catalytic material for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, MoS2 nanostructures are synthesized using the hydrothermal method with ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24∙4H2O) as the Mo source; thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) as the reducing agent and S source; and nonylphenols 9, nonylphenols 40, and polysorbate 80 as the surfactants. The impact of the different nonionic surfactants on the materials is comprehensively investigated. Moreover, the MoS2 fine structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission scanning microscopy (TEM). The HER characteristics of the MoS2 composites are assessed through electrochemical experiments, including linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. Among the prepared specimens, MoS2/NP 9 exhibits the best electrocatalytic performance in a neutral medium. Furthermore, 240 mV is required to reach the current density of 10 mAcm−2.

3D NiCoW Metallic Compound Nano-Network Structure Catalytic Material for Urea Oxidation

Urea shows promise as an alternative substrate to water oxidation in electrolyzers, and replacing OER with the Urea Oxidation Reaction (UOR, theoretical potential of 0.37 V vs. RHE) can significantly increase hydrogen production efficiency. Additionally, the decomposition of urea can help reduce environmental pollution. This paper improves the inherent activity of catalytic materials through morphology and electronic modulation by incorporating tungsten (W), which accelerates electron transfer, enhances the electronic structure of neighboring atoms to create a synergistic effect, and regulates the adsorption process of active sites and intermediates. NiCoW catalytic materials with an ultra-thin nanosheet structure were prepared using an ultrasonic-assisted NaBH4 reduction method. The results show that during the OER process, NiCoW catalytic materials have a potential of only 1.53 V at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, while the UOR process under the same conditions requires a lower potential of 1.31 V, demonstrating superior catalytic performance. In a mixed electrolyte of 1 M KOH and 0.5 M urea, overall water splitting also shows excellent performance. Therefore, the designed NiCoW electrocatalyst, with its high catalytic activity, provides valuable insights for enhancing the efficiency of water electrolysis for hydrogen production and holds practical research significance.

Layered high-entropy sulfides: boosting electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction by cocktail effects

Abstract This study explores high-entropy sulfides (HESs) as potential electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Novel Pa-3 and Pnma structured HESs containing Fe, Mn, Ni, Co and Mo, were synthesized via a facile mechanochemical method. Structural and chemical properties were extensively characterized using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic performance of four as-prepared HESs in alkaline electrolyte for HER reveals the remarkable outperformance compared to medium-entropy and conventional sulfides. Particularly, (Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mo0.2)S2 demonstrated outstanding activities, with minimal overpotentials (187 mV at 10 mA cm–2) and outstanding durability under harsh alkaline conditions (a mere polarization increase ΔE = 17 mV after 14 h via chronopotentiometry). The remarkable catalytic activities can be attributed to synergistic effects resulting from the cocktail effects within the high-entropy disulfide. The introduction of Mo contributes to the formation of a layered structure, which leads to an increased surface area and thus to a superior HER performance compared to other HES and conventional sulfides. This work demonstrates the promising potential of HES and underscores that further development for catalytic applications paves the way for innovative routes to new and more efficient active materials for HER catalysis.

Rechargeable Hydrogen Gas Batteries: Fundamentals, Principles, Materials, and Applications.

The growing demand for renewable energy sources has accelerated a boom in research on new battery chemistries. Despite decades of development for various battery types, including lithium-ion batteries, their suitability for grid-scale energy storage applications remains imperfect. In recent years, rechargeable hydrogen gas batteries (HGBs), utilizing hydrogen catalytic electrode as anode, have attracted extensive academic and industrial attention. HGBs, facilitated by appropriate catalysts, demonstrate notable attributes such as high power density, high capacity, excellent low-temperature performance, and ultralong cycle life. This review presents a comprehensive overview of four key aspects pertaining to HGBs: fundamentals, principles, materials, and applications. First, detailed insights are provided into hydrogen electrodes, encompassing electrochemical principles, hydrogen catalytic mechanisms, advancements in hydrogen catalytic materials, and structural considerations in hydrogen electrode design. Second, an examination and future prospects of cathode material compatibility, encompassing both current and potential materials, are summarized. Third, other components and engineering considerations of HGBs are elaborated, including cell stack design and pressure vessel design. Finally, a techno-economic analysis and outlook offers an overview of the current status and future prospects of HGBs, indicating their orientation for further research and application advancements.

Global Optimization of Molybdenum Subnanoclusters on Graphene: A Consistent Approach toward Catalytic Applications.

The development of novel subnanometer clusters (SNCs) catalysts with superior catalytic performance depends on the precise control of clusters' atomistic sizes, shapes, and accurate deposition onto surfaces. The intrinsic complexity of the adsorption process complicates the ability to achieve an atomistic understanding of the most relevant structure-reactivity relationships hampering the rational design of novel catalytic materials. In most cases, existing computational approaches rely on just a few structures to draw conclusions on clusters' reactivity thereby neglecting the complexity of the existing energy landscapes thus leading to insufficient sampling and, most likely, unreliable predictions. Moreover, modeling of the actual experimental procedure that is responsible for the deposition of SNCs on surfaces is often not done even though in some cases this procedure may enhance the significance of certain (e.g., metastable) adsorption geometries. This study proposes a novel systematic approach that utilizes global search techniques, specifically, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, in conjunction with ab initio calculations, to simulate all stages in the beam experiments, from predicting the most relevant SNCs structures in the beam and on a surface, to their reactivity. To illustrate the main steps of our approach, we consider the deposition of Molybdenum SNC of 6 Mo atoms on a free-standing graphene surface, as well as their catalytic properties with respect to the CO molecule dissociation reaction. Even though our calculations are not exhaustive and serve only to produce an illustration of the method, they are still able to provide insight into the complicated energy landscape of Mo SNCs on graphene demonstrating the catalytic activity of Mo SNCs and the importance of performing statistical sampling of available configurations. This study establishes a reliable procedure for performing theoretical rational design predictions.

Urea/Thiourea Imine Linkages Provide Accessible Holes in Flexible Covalent Organic Frameworks and Dominates Self‐Adaptivity and Exciton Dissociation

Unraveling the robust self‐adaptivity and minimal energy‐dissipation of soft reticular materials for environmental catalysis presents a compelling yet unexplored avenue. Herein, a top‐down strategy, tailoring from the unique linkage basis, flexibility degree, skeleton electronics to trace‐guest adaptability, is proposed to fill the understanding gap between micro‐soft covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and photocatalytic performance. The thio(urea)‐basis‐dominated linkage within benzotrithiophene‐based COFs induce the framework contraction/swelling (intralayer micro‐flexibility) in response to tetrahydrofuran or water. Adaptability of micro‐flexible thiourea‐COF with pore hydrophilicity not only contributes to the favorable mass transfer, but also enhances the accessible redox active sites, culminating in nearly 100% removal of micropollutant with low‐energy dissipation in wastewater. The incorporating urea/thiourea into imine linkage facilitates polarization reduction and exciton dissociation within skeleton wall, inducing strong localization for holes. This transformation facilitates interchain charge transport and unbalanced distribution conducive to oxidative holes‐mediated micropollutant decomposition.

Urea/Thiourea Imine Linkages Provide Accessible Holes in Flexible Covalent Organic Frameworks and Dominates Self-Adaptivity and Exciton Dissociation.

Unraveling the robust self-adaptivity and minimal energy-dissipation of soft reticular materials for environmental catalysis presents a compelling yet unexplored avenue. Herein, a top-down strategy, tailoring from the unique linkage basis, flexibility degree, skeleton electronics to trace-guest adaptability, is proposed to fill the understanding gap between micro-soft covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and photocatalytic performance. The thio(urea)-basis-dominated linkage within benzotrithiophene-based COFs induce the framework contraction/swelling (intralayer micro-flexibility) in response to tetrahydrofuran or water. Adaptability of micro-flexible thiourea-COF with pore hydrophilicity not only contributes to the favorable mass transfer, but also enhances the accessible redox active sites, culminating in nearly 100% removal of micropollutant with low-energy dissipation in wastewater. The incorporating urea/thiourea into imine linkage facilitates polarization reduction and exciton dissociation within skeleton wall, inducing strong localization for holes. This transformation facilitates interchain charge transport and unbalanced distribution conducive to oxidative holes-mediated micropollutant decomposition.

Incorporation of Fe/FeOx Nanoparticles into Interlinked N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanofiber Networks to Realizing Sequential Catalytic Conversion of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries (LSBs) with energy density (2600 Wh/kg) much higher than typical Li-ion batteries (150-300 Wh/kg) have received considerable attention. However, the insulation nature of solid sulfur species and the high activation barrier of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) lead to slow sulfur redox kinetics. By the introduction of catalytic materials, the effective adsorption of LiPSs, and significantly reduced conversion, energy barriers are expected to be achieved, thereby sharpening electrochemical reaction kinetics and fundamentally addressing these challenges. In this work, a multifunctional catalyst consisting of highly dispersed heterostructure Fe-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was synthesized and introduced to the LSB. Experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that the spontaneous interfacial charge redistribution, resulting in moderate polysulfide adsorption, facilitates the transfer of polysulfides and diffusion of electrons at heterogeneous interfaces. This catalyst achieves sequential catalytic processes on polysulfides with different components. Furthermore, the reduced conversion energy barriers enhanced the catalytic activity of Fe/Fe2O3-NG for expediting LiPS conversion. Consequently, the battery exhibited long-term stability for 300 cycles with 0.03% capacity decay per cycle at 5C. This work provides in-depth insight into the fundamental design principles of effective catalysts for LSBs.

Single-atom Barium Promoter Enormously Enhanced Non-noble Metal Catalyst for Ammonia Decomposition.

As a well-established topic, single-atom catalyst has drawn growing interest for its high utilization of metal. However, researchers prefer to develop various active metals with single-atom form, the intrinsic roles of single-atom promoters are usually underrated, which are significant in boosting reaction activity. In this work, Ba single atoms were in situ prepared in the Co-Ba/Y2O3 catalyst with crystallized BaCO3 as the precursor under the ammonia decomposition reaction condition. The optimized Co-Ba/Y2O3 catalyst achieves extremely high H2 production rate of 138.3 mmolH2·gcat-1·min-1 at very low temperature (500 °C, GHSV = 840,000 mL·g-1·h-1) and Co-Ba/Y2O3 exhibits excellent durability during the 350 h test, which realizes the highest activity among all non-noble catalysts, and reaches or even exceeds numerous reported Ru-based catalysts. Both Y2O3 and Co demonstrate positive interactions with Ba, which significantly facilitates the dispersion of Ba species at high temperatures (≥ 600 °C). Ba single atoms significantly enhance the charge density of Co and form additionally active Co-O-Ba-Y2O3 interfacial sites, which alleviates hydrogen poisoning and decreases the reaction barrier of the N-H bond activation of *NH. The exploration of atomically dispersed promoters is groundbreaking in heterogeneous catalysis, which opens up a whole new domain of catalytic material.

Single‐atom Barium Promoter Enormously Enhanced Non‐noble Metal Catalyst for Ammonia Decomposition

As a well‐established topic, single‐atom catalyst has drawn growing interest for its high utilization of metal. However, researchers prefer to develop various active metals with single‐atom form, the intrinsic roles of single‐atom promoters are usually underrated, which are significant in boosting reaction activity. In this work, Ba single atoms were in situ prepared in the Co‐Ba/Y2O3 catalyst with crystallized BaCO3 as the precursor under the ammonia decomposition reaction condition. The optimized Co‐Ba/Y2O3 catalyst achieves extremely high H2 production rate of 138.3 mmolH2·gcat−1·min−1 at very low temperature (500 °C, GHSV = 840,000 mL·g−1·h−1) and Co‐Ba/Y2O3 exhibits excellent durability during the 350 h test, which realizes the highest activity among all non‐noble catalysts, and reaches or even exceeds numerous reported Ru‐based catalysts. Both Y2O3 and Co demonstrate positive interactions with Ba, which significantly facilitates the dispersion of Ba species at high temperatures (≥ 600 °C). Ba single atoms significantly enhance the charge density of Co and form additionally active Co‐O‐Ba‐Y2O3 interfacial sites, which alleviates hydrogen poisoning and decreases the reaction barrier of the N‐H bond activation of *NH. The exploration of atomically dispersed promoters is groundbreaking in heterogeneous catalysis, which opens up a whole new domain of catalytic material.

Uncovering Metal-Decorated TiO2 Photocatalysts for Ciprofloxacin Degradation-A Combined Experimental and DFT Study.

Optimization of the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of organic and pharmaceutical pollutants represents a matter of fundamental and practical interest. The present experimental and DFT study deals with evaluation of OH radical binding energy as a simple computational descriptor of the catalytic activity of d-metal-decorated TiO2 photocatalysts for the photodegradation of the widely used antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Five d-metals commonly used in catalytic materials (Zr, Pt, Pd, Fe, and Cu) were deposited on the TiO2 surface, and the obtained photocatalysts were characterized experimentally (XRPD, ICP-OES, and SEM) and theoretically (DFT). Attention was also paid to the mechanistic insights and degradation byproducts (based on UV-Vis spectrometry and LC/MS analysis) in order to obtain systematic insight into their structure/performance relationships and confirm the proposed model of the degradation process based on OH radical reactivity.

D‐Band Center Modulation of Metallic Co‐Incorporated Co7Fe3 Alloy Heterostructure for Regulating Polysulfides in Highly Efficient Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries, with their high theoretical energy density and cost‐effectiveness, have become one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage devices. However, they still face challenges such as the “shuttle effect” caused by the dissolution of polysulfide intermediates and the slow sulfur conversion kinetics. In this study, based on the Co7Fe3 alloy catalyst, additional Co metal is introduced to form a Co7Fe3Co catalyst with a heterostructure through a simple heat treatment process. This catalyst is incorporated into Ketjenblack (KB) to form a sulfur‐infused cathode material (designated as S/KB/Co7Fe3Co). Li‐S batteries using S/KB/Co7Fe3Co as the cathode demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance, maintaining a reversible specific capacity of over 500 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 C, with a capacity decay rate of 0.046% per cycle. DFT theoretical calculations and experimental results both reveal that the introduction of additional Co effectively regulates the d‐band center of the material, enhancing the adsorption of polysulfide intermediates by Co7Fe3Co and promoting bidirectional catalytic sulfur conversion. This work highlights the importance of the simple construction of heterostructured catalytic materials and their role in improving the performance of Li‐S batteries.

Alkalized MQDs/Bi2S3 Porous Structure for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

AbstractFinding effective and specific catalytic materials for the transformation of carbon dioxide into fuel is indisputably a significant challenge. In this study, 3D porous sphere structure MXene quantum dot/Bi2S3 (MBS) composites were prepared using electrostatic self‐assemblage of protonated Bismuth sulphide nanoparticles (Bi2S3 NSs) with Ti3C2(OH)2 QDs (MQDs‐OH). The optimized MBS material demonstrates an excellent narrow band gap (Eg=1.24 V (vs. NHE)) and high selectivity and efficiency in catalyzing CH3OH, delivering impressive yields of up to 694.7 μmol/g. This study may lead to a new approach to the development of multidimensional photocatalysts for CH3OH production by adsorption of atmospheric CO2.

Fractal Modelling of Heterogeneous Catalytic Materials and Processes.

This review considers the use of fractal concepts to improve the development, fabrication, and characterisation of catalytic materials and supports. First, the theory of fractals is discussed, as well as how it can be used to better describe often highly complex catalytic materials and enhance structural characterisation via a variety of different methods, including gas sorption, mercury porosimetry, NMR, and several imaging modalities. The review then surveys various synthesis and fabrication methods that can be used to create catalytic materials that are fractals or possess fractal character. It then goes on to consider how the fractal properties of catalysts affect their performance, especially their overall activity, selectivity for desired products, and resistance to deactivation. Finally, this review describes how the optimum fractal catalyst material for a given reaction system can be designed on a computer.

Utilization of waste citrus limetta peel for the green synthesis of iron catalyst and its subsequent application in fluidized-bed Fenton-like process for environmental sustainable treatment of organic pollutant

This work focuses on the environmental friendly synthesis of an iron-based catalyst utilizing extract from waste citrus limetta peels. The main objective is to encourage the sustainable use of bio-waste materials in catalytic processes. This innovative method demonstrates the efficacy of bio-derived materials in catalysis by removing the need for hazardous chemicals. The green-synthesized catalyst was analyzed using many characterization methods, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These analyzed results give insightful information on the physicochemical properties of green-synthesized catalysts. Furthermore, the prepared catalyst was utilized in a fluidized-bed reactor to facilitate the Fenton degradation of dye effluent, with a specific focus on the commonly used Eosin yellow (EY) dye. The iron catalyst derived from plant-based waste material accomplished an impressive 98% degradation of EY within a 90-minute time frame under optimized working conditions, using a minimal quantity of catalyst. An in-depth analysis was conducted to study the kinetics and process mass transfer in order to improve the comprehension of catalytic processes occurring in the fluidized-bed reactor. The Fenton decomposition of dye effluent is likely to be explained by first-order reaction kinetics. Additionally, confirmed enhanced catalytic durability and decreased deactivation of surface sites of the prepared catalyst after three consecutive oxidation cycles. These findings underscore the potential of this approach in sustainable wastewater treatment, highlighting both its efficiency and cost-effectiveness.