Strength Testing Of Materials Research Articles

Variations in Composition and Size of Red Sand in Pinang City, North Sumatra to Improve Concrete Quality

This study further explores the problems in the concrete material studied in terms of variations in the structure of the constituent materials and the grain size of red sand on the compressive strength test of quality concrete material with code K-350. The primary raw material uses red sand with compositions ranging from 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% with sizes ranging from 120, 100, and 80 mesh. After all the ingredients are mixed, printing is carried out according to the predetermined sample size; after the sample is deposited for one day and one night, the sample is opened from the mold mall. To see the quality of the sample, testing was carried out by testing the concrete structure through the SEM test, and the sample elements were looked at by testing XRD, compressive strength, and water absorption. The results obtained were a successive decrease in water absorption in red sand samples with a composition of 4%. In addition, the maximum compressive strength value was obtained at the proportion of 120 mesh material, and 6 percent of the material composition obtained a compressive strength value of 35.27 MPa. When viewed from the size of the concrete structure using the scanning Electron Microscope test, it was found that the size of the red sand mixture concrete structure has a much smaller pore structure when compared to other mixtures. and in the X-Ray Diffraction test, it was found to contain elements in the form of SiO2, CaO3, Ca (OH)2 with the highest intensity of silicon.

Validating Flip Chip Package Models Through Experimental Deflection Measurements

Tektronix Component Solutions is advancing its simulation capabilities to improve product reliability, reduce development costs, and speed up time-to-market. Developing a model that accurately predicts performance requires that it be validated through correlation to real-world results. In this work, a high-fidelity, multi-step, nonlinear finite element model was built including processing steps and thermal cycling to mirror the real environment of a flip chip package. Extensive materials characterization was performed to capture accurate time-and-temperature dependent (viscoelastic) properties of the underfill adhesive, stiffener ring adhesive, and substrate components. Model accuracy was established through three measurement techniques to characterize package deflections. The Thermo-Moiré technique was used to measure package warpages as a function of processing step and thermal loading. Optical Interferometry was used as a secondary approach to measure package warpage as a function of processing step. Lastly, Digital Image Correlation was performed on a cross-section of the package to characterize shear and through-thickness strains of critical solder bumps. The simulation produced excellent correlation with the various measurement techniques, and it was found that component pre-warpage (inherent to the substrate and stiffener ring) was a necessary variable to account for during simulation and measurement. With the excellent correlation provided by the models, Tektronix Component Solutions is now using these methods in combination with material strength testing to advance critical stress and survivability predictions in advanced packages.

A study of the residual stress behavior of rigid and flexible epoxy adhesives during thermal cycle aging for electronics packaging

In the rapidly developing microelectronics industry and technology, epoxy resin based electrically conductive adhesives must be urgently improved in terms of aging resistance, especially residual stress caused by thermal cycle aging. In this study, we investigated the stress behavior of rigid and flexible epoxy systems blended with bisphenol F epoxy (BPF) and fatty acid epoxy. The curing processes, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the modified epoxy systems were assessed comprehensively. Moreover, the residual stress during the thermal cycle was monitored, and the bond strength was characterized. The results pointed out that by introducing soft molecular segments into a rigid system, the modified epoxy resin system had significantly lower residual stress values and exhibited a higher bond strength over a wider temperature range. Finally, we envision the systematic integration of residual stress testing with material strength testing for quantifying the bond failure of adhesive layers in the near future.

HIGH STRENGTH MANGO LEAF WASTE/POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT USING QUARTZ MATERIAL

Quartz stone contains silica components (SiO2) which have the ability as a reinforcement material for composite materials. Quartz SEM-EDX testing shows that the quartz silica comonent is 69%. Other components contained in quartz are 34% MgO and 2% CaO. Therefore, quartz stone is used as a reinforcing material in mango leaf waste composite materials. Meanwhile, compressive strength testing of composite materials was carried out with variations of Polyurethane (PU) polymers, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 grams, obtaining the highest maximum pressure at 6 grams polymer mass, which is 38.91 grams. Testing of composite materials that have been given a mixture of quartz stone with a mass of Polyurethane (PU) 6 grams and a quartz stone variation of 0.03; 0,06; 0,09; 0,12; 0,15; and 0.18 grams obtained the maximum power most optimally there is a quartz mass of 0.06 grams of 40.47 grams. The strength of mango leaf composite meets the strength standard for building materials, namely concrete with a value of 20-150 MPa. This shows that quartz stone can be a composite reinforcement comprehenent for mango leaf waste.

Tensile test analysis for steel welding connections as a basis for compiling welding procedure specification (WPS)

Welding is the train manufacturing industry's most widely used method of joining metal plates. The welding method and the qualification of the weld results can be ascertained using the WPS document. The construction of WPS begins with setting up standards that will obtain the most appropriate welding procedures, then determining the type of material strength test to ensure the quality of the welds. This research was conducted to determine whether the S355 J2 steel can withstand the stress of the load before it is deformed by the welding procedure that has been determined. Tensile tests were carried out on welded S355 J2 steel. The tensile test results obtained a higher value than the standard material that is not welded. Therefore, it can be ensured that the welding procedure used is correct. This is caused by several factors, including the type of welding according to the material, the use of the type of electrode, the making of the joint design, and the correct welding parameters.

Computer simulation of mechanical strength compared between straight and wave plates for femoral application through finite elements

The objective of this study was to evaluate, by means of computer simulation, the difference in mechanical strength between two plate models straight and wave used in femur fracture fixation, submitting both to a progressive static axial load. There are criteria to evaluate the yield strength of a material: Tresca, Von Mises and Mohr-Coulomb. In this study, the Von-Mises strain criterion theory was used because it is used in fatigue strength tests of ductile materials, in this case, stainless steel. This criterion, indicates that the yielding of a solid material begins when it reaches a critical stress value. The models were built computationally using 3D modeling software. The finite element mathematical method was used to evaluate the stress and strain curve, two elements considered fundamental to verify the behavior of the metal during the application of stress and the displacement of the plates, to thus evaluate the strength of each. The results obtained after the finite element analysis show that the plates do not reach the critical limit for yielding, but the straight plate absorbs 10 times more stress compared to the wave plate. The wave plate allows the conclusion that there is decomposition of the applied force. Both plates remain in the elastic regime with load up to 1000 N. The load is equivalent to the weight of the body and gravity. It was concluded that the axial force applied in the caudal direction decomposes into resulting ones compared to the straight plate, which absorbs all the load and may reach the critical limit for yielding before the wave plate.

Reverse Engineering in Modeling Agricultural Products

Abstract The purpose of the study was to use reverse engineering to model biological products, especially sugar beet root. In the process of creating the solid model, the appropriate tools available in the 3D design environment were applied. The 3D scan of the beet, in the form of a spatial point cloud, was used to project the root geometry. This was, in turn, used to construct a triangulation grid that includes nodal points of triangles. The subsequent steps presented the process of creating a solid model using the Interpolation Spline tool. Attention has been paid to the possibility of modifying the geometry by inserting additional points into the existing interpolation spline and changing angular position as well as the distance of the structural planes. Geometry mapping error values were determined with regard to the reference model depending on the spread value of the Structural Planes. Error courses are non-linear with a logarithmic line trend (surface field error) and a linear line trend (volume error). The effects demonstrated the usefulness of geometry projection and its applicability to support the strength testing of biological materials, with particular emphasis on dynamic tests using whole roots.

Experimental and Numerical Study on Long-Life and Progressive Damage in Laminates in Open-Hole Compression Tests

The strength theory design accuracy of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) composite structures are integral to CFRP composite structures product weights along with production costs. In order to further improve the CFRP composite structure strength theory design accuracy in this paper, it developed an ATM/SIFT analysis method by combining strain invariant failure theory (SIFT) and Accelerated testing methodology (ATM). The developed implementation scheme of ATM/SIFT includes: three parts of accelerating material strength test, component strength main curve characterization, structures life prediction, among which the material life prediction is achieved by using Python code to customize user material subroutines (VUMAT), through secondary development on the ABAQUS platform. Based on the developed ATM/SIFT method, it analyzed the compressive gradual failure mechanism and life of IM600/TDE-85 composite laminated plates open pore structures. Finally, it predicted the long-term static load compression life of IM600/TDE-85 composite laminate open-hole structures by using ATM/SIFT method and compared this prediction results with test results.

Investigation on Alamparai Fort by utilization of organic materials for improvement of stability of heritage structure.

Heritage structures are valuable monuments that describe the culture and tradition of the country. In today's world, natural or artificial tragedies alter these historic structures. As a result, restoration was implemented to restore the ancient buildings using modern binding agents to conserve these cultural structures. Rehabilitation can take place only by analyzing the properties of existing structures. The alternative binding additive agent selected can regain the same strength and shape as the heritage structures based on the existing structure properties. Based on these, the restoration of the Alamparai Fort was performed by analyzing the fort materials using mortar strength analysis by core-drilling, double punch test, and small-scale masonry test. The arch properties are also analyzed by performing seismic analysis based on the mortar strength properties. The stability analysis of the organic and existing materials shows that Gur and Haritaki are the best additive agents for restoring the fort. Hence, the fort's diagonal shear test and seismic modeling were used to analyze the performance of the mortar strength and seismic analysis of these materials. The proposed material strength test results indicate that the Gur and Haritaki are the best additive agents to restore the fort. The fort was restored with these materials; it survived the Nivar cyclone on 26 November 2020.

Performance characteristics of Hopkinson’s set-up pneumatic launcher

The paper presents a performance characteristics of a pneumatic launcher, which is an important element of the split Hopkinson bar set-up (SHPB) at the Department of Military Engineering and Infrastructure (the Military University of Technology in Warsaw) for the purpose of dynamic strength tests of construction materials. The process of experimental calibration of the launcher for selected loading bar-projectiles is shown. Two types of compression during direct impact tests were also used simultaneously to investigate the behaviour of metallic samples with the use of this launcher as well as the Hopkinson measuring bar: the first — a short cylindrical sample, including a miniature (small diameter) sample, and the second — a long cylindrical sample (Taylor test). The relationships describing the stress and strain state as a function of strain rate for the first type of the experiment and engineering empirical formulas for the second type of the research were given.

Evaluation of heat resistance of carbon fiber reinforced plastics based on organosilicon compounds

The paper presents composite materials based on elastomeric matrices in combination with phenol-formaldehyde resin, reinforced with carbon fiber fabric. Technology of obtaining composites is described. Polymer binder has been modified by introducing inorganic additives (SiC, ZrB2, glass microspheres). Experimental data of thermogravimetric analysis of the obtained carbon plastics are presented. Comparative tensile strength tests of composite materials have been carried out before and after plasma treatment. Materials described in the paper are intended for use in high-temperature heat shielding.

Testing the State of Internal Load and Strength of the Facade Mesh Wire Subjected to the Corrugation Process

Abstract The article presents an example of a structural solution of a mesh facade installed on a public building. The types of loads that can affect the structure of such a mesh have been characterized. The course of the wire shaping process used to produce the described mesh was reported. A finite element method (FEM) model was developed to simulate mechanical phenomena occurring during the technological process of crimping stainless-steel wire. Material model parameters have been defined. The developed model was verified in production conditions. Relations between wire-forming loads and tensile limit loads, as well as the distribution of equivalent tensile stress forced by the crimping process and internal stresses after crimping, were determined. The description of the technological process was presented in a form of a graph. The work contains the results of strength tests of wire materials and shaping tools.

Effect of Modified Deformed Steel Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Artificial Granite

In order to explore the influence of the shape and surface treatment of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of artificial granite matrix, the drawing models of W‐type, L‐type, V‐type, and I‐type steel fiber are established, the pull‐out force of different shapes of steel fiber is calculated theoretically, and a large number of experimental specimens are made for the pull‐out test of steel fiber and material strength test. Both theory and experiment show that W‐type steel fiber has the greatest influence in artificial granite. The steel fibers with different shapes were treated with KH‐550 silane coupling agent. Then the steel fibers with different shapes before and after treatment were put into the artificial granite matrix for pull‐out test and material strength test. The results showed that, compared with L‐type, V‐type, and I‐type steel fibers before and after KH‐550 silane coupling agent treatment, W‐type steel fibers after KH‐550 silane coupling agent treatment have the best strength enhancement effect in artificial granite matrix.

Study on the Unconfined Compressive Strength Test of Liquid Soil Materials

Aiming at the unconfined compressive strength of the new self-flow platform backfill material which is called liquid soil, indoor tests were carried out with electro-hydraulic pressure testing machine. The effects of different water content, cement content, admixture type and admixture content on the strength of liquid soil are comprehensively analyzed. The results show: the influence of water content on the strength of liquid soil is obvious, and the function relationship of the quadratic equation is presented between them. The unconfined compressive strength of liquid soil increases remarkably with the increase of cement content, showing a trend of e-index growth. The active mineral powder has a certain increase in strength but a lower rate of increase. The water reducing agent slightly increases its strength and then slightly decreases and medium sand makes its strength increase significantly.

Modelling analysis of high effect of roll hoop main on the strength of student car formula chassis

Purpose: To analyse the strength of materials by means of optimization, find the best value of the strength test of mutually influential materials with a variation of roll-hoop height. Design/methodology/approach: The research began with the design of a threedimensional model by varying the height of the roll-hoop on chassis types: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H ,and I. The height of the main roll hoop at each chassis is: 502, 504, 506 508, 510, 512, 514, 516 and 518 mm. Then by using the student version of Autodesk Inventor, a simulation is made to test: Deflection, Normal stress, Shear stress (T-x / T-y) and Torsional stress. The results of this test are used to analyse the types of chassis that have been designed so that the best chassis design is obtained. Findings: The results obtained in this study are the value of Normal stress decreases with increasing roll-hoop height, and applies inversely to the torsional stress value. Deflection values tend to be stable with increasing roll-hoop height, while Shear stress T-x and T-y values tend to fluctuate. Research limitations/implications: The chassis material uses carbon steel which has mechanical property values in accordance with 2015 FSAE Standard regulations. Practical implications: The optimization results of the design of the roll hoop height on the chassis show that the chassis type B with the main roll hoop height of 504 mm is the best with the lowest deflection value and the difference in tension according to the FSAE rules. Originality/value: The research that has been done only tests the strength of the ingredients separately. In this study trying to analyse the strength of the material by way of optimization to find the best value from the strength test of material that influence each other with a variation of roll-hoop height.

Effects of activity and selection on mouse femoral strength

Bone is a hard tissue providing mechanical support to vertebrates and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Stress from mechanical loading causes micro‐fractures in bones, triggering dynamic bone remodeling by shifting the balance of absorption and formation to net formation. Prolonged inactivity can lead to bone dystrophy, which reduces bone strength. In order to assess how genetic and environmental factors can independently affect the structure of bone, we used mice from lines that have been selectively bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running (High Runner, or HR lines) that had access to cage wheels throughout their lives. Femora from HR and control mice were dissected and defleshed in order to perform material strength testing on the bone. A custom‐made rig was designed to hold the femora in place as a materials testing system (MTS) was used to perform a three‐point bending test at the mid‐diaphysis of each individual femur. We recorded morphometric data prior to testing and the modulus (stiffness) and failure stress were calculated from the MTS tests. HR mice have thicker femora, but are lighter in density, than control mice. HR mice with wheel access had longer than average femora, but stiffness and failure strength was similar among all groups.

Processing the Results of Measuring the Mechanical Characteristics of Plated Specimens

Paper is devoted to the automation of processing the results of measurements of mechanical characteristics of plated specimens and the creation of a mathematical model of anisotropy material. Methods of conducting tensile and flexural tests are described. Developed in MATLAB tools for automation of processing results of experiments are proposed. Tools can be used for interpretation of the results of strength tests of isotropic and composite materials. The advantage of the developed tools is batch processing, which allows processing the results of a large series of experiments. The tools system was tested when creating a model of short-reinforced composite material. An example of the use of test results when constructing the Digimat material model and using this model to predict the stress-strain state of anisotropic structures is presented.

The standard strength test of 3D printing materials and its application for UAV propellers

This study investigates the possibility analysis of UAV propeller made by commercial 3D printing machine. The primary experimental facility is 3D printer based on Fused Deposition Modeling method (FDM). The main methodology of this work is to construct standard test piece according to ASTM standard and use for standard test. The Polylactic Acid (PLA) and carbon fiber composite material are the main two printing materials in this work. Experimental results reveal that the strength and bending of these two materials are enough to be the propeller of middle size UAV, especially the carbon fiber composite material. This study not only confirms the application possibility of UAV propeller made by 3D printing, but also carries out the real flight test to identify performance enhancement and future application.

DYNAMIC STRENGHT TESTS OF MATERIALS FROM TUNGSTEN HEAVY ALLOYS DESIGED FOR PENETRATORS OF APFSDS-T PROJECTILES

The paper presents results of strength tests for tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) designated for the rods of APFSDS–T kinetic projectiles. The strength tests of WHA materials were carried out in conditions of heavy dynamical loads i.e. by the firing. The paper gives a theoretical concept for the identification of stresses within the critical cross-sections of the investigated projectile, and a description of a testing stand which was specially prepared and equipped with 30 mm smooth bore ballistic barrel, and description of methodology and test results. It was especially interesting to test the material against various dynamical loads originating both from the forces of gas pressure and the crosswise forces occurring at the projectile’s move in the barrel.

Design and development of ring-on-ring jig for biaxial strength testing of brittle ceramic composite materials: ZrB2-30wt-%SiB6

ABSTRACTThe strength of brittle ceramic materials is typically tested using simple uniaxial compression or by three- or four-point bending techniques. While these methods provide reliable results, they do not depict a realistic characterisation of the load-bearing capacity of structural materials, and a method that involves the application of multiaxial stress is required, such as the ring-on-ring biaxial flexural strength test. In this paper, an in-house ring-on-ring fixture was developed and validated by comparing the experimental and simulated biaxial strength tests of a model ZrB2-30wt-%SiB6 ceramic composite. A description of the simulated finite element analysis is provided, and the stress field acting on the sample with maximum principal stress located at the surface under tension at the centre of the ceramic disk is shown.