Material Selection Research Articles

Insights into effect of lignocellulosic biomass framework types on bio-based shape stable composite phase change materials

The utilization of biomass waste as framework materials to inhibit the leakage of phase change material (PCMs) has gained widespread attention. In this work, three new kinds of shape stable composite phase change materials (sscPCMs) were prepared which combined with stearic acid (SA) and peanut shell powders (PSP), poplar wood powders (PWP), and corn straw powders (CSP), respectively. The influence of lignocellulosic biomass types on the thermal energy storage performance of sscPCMs was studied by comparing three types of sscPCMs. The research results indicated that SA/CSP exhibited superior properties in terms of load capacity and thermal energy storage performance. According to leakage experiments the load capacity of SA/PSP, SA/PWP and SA/CSP was 31.67 %, 44.69 %, and 50.09 %, respectively. The phase change latent heat of SA/PSP, SA/PWP, and SA/CSP was 55.78, 84.27 and 98.47 J/g, respectively. In addition, the relationship between biomass component content and load rates was studied. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the loading rates of SA and the ratio of holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose) to lignin. The results provided a promising approach for the selection of lignocellulosic biomass framework materials.

Design of Two-Wheeler Hybrid Electric Vehicle using MATLAB-Simulink

Abstract: This report presents the design and structural analysis of a go-kart using PTC Creo for CAD modelling and ANSYS for finite element analysis (FEA). The aim is to develop a low-cost, comfortable, and durable go-kart with an optimized frame design. The study involves the application of design principles and advanced simulation tools to ensure the go-kart meets safety and performance standards. The best frame design was identified through iterative testing and analysis, focusing on weight distribution, material selection, and structural integrity. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the design procedure and good strength for a Roll cage. This project emphasizes on the practical and engineering applications of the subjects Vehicle Dynamics and Automotive Technology.

Study on Infrared (IR) Camouflage Using Mylar in the Defense Sector

Abstract: This project investigates the feasibility of utilizing Mylar, a highly reflective polyester film, for infrared (IR) camouflage in the defense sector. Through a comprehensive analysis of Mylar's optical properties, including its reflectivity and reflectance, this study aims to assess the material's potential for reducing thermal signatures and enhancing stealth capabilities of military assets. The research involves theoretical and numerical analysis to evaluate Mylar's performance under various environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, humidity, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Furthermore, the project explores the integration of Mylar-based IR camouflage into existing defense systems, including vehicle coatings, personnel gear, and tactical equipment. Recommendations for the deployment and optimization of Mylar-based camouflage solutions are provided, addressing factors such as material selection, camouflage design, compatibility with sensor systems, and logistical support. The findings demonstrate Mylar's efficacy in decreasing IR detectability, providing a cost-effective and versatile solution in IR camouflage. This research contributes significantly to the field of defense technology, offering practical insights and paving the way for further advancements in stealth and counter-detection measures in military applications.

Performance Enhancement in Submersible Pump Impellers: Design and Optimization Approaches

Abstract: Submersible pumps are essential components in various industries, including water supply, wastewater management, and oil extraction. Their efficiency and reliability are crucial for ensuring consistent fluid transport. At the core of submersible pumps lies the impeller, which directly influences pump performance. This paper examines advanced design and optimization approaches to enhance the performance of submersible pump impellers. By analyzing key factors such as blade geometry, material selection, and impeller design parameters, we explore methods to improve hydraulic performance, energy efficiency, and operational stability. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of these approaches in achieving superior pump efficiency and longevity. This study contributes to the advancement of submersible pump technology and sets a foundation for future research in the field.

Structural and Economical Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges

Abstract: Cable-stayed bridges have emerged as prominent structures in modern civil engineering, renowned for their aesthetic appeal, structural efficiency, and economic viability. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural and economic aspects of cable-stayed bridges. It encompasses a thorough examination of various design considerations, construction techniques, material selection, and economic factors influencing the feasibility and performance of cable-stayed bridges. Through the synthesis of existing literature and case studies, this paper aims to offer insights into the key factors driving the design, construction, and economic evaluation of cable-stayed bridges, thereby aiding engineers, planners, and decision-makers in making informed choices in bridge infrastructure development projects.

Design and Optimization of Disc Oil Skimmer

Abstract: Oil Spills are a common phenomenon in the oceans and seas causing economic loss as well as loss of aquatic life. Oil skimmers are devices used to separate the oil from water and recover it to the maximum extent possible. This project focuses on material selection for oil skimmer discs, considering corrosion resistance, wear characteristics, cost-efficiency, and environmental impact. It explores common materials such as polyurethane, oleophilic materials, stainless steel, PVC, and aluminum, emphasizing their unique properties and environmental implications. By conducting a thorough literature review and establishing stringent material selection criteria, the project aims to inform a material choice that balances technical requirements with environmental responsibility. The exploration of advanced materials and optimization of material design are also discussed. The project anticipates enhancing oil skimmer efficiency, reducing maintenance needs, and promoting sustainable practices in environmental protection. The project further includes building a prototype of a single disc oil skimmer and find an ideal diameter for efficient oil skimming taking into consideration the mass of the disc as well as the overall oil skimmer.

Design and Development of a Manual Briquette Making Machine

Abstract: This research paper presents a detailed investigation into the design and development of a manual briquette making machine. With the escalating environmental concerns and the necessity for sustainable energy solutions, briquettes have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional fuels. The manual briquette making machine offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for producing biomass briquettes. Through meticulous design considerations, material selection, and performance optimization, this paper provides insights into the engineering principles underlying the development of such a machine.

Flow assurance analysis in Front End Engineering Design (FEED) of Subsea Flowline and Riser

Innovative subsea production systems (SPS) are required for deep-water oil and gas exploration in order to transport multiphase fluids—a complex mixture of water, gas, and oil—across long distances under challenging conditions. Significant technological challenges confront these systems, such as flow assurance, which ensures continuous fluid flow through pipelines, flowlines, and wells. Flow assurance issues can significantly impact production and incur costly downtime. This paper emphasizes the critical role of flow assurance analysis during the crucial Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) stage of SPS development. By utilizing industry-standard simulation tools like PIPESIM™, engineers can proactively identify and mitigate potential flow assurance problems that could hinder productivity. These analyses are crucial as FEED decisions significantly impact project cost-effectiveness. To illustrate the practical application of flow assurance principles, the paper presents a case study of a subsea architecture design for a specific manifold system. Considering operator requirements, flow assurance simulations were employed to guide critical decisions regarding material selection and optimal sizing of risers and flowlines. This demonstrates how flow assurance considerations during FEED directly influence cost-effective and optimized SPS design.

Carbon Footprint of a Nearly Zero Energy Building in Accra (Ghana): an LCA-based Model

This study presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) in Accra, Ghana, comparing its environmental impact with a conventional Business-As-Usual (BAU) building over a 50-year lifespan. Adhering to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards, the research evaluates the carbon footprint and operational efficiencies essential to sustainable building designs. Utilizing SimaPro 9.5 software and the IPCC 2021 GWP100 method, the total carbon footprint was quantified at 1727 tons of CO2-equivalent for the NZEB, significantly lower than the BAU comparison. The analysis highlights the operational phase, including waste generation as the most substantial contributor to the NZEB's environmental impact, accounting for 725 tons of CO2-equivalent emissions. Conversely, the strategic inclusion of solar panels and enhanced material selection for the NZEB markedly reduced energy demands, contributing to a net positive environmental outcome with an avoided carbon footprint of approximately -859.72 tons CO2-eq. This reduction underpins the NZEB's effectiveness in leveraging eco-friendly materials and renewable technologies, setting a benchmark for future sustainable construction practices. The study ultimately advocates for an integrated approach, harmonizing technological innovation with environmental stewardship, to mitigate the carbon footprint of the built environment, steering the construction industry towards sustainability.

Tensile behavior of square-twist origami inspired mechanical metamaterials with soft joints and chirality applications

The performance and behavior of origami-inspired mechanical metamaterials are closely related to their structural design and the joints sub equivalent to the crease, in addition to material selection. Current research on square-twist origami focused on the unidirectional formation between its stable states. However, the complete process of squeezing-folding and stretching-unfolding as well as the mechanical behavior under tensile loading have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, square-twist origami mechanical metamaterials (STOMMs) with soft joints are proposed and investigated. The complete process of typical STOMMs from a flat state to folded stable state by extrusion folding and then returning to a flat state by stretch unfolding is explored using the finite element method. The strain energy and deformation characteristics of STOMMs are revealed at eight special stages during the folding, stable state, and unfolding processes. Additionally, the influence of geometric parameters on strain energy, deformation, and tensile behavior is also investigated. Finally, inspired by origami chirality, combinatorial mechanical metamaterials with self-locking/non-self-locking behavior are proposed and validated for their tensile and self-locking behavior. The studies could provide new content for origami-inspired soft joint mechanical metamaterials in terms of self-locking and load-bearing.

Multi-Faceted Analysis of Phase-Change Composite Intended for Autonomous Buildings

This paper presents the long-term, holistic results of research into an innovative heat accumulator based on an organic phase-change material in the form of a mixture of aliphatic alkanes, molecular silica sieves, carbon recyclate and epoxy and cement matrices. The research included chemical testing of vacuum soaking of molecular silica sieves with a liquid phase-change material. The results proved an improvement in the heat storage efficiency of the heat accumulators due to the addition of carbon recyclate by 28%, while increasing the heat storage time by 134 min, and a reduction in PCM leakage due to the use of molecular silica sieves. In addition to its cognitive scientific value, another research objective of the work achieved was to obtain response functions in the form of approximating polynomials. They provide a useful, validated and verified tool to predict the physical and chemical characteristics of heat accumulators with different contents of individual components. As part of the ongoing research, technical problems related to leak-proofing assurance and matrix selection for organic phase-change materials were also solved. The solution presented is in line with the issues of efficient use of renewable energy, low-carbon and energy-efficient circular economy.

Gate-All-Around Nanopore Osmotic Power Generators.

Nanofluidic channels in a membrane represent a promising avenue for harnessing blue energy from salinity gradients, relying on permselectivity as a pivotal characteristic crucial for inducing electricity through diffusive ion transport. Surface charge emerges as a central player in the osmotic energy conversion process, emphasizing the critical significance of a judicious selection of membrane materials to achieve optimal ion permeability and selectivity within specific channel dimensions. Alternatively, here we report a field-effect approach for in situ manipulation of the ion selectivity in a nanopore. Application of voltage to a surround-gate electrode allows precise adjustment of the surface charge density at the pore wall. Leveraging the gating control, we demonstrate permselectivity turnover to enhanced cation selective transport in multipore membranes, resulting in a 6-fold increase in the energy conversion efficiency with a power density of 15 W/m2 under a salinity gradient. These findings not only advance our fundamental understanding of ion transport in nanochannels but also provide a scalable and efficient strategy for nanoporous membrane osmotic power generation.

Advanced hybrid composites: A comparative study of glass and basalt fiber reinforcements in erosive environments

AbstractThis study looks at how erosive wear affects hybrid composites made by vacuum infusing glass and basalt fibers into an epoxy matrix. The study uses garnet abrasives and a design experiment method to test how resistant these hybrid composites are to erosion at 30°, 60°, and 90° angles of impact. The analysis included three‐dimensional profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that glass layers enhance erosion resistance, whereas basalt layers increase wear. Key quantitative findings include erosion rates and mass loss, highlighting impingement angle and erosion time as critical factors. At a 30° angle, basalt exhibited more severe wear (erosion rate: 0.8090 mg/g for 20 s) compared to glass (erosion rate: 0.5683 mg/g). Conversely, at 90°, the erosion rate for basalt decreased to 0.3643 mg/g, indicating a decreased sensitivity to this steeper angle. According to the ANOVA, impingement angle and erosion time account for 30.08% and 50.25% of the erosion rate variance, respectively. These findings advance our understanding of material behavior in hybrid composites and emphasize the strategic selection and layering of materials for enhanced durability. This research contributes to developing more sustainable composites, demonstrating natural fibers' potential to improve mechanical properties and erosion resistance.Highlights Glass layers enhance durability against erosive forces in hybrid composites. Basalt layers accelerate erosion rates, showing a need for strategic layering. Glass fiber reinforcement significantly improves wear performance. Hybrid constructions with glass a top basalt balance flexibility and durability. Emphasizes eco‐friendly advantages of natural materials in composites.

An Overview of the Recyclability of Alternative Materials for Building Surface Courses at Pavement Structures

This paper overviews the use of several waste materials for the construction and reconstruction of surface courses of asphalt pavements in the framework of sustainable perspectives that are adopted in pavement engineering. Based on a relevant literature search, the most commonly investigated alternative materials include waste plastic, crumb rubber, waste glass, steel slag, and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Although recycling in pavement engineering is not a novelty, the strict performance requirements of the surface layers required to support a distress-resistant behavior possess continuous research challenges about the mechanical behavioral parameters, such as fatigue, rutting, moisture damage, and serviceability requirements, such as skid resistance. While studies in a laboratory environment mainly dominate, the importance of performance observations of real structures in the field is also pinpointed in an effort to provide a comprehensive overview of the so far knowledge status. Thereafter, this paper discusses peculiar issues and criteria for waste material selection that should balance performance requirements, local availabilities, and potential legislation concerns, thereby maximizing the economic or environmental advantages.

High-entropy oxide (FeCoNiCrMn)3O4 for room-temperature NO2 sensors

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) with a multi-cation structure have attracted significant attention in the fields of electrochemistry owing to their high entropy stability and cocktail effect. However, there has been very limited research on the use of HEO in the field of sensing. In this work, we utilized FeCoNiCrMn high-entropy alloys as the precursor to synthesize (FeCoNiCrMn)3O4 HEO and investigated their crystal structure, microscopic morphology, elemental valence state information, and gas sensing performance. The sensor exhibited decent response to NO2 at room temperature (RT) without any modification or sensitization methods. To verify the gas sensing mechanism, we simulated the interaction between five metal elements in HEO and the NO2 molecules by density functional theory, which reveals a crucial synergistic effect from the multiple cations to enhance the adsorption and charge transfer of NO2 molecules. This work explores the application potential of (FeCoNiCrMn)3O4 in low-power gas sensors and enriches the material selection for RT sensors.

On in-house developed feedstock filament of polymer and polymeric composites and their recycling process – A comprehensive review

Abstract In the last few decades, tremendous effort is given to the production of various polymers and polymeric composites components through innovative polymer processing techniques. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) of polymers as a printing technique in additive manufacturing has been explored extensively due to its cost-effectiveness, manufacturing capabilities, flexibility in material selection, and dimensional accuracy. A few reviews of the literature have been done to investigate various applications for polymers, but none have focused on the research on commercial and in-house generated polymers and polymeric composites, particularly those made using the FDM printing technology. Consequently, the study data on the internal development of polymer and polymeric composite filament-based FDM printing is gathered and processed in this work. The work also highlights various types of polymeric composites and recycled polymeric composites with their detailed material characteristics. In addition, various applications of FDM printing of polymeric composites at the industrial scale and domestic level usage are highlighted as the potential to reduce carbon emission through the effective recycling process.

Understanding Mucosal Physiology and Rationale of Formulation Design for Improved Mucosal Immunity.

The oral and nasal cavities serve as critical gateways for infectious pathogens, with microorganisms primarily gaining entry through these routes. Our first line of defense against these invaders is the mucosal membrane, a protective barrier that shields the body's internal systems from infection while also contributing to vital functions like air and nutrient intake. One of the key features of this mucosal barrier is its ability to protect the physiological system from pathogens. Additionally, mucosal tolerance plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the pH and water balance within the body. Recognizing the importance of the mucosal barrier, researchers have developed various mucosal formulations to enhance the immune response. Mucosal vaccines, for example, deliver antigens directly to mucosal tissues, triggering local immune stimulation and ultimately inducing systemic immunity. Studies have shown that lipid-based formulations such as liposomes and virosomes can effectively elicit both local and systemic immune responses. Furthermore, mucoadhesive polymeric particles, with their prolonged delivery to target sites, have demonstrated an enhanced immune response. This Review delves into the critical role of material selection and delivery approaches in optimizing mucosal immunity.

Investigation and selection of optimistic material for two wheeler brake disc: An experimental and finite element approach

The brake disc is a vital component in the braking system of the automobile which helps in reducing the speed or stopping the vehicle whenever required. Whereas, increasing the effectiveness of the braking system is highly challenging for the researchers to ensure safe driving by minimizing the stopping distance of the vehicle during braking. However, the performance of the braking system mainly relies on the brake disc material utilized in the braking system. In the current trend, the usage of alternate materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio is in practice to reduce the fuel consumption of the automobile. Hence, researchers concentrate on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites and Metal Matrix Composites to manufacture automotive components. In this research work, the performance of the existing mild steel brake rotor is correlated with brake discs fabricated using different materials such as zirconium-coated steel, AA7075+nSiCp, AA6061+nano Rice Husk Ash particles, Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites. The effectiveness of a two-wheeler braking system is reported concerning the stopping distance, disc weight, friction coefficient, and wear resistance properties of the brake disc material. Moreover, a 3D Finite Element Model (3D FEM) is also developed and the braking mechanism is simulated. The experimental and FEA results reveal that SiC reinforced AA7075 composite shows compromising properties as required such as maximum stress of 558 MPa, excellent wear resistance, good friction coefficient of 0.40, good temperature dissipation property, and effective stopping distance of 81 m.

Simulation of Hydrogen Adsorption in Hierarchical Silicalite: Role of Electrostatics and Surface Chemistry.

Adsorption in nanoporous materials is one strategy that can be used to store hydrogen at conditions of temperature and pressure that are economically viable. Adsorption capacity of nanoporous materials depends on surface area which can be enhanced by incorporating a hierarchical pore structure. We report grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation results on the adsorption of hydrogen in hierarchical models of silicalite that incorporate 4 nm wide mesopores in addition to the 0.5 nm wide micropores at 298 K, using different force fields to model hydrogen. Our results suggest that incorporating mesopores in silicalite can enhance adsorption by at least 20% if electrostatic interactions are not included and up to 100% otherwise. Incorporating electrostatic interactions results in higher adsorption by close to 100% at lower pressures for hierarchical silicalite whereas for unmodified silicalite, it is less significant at all pressures. Hydroxylating the mesopore surface in hierarchical silicalite results in an enhancement in adsorption at pressures below 1 atm and suppression by up to 20% at higher pressures. Temperature dependence at selected pressures exhibits expected decrease in adsorption amounts at higher temperatures. These findings can be useful in the engineering, selection, and optimization of nanoporous materials for hydrogen storage.

Sublimation‐Induced Vapor Deposition of Cyanuric Acid‐Melamine Supramolecular Single Crystals on Surfaces

AbstractHerein, a low‐temperature sublimation‐based vapor deposition (SVD) method is developed to synthesize hexagonal crystal plates of cyanuric acid‐melamine (CAM) with outstanding crystallinity. Through meticulous design of the reaction apparatus and careful selection of source materials, substrate‐confined SVD in a tube furnace is explored to grow single crystals of CAM in hexagonal shapes. Additionally, the orientation preference of the (202) facet is revealed, corresponding to the 2D arrangement of the H‐bonded network, of single‐crystalline plates on surfaces using selected area electron diffraction and X‐ray diffraction techniques. By employing atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for topography characterization, a mechanism of three‐stage step‐growth crystallization is proposed, including nucleation, in‐plane expansion, and out‐of‐plane growth. Furthermore, it is found that the interactions among melamine molecules in CAM synthesized via SVD are more intense compared to those in CAM synthesized via water‐based methods, as evidenced by infrared and photoluminescent spectra studies. Subsequent nanoindentation tests on the (202) facet of CAM single‐crystalline plates reveals a reduced modulus and hardness of 12.8 and 0.82 GPa, respectively. This methodology addresses the longstanding challenge of synthesizing hexagonal CAM single crystals and provides valuable insights for the fabrication of functional organic crystalline materials.