Material Of Lead Acid Batteries Research Articles

Influence of phytic acid on corrosion behavior and charge-discharge processes of Pb-2%In alloy anode for lead-acid battery applications

This study investigates the impact of phytic acid on the corrosion behavior and charge-discharge processes of Pb-2 %In alloy, which is commonly used as an anode material in lead-acid batteries. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, as well charge-discharge technique were utilized to conduct investigation both in the absence as well exist of phytic acid (PA) as an inhibitor. In addition, utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were carried out for further investigations. Results obtained indicated that PA is an efficient inhibitor for Pb-2 % In as anode in 4 M H2SO4 solution. The inhibitory effectiveness (η%) for Pb-2 % In alloy rises with a rising dose of PA and also rises with rising temperature. The lead acid battery's anode was well enhanced due to the highest inhibition efficiency (≈ 97.3 %), which has been attained in the existence of 1 × 10−3 M of PA inhibitor in 4 M H2SO4 at a temperature of 35 °C. The presence of an adsorbed film from PA was confirmed by SEM studies of the electrode exterior side. One might conclude that an increase in inhibitory effect η% with temperature is an indication that inhibitor molecules are being chemically deposited on the exterior side of Pb-2 %In alloy. DFT data confirms the suggested action of PA towards the inhibition effect and enhancement of the charge-discharge performance of the studied alloy. These findings shed light on the potential of utilizing phytic acid as an effective additive for Pb-2 %In alloy anodes in lead-acid battery applications.

A New In Situ and Operando Measurement Method to Determine the Electrical Conductivity of the Negative Active Material in Lead-Acid Batteries during Operation

The electrical conductivity of the negative active material in lead-acid batteries has been found to significantly influence the properties of the electrode. Though several publications have addressed this subject, essential information on the conductivity evolution during cycling as well as the influence of additives could yet not be elucidated, even though specific knowledge could support the enhancement of existing lead-acid battery technology. In this study, a novel measurement setup is presented which enables the in-situ and operando measurement of the electrical resistance of bulk electrodes during operation based on the implementation of a four-point probe setup into a laboratory electrode. A comprehensive evaluation of the measurement setup is conducted using the negative electrode of a lead-acid battery as a test material. The experimental results are supported by numerical simulations in order to reflect and include all relevant geometrical and electrical influences from the measurement setup. A direct correlation between active material resistance and conductivity can be established, including the influence of the vertical position of the four-point probes. Finally, the evolution of the discharge capacity, electrical resistance and electrical conductivity of the negative electrode is studied over ten C 5 cycles and correlated to well-known structural developments within the active material.

Effects of sulfonated graphene on lead sulfate negative electrode of Pb-C batteries

We have proved that chemically prepared micro-crystalline PbSO4 can be directly used as the electrode active material of lead acid batteries. Therefore, we would like to know how it works in start-stop SLI batteries working under high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC), where PbSO4 microcrystals are very easy to grow up, thus degenerate the batteries. To increase the interaction between the conductive additive and PbSO4, a sulfonated graphene has been prepared by reacting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with 4-benzenediazoniumsulfonate using H3PO2 as the reducing agent, and its conductive property has been studied. Results show that the battery performance can be promoted significantly with 1.0 wt.% of PbSO4 added: the initial discharge capacity is 123.3 mA•g−1 at a current density of 100 mA•g−1 and it can survive 1000 cycles of 100% DOD, and 12,126 HRPSoC micro cycles of 60-second charge and discharge at 200 mA•g−1 after it is discharged to 50% state of charge (SoC), while the one with 0.5% or 1.5% of sulfonated graphene can only last 3872 and 8122 cycles, respectively.

Graphitized Carbon Nanofibers: new additive for the Negative Active Material of Lead Acid Batteries

Graphitized Carbon Nanofibers (GANFg) were dispersed with a certain amount of organic expander and used as additive for the negative plates of the Lead Acid Batteries (LABs). Due to the high aspect ratio of these fibers, they are thought to reach the percolation threshold inside the Negative Active Material (NAM) and create a conductive network which would improve the cycle life of the LABs working in Partial State of Charge (PSoC) conditions. These fibers were added at three concentrations (0.50, 0.20 and 0.10wt. %) and dispersed in a sodium lignosulfonate aqueous solution. Unformed negative plates of three mixtures were prepared, together with a NAM Control sample, and 2V/1Ah small lead acid cells were assembled for testing the electrical performance of the different mixtures (capacity, cold cranking ability, charge acceptance, negative polarization study, PSoC cycles and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)). Continuous physicochemical analysis was carried out for the negative plates. As a result, Carbon Nanofibers were able to increase cell cycle life working in PSoC conditions and slightly improve the charge acceptance, but also raised the water loss. However, this gassing increase was lower for Carbon Nanofibers in comparison with other carbon materials used in flooded LABs.

Lead sulfate used as the positive active material of lead acid batteries

Lead sulfate is produced when a lead acid battery discharges, and it is also known that big PbSO4 crystals are less active than the smaller ones because they dissolve slower, thus result in failure of the battery. However, little is known if chemically prepared PbSO4 can be used as active material of lead acid batteries. Here, we report the preparation of PbSO4 by facile chemical precipitation of aqueous lead acetate with sodium sulfate and its utilization as the positive active material. The results show that the PbSO4 alone is not good enough for the purpose, but its mixtures with Pb3O4 are as excellent as the industrial leady oxide. For example, the mixtures containing 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of Pb3O4 discharge 78.2, 92.9, 88.0, and 91.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, respectively. Also, the one with 10 % Pb3O4 remains 93 % capacity in 150, 100 % DOD cycles.

Methanothermal reduction of mixtures of PbSO4 and PbO2 to synthesize ultrafine α-PbO powders for lead acid batteries

Three artificial mixtures of PbSO4 and PbO2 as well as the active materials obtained directly from the positive plates of spent batteries have been solvothermally treated in methanol at 140 °C for 24 h, which produce mainly PbO·PbSO4. The PbO·PbSO4 can be easily desulphated with ammonium carbonate to produce PbCO3, which can be calcined to form α-PbO to be used as positive active material of lead acid batteries. The α-PbO powders are irregular particles and highly electrochemically active, which discharges around 165 mAh g−1 at 5 mA g−1, 80 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 and 60 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1 with excellent cyclic stability in 50 cycles. SEM investigations show that the as-formed PbO·PbSO4 may inherit and enhance the morphological characteristics of PbSO4, and carbonation of PbO·PbSO4 does not destroy the rod-like characteristics. For the active material from the positive plates of spent lead acid batteries, the discharge capacities are 170 mAh g−1 at the current density of 5 mA g−1, and 60 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1, which is also similar. In 50 cycles, its capacity loss is only 5%.

Nanocrosses of lead sulphate as the negative active material of lead acid batteries

Lead sulphate transforms into PbO2 and Pb in the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, when a lead acid battery is charged, thus, it is an active material. It is also generally acknowledged that sulphation results in the failure of lead acid batteries; therefore, it is very interesting to find out how to make lead sulphate more electrochemically active. Here, we demonstrate that nanocrystalline lead sulphate can be used as excellent negative active material in lead acid batteries. The lead sulphate nanocrystals, which are prepared by a facile chemical precipitation of aqueous lead acetate and sodium sulphate in a few minutes, look like crosses with diameter of each arm being 100 nm to 3 μm. The electrode is effectively formed in much shorter time than traditional technique, yet it discharges a capacity of 103 mA h g−1 at the current density of 120 mA g−1, which is 24% higher than that discharged by the electrode made from leady oxide under the same condition. During 100% DOD cycles, more than 80% of that capacity remains in 550 cycles. These results show that lead sulphate can be a nice negative active material in lead acid batteries.

Nanocrosses of Lead Sulphate As the Negative Active Material of Lead Acid Batteries

not Available.

Effect of graphene and carbon nanotubes on the negative active materials of lead acid batteries operating under high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Graphene and CNTs have different impacts on the structural and electrochemical properties of lead acid battery NAM under HRPSoC cycling.

A new strategy for dendritic lead oxide nanostructures using electrochemical methods

In this study we describe the shape-controlled synthesis of lead oxide nanodendrites (NDs) via electrochemical methods in aqueous solution of PbNO3 with the assistance of polyethylene glycole (PEG) as a soft template, to achieve a superior active electrodes with enhanced charge storage capacity compared to conventional bulk PbO electrodes. The effects of the growth conditions such as concentrations of the reagents and applied potentials on the morphology and structure of as-prepared tree-like nanostructures have also been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the nanostructures mainly depends on the adjustable driving force of electrodeposition, such as the potential, the concentration of lead precursor (Pb2+), and the presence of inert electrolyte ions, while being modulated by PEG that contributes mainly to the finer structure in the shape-controlled synthesis. This unique structure provides an effective method for increasing the efficiency and capacity of the active material in lead-acid batteries. Keywords: Electrodeposition, Lead oxide, Synthesis, Polyethylene glycol

Electrolyte features and microstructure affecting the electrochemical performance of a Pb–Sb alloy for lead-acid battery components

The aim of this paper is to develop a comparative experimental study on the electrochemical features of a Pb–1 wt% Sb casting alloy in two different sulfuric acid solutions at room temperature. A water-cooled unidirectional solidification system was used to obtain alloy samples having different microstructural characteristics. These samples were subjected to tests in two different sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) solutions: 0.5 M and 5.0 M H 2SO 4 and the resulting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) plots, potentiodynamic polarization curves and an equivalent circuit analysis were used to evaluate the corresponding electrochemical behaviour. The experimental current density was found to be similar for all the examined Pb–Sb samples, and decreased with the increase in the cellular spacing, independently of the concentration of sulfuric acid in the solution. However, the EIS parameters demonstrated to be more affected by the scale of the cellular array in a 5 M H 2SO 4 solution. Nevertheless, it is shown that Pb–Sb alloys having coarse cell spacings have higher potential for application as grid material in lead-acid batteries.

PEG-assisted electrochemical growth of lead oxide nanodendrites with strongly enhanced charge storage capacity

The shape-controlled synthesis of lead oxide nanodendrites (NDs) via electrochemical methods has been investigated in aqueous solution of PbNO 3 with the assistance of polyethylene glycole (PEG) as a soft template and its electrochemical performance on the lead acid battery electrodes was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The morphology of the nanostructures mainly depends on the adjustable driving force of electrodeposition, such as the potential, the concentration of lead precursor (Pb 2+), and the presence of inert electrolyte ions, while being modulated by PEG that contributes mainly to the finer structure in the shape-controlled synthesis. This unique structure provides an effective method for increasing the efficiency and capacity of the active material in lead-acid batteries.

Cell/dendrite transition and electrochemical corrosion of Pb–Sb alloys for lead-acid battery applications

The aim of this article is focused on a comparative experimental study of the electrochemical feature of as-cast Pb–2.2wt.% Sb alloy with cellular/dendritic transition for applications in the manufacturing of lead-acid battery parts. A water-cooled unidirectional solidification system is used to obtain the alloy samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) plots, potentiodynamic polarization curves and equivalent circuit analysis are used to evaluate corrosion resistance in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution at 25°C. The cellular Pb–2.2wt.% Sb alloy is found to have a current density which is of about 3 times lower than that of the dendritic Pb–2.2wt.% Sb alloy. The Pb–2.2wt.% Sb alloy has lower current density than both the Pb–1wt.% Sb and the Pb–6.6wt.% Sb alloys evidencing its potential for application as positive grid material in lead-acid batteries. It is also verified that a conventional casting with low cooling rate of about 0.6°Cs−1 produces coarser cellular spacings which is more appropriate for the manufacturing of the Pb–2.2wt.% Sb alloys grids due to its corresponding electrochemical behavior.

Synthesis and characterization of lead dioxide active material for lead-acid batteries

Lead dioxide obtained by using various methods in combination with particles ranging from nanometric to micrometric size was tested as positive active material in lead-acid cells. The structural and textural properties of the material were determined by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), N 2 adsorption measurements and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thin lead dioxide positive electrodes were prepared with obtained materials by spray deposition technique and were subjected to cycling tests. The combination of a small particle size (in the nanometric range) and the presence of water strongly bound to the lattice is essential to ensure a high utilization of the active material and good cycling properties of the positive electrode. Therefore, appropriate nanometric materials provide an effective method for increasing the efficiency of the active material in lead-acid batteries.

Battery element containing porous substrates

A battery element comprising an organic resilient porous substrate having sulfuric acid contained in the pores of the porous substrate. The porous substrate is useful in the active material of lead acid batteries.

Insoluble anode of ?-lead dioxide coated on titanium for electrosynthesis of sodium perchlorate

Lead dioxide is an important electrode material due to its stability under aggressive conditions (such as acidity of the electrolyte and high anode potentials), high electronic conductivity and low cost of material. Two major areas of applications of lead dioxide are leadacid batteries and electrosynthesis. Lead dioxide exhibits different morphological forms of which the orthorhombic a-form and the tetragonal//-form have been extensively studied. Methods of preparation of these two forms of lead dioxide as well as their characteristics have been reviewed [1, 2]. Generally, the preferred form of this electrode material in lead-acid batteries, as well as for electrosynthesis applications, is the fl-form. In spite of the fact that a-PbO2 is superior to fi-PbO2 both in electronic conductivity [1] as well as electrochemical stability [3], no study appears to have been made to evaluate the suitability of a-PbO2 as an electrode material. In this paper we report our results on the preparation of an a-PbO2 electrode coated onto a titanium substrate (a-PbO2 (Ti)) and its use as an insoluble anode for the electro-oxidation of sodium chlorate to sodium perchlorate.