Grade Material Research Articles

Development of circulatory system mobile learning (CSML) for grade XI students

The utilization of communication devices such as mobile phones as a learning support tool in the development of technology 4.0 is still low. The low mobile phone utilization as a learning support tool causes the variety of learning media used by teachers to be low. The low variety of learning media results in students having difficulty mastering the concept of learning material, especially circulatory system material in class XI. The difficulty of concept mastery on circulatory system material can be overcome through the development of circulatory system mobile learning (CSML). The research objectives are: 1) Develop CSML on circulatory system material in grade XI, 2) Test the feasibility of CSML, and 3) Know the response of teachers and students to CSML. The type of research is Research and Development (R&D) using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Data collection uses feasibility validation questionnaires and response questionnaires. The data analyzed were the results of the feasibility assessment from media experts and material experts, and the results of responses from teachers and students. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively descriptive using a Likert scale of 1-4. The results of the study are 1) The result of developing CSML can be accessed online; 2) The results of the feasibility assessment from media experts were 82.27% and material experts were 89.59% with a very feasible category; 3) The results of teacher responses were 87.02% and student responses were 88.55% with a great category.

Simulation of landslide dam failure due to overtopping considering wide-graded soil erosion

Landslide dams, as a particular type of secondary geological disaster, can cause serious flood disasters. Therefore, accurately predicting potential dam failure processes is crucial for developing reasonable emergency response plans. Currently, several landslide dam failure models have been proposed, but most of these models do not appropriately consider the wide gradation of landslide dam materials, which is essential for accurate erosion calculations. Therefore, this research proposes a relative exposure formula under three-dimensional conditions to account for the concealment and exposure effects between large and small particles in wide-graded soil. Based on this, the incipient velocity of wide-graded soil is derived, and a mathematical model of overtopping failure of landslide dams is established. As part of the model, a numerical solution process is also developed to ensure convergence. To evaluate the performance of this new mathematical model, the discharge process of Tangjiashan landslide dam was used as a real-world case for dam failure calculation. The calculated results of key dam failure outcomes were compared with actual measurements, showing that the results of this model are largely consistent with actual measurements, with the error controlled within 10%. Additionally, the mathematical model proposed in this article was compared with two other existing dam failure models, revealing that the model proposed here has advantages in controlling the error of key dam failure outcomes, mainly due to the comprehensive consideration of erosion calculation in wide-graded soil. To further evaluate the stability of the model, the breach processes of the “11.3” Baige landslide dam and the Yigong landslide dam were also calculated, and the results showed reasonable consistency. Based on the model presented in this article, the influence of the grading width of landslide dam materials on key dam failure outcomes was discussed. It was found that grading width significantly affects the development process of breach flow. Specifically, wider grading width leads to smaller peak values of breach flow and later peak times. Additionally, the final size of the breach is affected by grading width, as it has a significant impact on erosion strength, although the sensitivity of this parameter is relatively weak. Given the significant impact of grading width on the dam failure process, especially for landslide dams containing wide-graded soil, it is essential to fully consider the wide grading of materials for accurate dam failure calculations.

Development of Interactive Learning Media Using Android-based Google Sites to Increase Students' Interest in Learning

In this study, researchers found a problem: there is still a lack of student interest in learning mathematics due to the media provided, which is less innovative and interactive, so students feel bored. Therefore, this research aims to (1) develop interactive learning media using Google Sites based on Android to increase student learning interest in Flat Buildings material grade VII SMP / MTs, (2) test the feasibility of the media, and (3) increase student learning interest. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Development, Disseminate). The instruments used were expert validation, student response, learning interest, and pretest-posttest questionnaires. The results of this study obtained an average value from media experts of 92% with a very feasible category, while material experts obtained an average of 84% with a feasible category. The results of the N-Gain test obtained an average value of 82%, and the results of the student interest questionnaire of 76.62%. These results show that Android-based Google Sites learning media effectively increases student interest in learning. It can be concluded that interactive learning media using Android-based Google Sites is feasible and effective in increasing student interest in learning.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Whatsapp dengan Fitur Chatbot untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa pada Materi Kebijakan Moneter dan Fiskal Kelas XI SMAS Islam Nurul Amanah

The purpose of this development research is to produce a whatsapp-based learning media product with a chatbot feature to improve students' understanding of monetary and fiscal policy materials. SMAS Islam Nurul Amanah Class XI is the subject of this study. In this study, a type of development research (Development Research) is used. The development model in this study uses the ADDIE development model. This model consists of five main phases or stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In this study, quantitative and qualitative methods are used. The results of the study showed that the whatsapp-based learning media with the chatbot feature was considered quite valid based on the results of a questionnaire filled out by material validators with a score of 70%, media validators with a score of 78%, and obtained a very valid assessment from economic learning practitioners with a score of 87%. Based on the results of validation and field trials, whatsapp-based learning media with a chatbot feature that has been developed by researchers is feasible to be used in the learning process in economics lessons, especially in monetary and fiscal policy material for grade XI of SMAS Islam Nurul Amanah.

DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM AND REGISTRATION OF METAL IN CONTINUOUS CASTING

Context. Modern industrial enterprises face challenges that require introduction of latest technologies to improve efficiency and competitiveness. In metallurgy, one of key stages is continuous casting, where quality of products and economic performance of enterprise depend on accuracy and efficiency of process control. Products made using continuous casting technology are widely used in various industries due to their high mechanical properties, structural uniformity and cost-effectiveness. The development of automated metal management and registration system is becoming not only relevant, but also necessary to ensure stable and efficient production. The problem of improving quality of metal products has always been one of most important tasks in steel industry. Imperfect technological processes, human error and equipment malfunctions can lead to defects in finished metal products. This, in turn, affects final characteristics of products, their durability and reliability. To date, available sources have not yet found complete solution to this problem. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate problem and develop algorithm for operation of automated system for controlling and registering metal in continuous casting. Objective. The goal of work is to develop automated metal management and registration system to improve quality of metal products. Method. To achieve this goal, parametric model was proposed, which is formalized on basis of set theory. The model takes into account key parameters of continuous casting process: material characteristics, structural features of crystallizer, casting modes, metal level in crystallizer, and position of shot stopper. Results. The problem was formulated and key parameters were determined, which are taken into account in system’s algorithm, which made it possible to develop system for controlling parameters of continuous casting to solve problem of improving quality of metal products. Conclusions. To improve quality of metal products and stability of casting process, parametric model was created that is comprehensive, allows optimization of key parameters and ensures accuracy of process control by integrating not only modes of product formation, but also takes into account specific properties of source material (chemical composition of material grade, etc.) and design features of casting plant. Algorithm for automated control system has been developed that takes into account relationships between certain key parameters and ensures optimal control of casting process. Based on proposed complex parametric model and algorithm, automated control and metal registration system was created. The focus of work is on quality and efficiency of metal management and registration in continuous casting, based on modern methods of computer science and engineering. A comprehensive experimental comparison of developed system with commercial analogs in real production conditions was carried out, which allowed us to objectively assess its efficiency and reliability.

Website-Based Learning Media Using Google Sites to Improve Student Learning Outcomes in Natural and Social Sciences Subjects on Biodiversity Material

Inappropriate use of learning media in learning process activities can cause uninteresting learning. This study aims to develop website-based learning media using Google Sites in the Natural and social sciences subject biodiversity material in grade V elementary school. The research method used is Research and Development with the ADDIE development model. The subjects in this study were media experts, material, teachers, and 21 fifth-grade elementary school students. Data collection is used in the form of test techniques and non-test techniques. The test techniques used are pretest and posttest, while non-test techniques include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. In the data analysis process, the normality test, t-test, and N-Gain test methods were used, which were carried out with SPSS 23 software. The results of the study presented a validation test by media experts getting a score of 91%, while the validation test by material experts got a score of 92%, with a very feasible category. The t-test results on the small group trial presented a sig. (2-tailed) of 0.008. while in the large group trial, the t-test presents a sig value (2-tailed) of 0.000. The results of the N-Gain Test in the small group and large group trials showed an increase in value of 0.60 and 0.55 which was in the medium category. This shows an average increase between pretest and posttest scores. From these results, it is concluded that website-based learning media using Google Sites is very feasible and effective in improving student learning outcomes related to the biodiversity material in grade V elementary school.

Development of Canva-Based Science Infographic Learning Media to Improve Students’ Learning Outcomes

The aim of this research is to develop, test the feasibility, and effectiveness of Canva-based infographic learning media. This type of research and development (R&D) development research with the ADDIE development model, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). The research subjects were fourth grade students totaling 25 students, data collection techniques with observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation data. The results of media expert validation show a percentage value of 88.3% very feasible category, material experts with a percentage value of 86.66% very feasible category. Based on the pretest-posttest results, it is known that Canva-based infographic media is effective in improving student learning outcomes, which is indicated by an increase in the average pretest score from 52 to 80 on the posttest, with an N-Gain test result of 0.58 in the moderate category. Based on the response questionnaire distributed, a very positive response was obtained from teachers and students. From these results, it can be concluded that Canva-based infographic learning media is effective in improving student learning outcomes and is feasible and practical to use in IPAS learning on respiratory system material in grade V SD Negeri Tambakaji 05.

Development of Essential Thinking Test Instrument using the Presseisen Taxonomy on Ecosystem Material for Grade X High School Students

The test instrument is a measuring tool in the assessment process used to obtain information in the form of data on student learning outcomes, both cognitive aspects and thinking skills. The use of test instrument to measure students' thinking skills is still rarely used. This study aims to develop an essential thinking test instrument using the Presseisen taxonomy on valid and reliable ecosystem material. This research uses the Research Development (RD) method with the 3D modified development model combined with the test development stages consisting of 6 stages. Data collection in this research was carried with interviews, tests, and test instrument validation sheets. The analysis included content validity analysis, interrater reliability, and Rasch model analysis. The results showed that all items were valid based on content validity. Interrater reliability has a value of 0.783 with a good category. All items are declared fit, but item number 7 contains bias so it needs to be discarded. Cronbach's alpha has a value of 0.68 in the enough category, person reliability has a value of 0.50 in the weak category, and item reliability has a value of 0.99 in the excellent category. The item difficulty level group consists of 2 very difficult questions, 4 difficult questions, 2 easy questions, and 2 very easy questions. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that there are 9 items that are declared valid and reliable for use.

Application of machine learning algorithm and Carrera unified formulation in thermal buckling analysis of a functionally graded graphene origami enabled auxetic metamaterial sandwich plate with an auxetic concrete foundation

This study presents a comprehensive thermal buckling analysis of sandwich plates composed of functionally graded graphene origami-enabled auxetic metamaterial (FG-GOEAM) face sheets on an auxetic concrete foundation, using Carrera’s unified formulation (CUF) as the theoretical framework. FG-GOEAM materials are emerging as advanced composites, combining exceptional mechanical resilience, tunable auxetic behavior, and high thermal stability, making them suitable for extreme environments. By employing CUF, a powerful and adaptable modeling approach, this work accurately captures the complex mechanical interactions within the FG-GOEAM sandwich structure under thermal loads, incorporating both material gradation and auxetic properties. To further enhance the precision and efficiency of this thermal buckling analysis, a deep neural network (DNN) is developed as a machine learning algorithm to predict critical temperature differences, based on a dataset generated through mathematics simulation. The DNN model demonstrates excellent predictive capability, validated by close alignment between its estimates and CUF results, thus reducing computational costs while maintaining high accuracy. Parametric studies are conducted to assess the effects of material gradation, aspect ratios, and foundation properties on thermal buckling performance. The results highlight the superior thermal stability of FG-GOEAM structures and the potential of DNNs to serve as reliable, computationally efficient tools for advanced structural analysis. This study provides a novel, integrated framework for high-fidelity thermal buckling prediction in complex auxetic composites, paving the way for broader applications in engineering fields requiring lightweight, thermally stable structures.

In vitro validation of colon delivery of vitamin B2 through a food grade multi-unit particle system.

Colon target delivery of active ingredients is frequently applied in pharmaceutical products. However, in functional food and beverage applications, dietary supplements, and medical nutrition, formats targeting colonic delivery to improve human health are rare. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence for beneficial effects of colonic delivered nutrients on gut microbiota and host health which increases the demand for sustainable food grade materials that are regulatory approved for application. In this paper, we describe a double layer coated multi-unit particle system (MUPS) with a diameter of approximately 730 microns consisting of food grade materials: shellac as outer layer, alginate as inner layer, cellulose as a core and riboflavin as active ingredient. The suitability of the MUPS for colonic delivery was tested in three well-established in vitro digestion and fermentation models: the USP Apparatus 3 and the TNO Intestinal Models 1 and 2 (TIM-1 and TIM-2). All systems confirmed the integrity of the MUPS under simulated upper gastrointestinal tract conditions with approximately 90% of the active ingredient being released under simulated ileal-colonic conditions. The TIM-2 model also showed the effects of riboflavin loaded MUPS on the microbiome composition with an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids, acetate and butyrate. The results of these experiments provide a reliable basis for validation of this vitamin-loaded food grade MUPS in future human clinical trials. In addition, following the recent announcement of the European Commission to restrict intentionally added microplastics to products, the materials used in the described formulation offer an environmentally friendly alternative to often applied methyl acrylate based coatings.

Analisis Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Setelah Penerapan PBL Materi Pola Bilangan pada Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Loura

The purpose of this study is to determine students' mathematical communication skills after the application of the problem based learning model of number pattern material in grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Loura. The type of research is a descriptive qualitative method. Data collection uses interviews and documentation. The data analysis process is carried out qualitatively consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study showed that from each level of the percentage level of the student communication ability category, namely the percentage level of the high category was 20%, medium 20% and low 60%. The impact of this ability is that students do not relearn the material that has been given during learning and do not pay attention to the researcher delivering the material

Numerical Optimization of Functionally Graded Ti-HAP Material for Tibial Bone Fixation System

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are heterogeneous composites characterized by outstanding properties. They are built from two or more components with a gradient distribution of chemical composition along a given direction. A promising graded material for biomedical engineering as an implant could be a FGM made of titanium (Ti) and hydroxyapatite (HAP). It would allow us to counteract the difference between the stiffness modulus of pure titanium and bone tissue. Moreover, it can be a good solution to the problem of stress shielding for bone fixation plates made of conventional titanium or steel. The presented paper aims to perform micromechanical modeling and optimization of a functionally Ti-HAP graded plate, followed by numerical analysis of a fractured tibia stabilization system under specific boundary conditions. Finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS Workbench 2021 software. The models of the FGM plate and tibial fixation system were made using the Space Claim tool. The ANSYS software allowed the optimization of the model considered and the selection of the appropriate structural parameters of the FGM Ti-HAP material. In general, the results proved that the osteosynthesis plate built of graded Ti-HAP material resulted in lower bone stress compared to titanium and steel plates. The results obtained confirmed the validity of the design and the possibility to use functionally graded Ti-HAP bone fixation plates.

Digital Teaching Materials for Historical Narrative Texts Oriented to Character Education for SD/MI Students

This research aims to develop digital teaching materials for historical narrative texts oriented towards character education for SD/MI students. Background to the problem of this research 1) What is the need for digital teaching materials for historical narrative texts oriented towards character education for SD/MI? 2) How are digital teaching materials for historical narrative texts oriented towards character education for SD/MI? 3) What is the feasibility of digital teaching materials for historical narrative texts oriented towards character education for SD/MI? This research uses research and development methods with the ADDIE (Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluate) model. The steps in this research consist of needs analysis, designing digital teaching materials, developing digital teaching materials, implementing digital teaching material products, and product evaluation (digital teaching materials). Data collection in this research was by collecting data from the results of expert validation questionnaires and student assessment questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively using a Likert scale. The results of the validation test by material experts obtained a value of 2.93, the validation test by media experts obtained a value of 3.00. The validation test by the Indonesian language teacher received a value of 3.03. The results of implementing e-module teaching materials in schools received a positive response from students with a score of 3.2. The conclusion of this research is that digital historical narrative text teaching materials oriented towards character education for SD/MI students meet the appropriate criteria for use as teaching materials by students or teachers in Indonesian language subjects. Narrative text materials for fifth grade SD/MI students.

Construction of the “Mission poCELLble” -Cellular Structure and Function: A Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) for Grade 7 Biology

This study aimed to address the persistent challenges of low student mastery in Grade 7 Biology by constructing and validating a Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) titled "Mission poCELLble" – Cellular Structure and Function. The development process was driven by the urgency to provide targeted support for students struggling with key concepts in cellular biology. A Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) for grade seven biology was the main objective of this study. The SIM was meticulously crafted based on the identified least mastered skills and the Department of Education's standard criteria for SIM construction. This research followed the input-process-output model of developing instructional material, utilizing two sets of questionnaires: one set for five identified experts and one for teacher and student users, each containing 19 statements tailored to their respective roles. Data analysis informed the construction of the SIMs, including identifying least mastered skills, assessing student-teacher agreement with the Kappa Measure, and measuring expert and readability levels with Cronbach's alpha and Flesh-Kincaid Reading Ease.The results revealed that the SIM content, pedagogical and technical aspects were “very evident” as rated by the experts. The internal consistency between responses are rated as “good”. These findings suggest the potential of the "Mission poCELLble" SIM as a valuable tool for intervention purposes in Grade 7 Biology classrooms. Further research is recommended to assess the SIM's effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes.

Non-linear AC dielectric properties of epoxy composites filled with core–shell SiC particles

Abstract Core–shell structured silicon carbide (SiC)/epoxy (EP) composites exhibit superior non–linear DC conductivity. However, the high voltage alternative current dielectric properties of the composites are rarely reported. In this paper, the time–domain measurement was employed to obtain the basic dielectric characteristics, AC conductivity, and relative permittivity of the SiC/EP and SiC@Al2O3/EP composites under less than the breakdown strength of the SiC/EP (i.e. the amplitude of 1–5 kV mm−1). In addition, in the high AC electric field (i.e. the amplitude of 6–20 kV mm−1), the non–linear AC dielectric properties of the SiC@Al2O3/EP composite are also investigated. The experimental results suggest that the SiC@Al2O3/EP composite shows more obvious non–linear AC dielectric properties than the SiC/EP composite. In the high AC electric field, the AC conductivity of the SiC@Al2O3/EP composite presents the relaxation phenomenon, which is attributed to the excitation field and its derivative. This work lays a foundation for further research on the AC steady–state and transient dielectric properties of the field grading materials, which are widely used to homogenize the nonuniform electric field distribution in many electrical and electronic equipment.

Investigation of periodic heat transfer on the transient thermal characteristics of fully wet moving semi-spherical porous fin composed of functionally graded material

This study investigates the thermal behaviour of a fully wet, moving semi-spherical porous fin made of linear Functionally Graded Material (FGM). This investigation examines the fin response to convective-radiative heat transfer under periodic variations in base temperature across three different FGM scenarios: Homogeneous material (HM), Functionally Graded Material I (FGM I) and Functionally Graded Material II (FGM II). The resultant nonlinear partial differential equation is accurately solved using the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and outcomes are benchmarked against existing literature. This research pioneers an investigation into the effects of periodic heat transfer on the detailed thermal profiles of FGM fin, an area not been explored in existing literature. It significantly enhances understanding of the influence of oscillatory base temperatures on thermal management within FGMs, uncovering pivotal insights into the interaction between material grading, amplitude of temperature oscillation and their collective effects on thermal efficiency. Additionally, this research assesses the influence of variables such as the amplitude of input temperature, frequency of oscillation, thermal conductivity grading parameter and others on temperature distribution along the fin length and over dimensionless time. Notably, periodic heat transfer induces a dynamically wavy thermal profile in the fin over time, attributable to oscillating base temperatures. Moreover, the analysis demonstrates that FGM II fin exhibit the most significant temperature distribution, followed by FGM I and HM. The fin heat transfer rate is profoundly influenced by the amplitude of input temperature and the thermal conductivity grading parameter. These insights are pivotal for optimizing fin designs in critical applications, including electronics cooling, HVAC systems, automotive engine cooling and solar energy collection, substantially improving upon traditional designs.

Impact of the Source Material Gradation on the Disaster Mechanism of Underground Debris Flows in Mines

In mines where the natural caving method is used, the frequent occurrence of underground debris flows and the complex mine environments make it difficult to prevent and control underground debris flows. The source is one of the critical conditions for the formation of debris flows, and studying the impact of source material gradation on underground debris-flow disasters can effectively help prevent and control these occurrences. This paper describes a multiscale study of underground debris flows using physical model experiments and the discrete-element method (PFC3D) to understand the impact of the source material gradation on the disaster mechanism of underground debris flows from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. Macroscopically, an increase in content of medium and large particles in the gradation will enhance the instantaneous destructive force. Large particles can more easily cause disasters than medium and fine particles with the same content, but the disaster-causing ability is minimized when the contents of medium and large particles exceed 50% and 60%, respectively. With increasing fine particle content, the long-distance disaster-causing ability and duration is increased. On the microscopic level, the source-level pairs affect the initial flow mode, concentration area of the force chain, average velocity, average runout distance, and change in energy of the underground debris flow. Among them, the proportion of large particles in the gradation significantly affects the change in kinetic energy, change in dissipative energy, time to reach the peak kinetic energy, and time of coincidence of dissipative energy and gravitational potential energy. The process of underground debris flow can be divided into a “sudden stage”, a “continuous impact stage”, and a “convergence and accumulation stage”. This work reveals the close relationship between source material gradation and the disaster mechanism of underground debris flows and highlights the necessity of considering the source material gradation in the prevention and control of underground debris flows. It can provide an important basic theory for the study of environmental and urban sustainable development.

Experimental and simulation study on seismic performance of seawater sea-sand PVA cementitious composite columns with GFRP bars

The seismic properties of seven seawater sea-sand (SWSS) PVA cementitious composite columns with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars were studied. The effects of four parameters, namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber content, axial compression ratio, cementitious composite strength and stirrup spacing, on the seismic performance of composite columns were analyzed. The failure of the specimen was observed, and the hysteresis curve, skeleton curve, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, ductility and strain of the specimen were analyzed. The test results show that the large chip-based spalling will occur when the specimen without fiber incorporation is damaged, and the incorporation of PVA fiber, the reduction of stirrup spacing and the reduction of axial compression ratio will delay the rate of crack formation and development. In addition, through cross-section analysis and considering the reinforcement effect of PVA fibers, a proposed formula for calculating the horizontal bearing capacity of composite columns is proposed. Finally, the finite element model of SWSS PVA cementitious composite columns with GFRP bars is established, and it is found that increasing the strength grade of cementitious materials can greatly improve the seismic performance of composite columns. The conclusions could be references for the engineering application. In the context of the global emphasis on green development and environmental protection, seawater and sea-sand cementitious composites and components with fiber reinforcement will have a wide range of application prospects in the construction of coastal areas.

Nonlinear elasticity tailoring and failure mode manipulation of functionally graded honeycombs under large deformation

Design of lattice metamaterials with tailored mechanical properties at a relatively higher (macro) length scale by architecting lower (micro) length scale geometric and material configurations leads to achieving unprecedented mechanical properties for fulfilling advanced multi-functional structural demands. In the design space of innovative microstructural configurations, we propose a novel class of lattice metamaterials with cell walls made of optimally designed functionally graded intrinsic materials. Under different modes of remotely applied mechanical stresses, two different intuitive architectures of functional gradations for the intrinsic cell wall materials are proposed. The large-deformation nonlinear lattices result in broadband modulation of effective stiffness, and an unprecedented manipulation capability of failure modes and corresponding strengths covering ductile and brittle types depending on architected material gradation. For estimating the nonlinear elasticity and microstructural stresses as a measure of failure mode for the proposed functionally graded lattices undergoing large deformation, a multi-scale mechanics-based semi-analytical framework is developed. Geometrically nonlinear functionally graded beams with generalized material gradation, integrated with unit cell architectures, are analyzed through iterative variational energy principle-based Ritz approach. Based on the developed physically insightful computational framework, effective nonlinear elastic properties and failure modes of the functionally graded honeycomb lattices are tailored as a function of the intrinsic material gradation at the lower length scale. The proposed novel class of lattices with optimally designed functionally graded intrinsic materials and coupled unit cell architectures would open up innovative avenues for designing advanced multi-functional engineering structures and mechanical systems.

Pengaruh Metode Quantum Teaching terhadap Pemahaman Materi Keberagaman di Kelas 4 SDN No 67/1 Sengkati Baru

This study aims to evaluate the impact of the Quantum Teaching method on the understanding of KEBERAGAMAN material in grade 4 at SDN No 67/1Sengkati Baru. Quantum Teaching is an instructional approach that focuses on actively engaging students through various learning styles, including visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. This research employs a quantitative experimental design to compare learning outcomes between students taught using the Quantum Teaching method and those taught using conventional methods. The sample consists of 25 students divided into two groups: one group using Quantum Teaching and the other using conventional methods. Data was collected through end-of-term tests to measure understanding of the material and analyzed using R Table validity test, ANOVA hypothesis testing, and frequency distribution of learning outcomes. The results indicate that all test items were valid, and there was a significant difference in learning outcomes between the two groups, with the Quantum Teaching group performing significantly better than the conventional method group. Additionally, the frequency distribution of learning outcomes shows that most students scored above average after implementing Quantum Teaching. The study also found that 80% of students preferred the Quantum Teaching method over the conventional method, indicating that this approach is more effective in enhancing student motivation and engagement in the learning process. These findings provide a strong basis for considering the implementation of Quantum Teaching as a superior alternative in primary school education.