Material For Lithium Secondary Batteries Research Articles

DFT combined to Boltzmann transport theory for optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties investigations for Se (4 & 8 (at.%)) doped Li2SnS3

Cubic Li2SnS3 emerges as a noteworthy ionic conductor and a viable electrode material for lithium secondary batteries. Its application extends to solar cell technologies, owing to its commendable optoelectronic properties and high-power conversion efficiency. In this study, we present density functional theory (DFT)-based first principles calculations for Li2SnS3-xSex (x = 0, 4, and 8% (atomic percent (at.%)) utilizing the modified Becke Johnson (mBJ) approximations, proposing a compelling alternative. Our investigation reveals significant optical absorption in the ultraviolet region for Li2SnS3-xSex (x = 0, 4, and 8%), accompanied by modest effective mass and indirect band gaps of 2.18 eV for the pristine material. Conversely, doped materials exhibit direct band gaps, with values of 2.113 eV for 4% and 2.026 eV for 8%. Furthermore, the calculated thermoelectric power factor underscores the potential and efficacy of Li2SnS3-xSex in thermoelectric energy devices. The findings not only highlight the material’s promise for solar applications but also underscore its candidacy as a novel solid-state electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. This stems from its robust thermal stability and notable lithium-ion conductivity, positioning Li2SnS3 as a compelling candidate for advanced energy storage technologies.

Coatings on Lithium Battery Separators: A Strategy to Inhibit Lithium Dendrites Growth

Lithium metal is considered a promising anode material for lithium secondary batteries by virtue of its ultra-high theoretical specific capacity, low redox potential, and low density, while the application of lithium is still challenging due to its high activity. Lithium metal easily reacts with the electrolyte during the cycling process, resulting in the continuous rupture and reconstruction of the formed SEI layer, which reduces the cycling reversibility. On the other hand, repeated lithium plating/stripping processes can lead to uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites and a series of safety issues caused by short-circuiting of the battery. Currently, modification of the battery separator layer is a good strategy to inhibit lithium dendrite growth, which can improve the Coulombic efficiency in the cycle. This paper reviews the preparation, behavior, and mechanism of the modified coatings using metals, metal oxides, nitrides, and other materials on the separator to inhibit the formation of lithium dendrites and achieve better stable electrochemical cycles. Finally, further strategies to inhibit lithium dendrite growth are proposed.

Characteristics and electrochemical performances of nickel@nano‐silicon/carbon nanofibers composites as anode materials for lithium secondary batteries

AbstractSi is a next‐generation ideal anode material for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high‐theoretical capacity (4200 mAh/g) and natural abundance. However, severe volume expansion and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film formation during lithiation/delithiation, and poor electron conductivity have significantly restricted the commercial application of Si. In this study, transition metal‐coated Si was synthesized and used as the anode material of LIBs. The transition metal salt of Ni was dissolved in an aqueous solution and used to coat the metal surface of Si nanoparticles. The coating was achieved by dropwise addition of metal solutions into Si dispersions. Thereafter, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were grown on the transition metal‐coated Si nanoparticles via chemical vapor deposition method. The morphologies, compositions, and crystal quality of transition metal@Si/CNFs composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical characteristics of the hybrid anodes were investigated using a coin cell and battery tester. Voltage profile measurements at 0.1 A/g of 0.02 M‐Ni@Si/CNFs composite showed satisfactory initial Coulombic efficiency of 85.6%; 0.01 M‐Ni@Si/CNFs composite exhibited high initial capacity of 1300.9 mAh/g retained to 828.4 mAh/g after 100 cycles, corresponding to 63.7% capacity retention. Even at high current densities, the 0.02 M‐Ni@Si/CNFs composite delivered 342.78 mAh/g of capacity at 5 A/g. This work realizes a Si‐based hybrid anode from Ni‐coated Si catalyst used for direct CNFs synthesis with a stable SEI layer, superior initial Coulombic efficiency with satisfactory cycle and rate performance suitable for commercialized advanced battery applications.

리튬이차전지용 실리콘계 합금 음극재의 연구동향

실리콘계 재료는 현재 상용화된 탄소재료와 비교하여 고용량을 기대할 수 있지만, 충방전 시에 체적변화가 크게 일어나 활물질 입자의 깨짐으로 인하여 사이클 수명특성의 열화가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위하여 실리콘 합금의 미세조직을 제어하는 제조 방법인 기계적 합금화법, 액체급랭응고법, 가스아토마이져법을 적용한 실리콘계 합금 음극재에 대한 연구동향을 소개하고자 한다.

Silicon/Graphite/Amorphous Carbon as Anode Materials for Lithium Secondary Batteries.

Although silicon is being researched as one of the most promising anode materials for future generation lithium-ion batteries owing to its greater theoretical capacity (3579 mAh g-1), its practical applicability is hampered by its worse rate properties and poor cycle performance. Herein, a silicon/graphite/amorphous carbon (Si/G/C) anode composite material has been successfully prepared by a facile spray-drying method followed by heating treatment, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance compared with silicon/amorphous carbon (Si/C) in lithium-ion batteries. At 0.1 A g-1, the Si/G/C sample exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1886 mAh g-1, with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 90.18%, the composite can still deliver a high initial charge capacity of 800 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1, and shows a superior cyclic and rate performance compared to the Si/C anode sample. This work provides a facile approach to synthesize Si/G/C composite for lithium-ion batteries and has proven that graphite replacing amorphous carbon can effectively improve the electrochemical performance, even using low-performance micrometer silicon and large size flake graphite.

A Review of the Application of Carbon Materials for Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium secondary batteries have been the most successful energy storage devices for nearly 30 years. Until now, graphite was the most mainstream anode material for lithium secondary batteries. However, the lithium storage mechanism of the graphite anode limits the further improvement of the specific capacity. The lithium metal anode, with the lowest electrochemical potential and extremely high specific capacity, is considered to be the optimal anode material for next-generation lithium batteries. However, the lifetime degradation and safety problems caused by dendrite growth have seriously hindered its commercialization. Carbon materials have good electrical conductivity and modifiability, and various carbon materials were designed and prepared for use in lithium metal batteries. Here, we will start by analyzing the problems and challenges faced by lithium metal. Then, the application progress and achievements of various carbon materials in lithium metal batteries are summarized. Finally, the research suggestions are given, and the application feasibility of carbon materials in metal lithium batteries is discussed.

Li4Mo5O17 micron particles as new high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Herein, the micron-sized lithium molybdenum oxide (Li4Mo5O17, LMO) is first investigated as a new anode material for lithium secondary battery. LMO was obtained through citric acid aid sol–gel method and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photo-electron spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. When tested as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the LMO electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance. The initial discharge and charge specific capacities were 1470 mAh g−1 and 845 mAh g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1, respectively. The electrode provides a reversible charge capacity of 507 mAh g−1 even after 600 cycles long life test. These data show that LMO is very promising for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.

Core-Shell-Type Carbon-Coated Lithium Titanium Oxide Composites Derived from Ti-Based Metal Organic Framework As Anode Materials for Lithium Secondary Batteries

Lithium titanium oxide, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), is one of the most promising anode materials for Li secondary batteries. Although it has a lower specific capacity of approximately 175 mAh/g than does graphite (372 mAh/g), this material shows the unique property of the negligible lattice change in the Li-ion insertion/desertion process, providing excellent high-rate cycling stability. The biggest obstacles of limiting the application of LTO material electrode are poor electrical conductivity and low lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. To overcome these problems, in this work carbon-coated LTO (LTO/C) composites with core-shell-type structure are synthesized and it is derived from Ti-based metal organic framework (Ti-MOF). For the synthesis of the LTO/C composites, Ti-MOF was chemically lithiated by n-BuLi and heated at different temperature (500-800 oC) in an inert atmosphere. According to powder X-ray diffraction analysis, the as-lithiated sample shows an amorphous structure, and the LTO structure is generated after heat-treatment of above 600 oC. Transmission electron microscopy clearly shows core-shell-type LTO particles surrounded by carbon layers with a thickness of 3-5 nm. The electrochemical measurements clearly demonstrate the promising functionality of the present LTO/C composite as anode for lithium secondary batteries. The LTO/C composite obtained by heating at 700 oC show the largest discharge capacity (cal. 152 mAh/g) with good cyclability. The present experimental findings underscore the validity of the use of MOF as a useful platform for new synthetic strategies of carbon coated LTO materials and also for the improvement of their functionality.

Single-Molecule Dye Organics with Multielectron Redox Processes as Cathode Materials for Lithium Secondary Batteries.

Dissolution loss is the biggest issue for an organic electrode material, and nowadays the most popular strategy to avoid it is to synthesize a polymer or add a large amount of conductive carbon. In this study, the issue is addressed by using monomolecular organics with a relatively long chain and large size. A dye composed of quinones and a carbazole is proposed as the cathode material for a Li secondary battery. The unique structure of more than three quinones joined by a carbazole bridge improves the cycling stability significantly. In addition to the widely known enolization reaction of the quinone moiety, extra anion-doping capacity is supplied by the carbazole moiety. As a result of the multiple active sites, multielectron redox transfer and remarkable capacity enhancement are realized by using Vet Yellow 3RT dye material. It shows a stable capacity up to 340 mAh g-1 within 300 cycles. XRD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements were used to confirm the reactivity of the carbonyl group and the N-heterocycle toward Li+ and PF6 - , respectively. In this work, a new application of this dye material is revealed, providing a new avenue to address the dissolution loss and capacity breakthrough of organic batteries.

Carbon Loaded Nano-Designed Spherically High Symmetric Lithium Iron Orthosilicate Cathode Materials for Lithium Secondary Batteries.

In the present study, Li2FeSiO4 (LFS) cathode material has been prepared via a modified polyol method. The stabilizing nature of polyol solvent was greatly influenced to reduce the particle size (~50 nm) and for coating the carbon on the surface of the as-mentioned materials (~10 nm). As-prepared nano-sized Li2FeSiO4 material deliver initial discharge capacity of 186 mAh·g−1 at 1C with the coulombic efficiency of 99% and sustain up to 100 cycles with only 7 mAh·g−1 is the difference of discharge capacity from its 1st cycle to 100th cycle. The rate performance illustrates the discharge capacity 280 mAh·g−1 for lower C-rate (C/20) and 95 mAh·g−1 for higher C-rate (2C).

Degradation Mechanism of Conversion-Type Iron Trifluoride: Toward Improvement of Cycle Performance.

Conversion-type iron trifluoride (FeF3) has attracted considerable attention as a positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries due to its high energy density and low cost. However, the conversion process through which FeF3 operates leads it to suffer from capacity degradation upon repeated cycling. To improve the cycle performance, in this study we investigated the degradation mechanism of conversion-type FeF3 electrode material. Bulk analyses of FeF3 upon cycling reveal incomplete oxidation to Fe3+ concomitant with the aggregation of LiF at the charged state. In addition, surface analyses of FeF3 reveal that a film covered the electrode surface after 10 cycles, which leads to a remarkable increase in resistance. We show that the choice of the electrolyte formulation is crucial in preventing the formation of the film on the electrode surface; thus, FeF3 shows better performance in an electrolyte comprising LiBF4 solute in cyclic carbonate solvents than in chain carbonate-containing LiPF6 as the electrolyte. This study underpins that a careful selection of solvent, rather than solute, is significantly essential to improve the cycle performance of the FeF3 electrode.

Engineering of highly conductive and mesoporous ZrV2O7: a cathode material for lithium secondary batteries

The performance of the cathode materials can be enhanced significantly by manipulating the surface properties through a nano-structuring. Porous ZrV2O7 is synthesized, in the present study, by a facile one-step solution-based method wherein the proposed method and the ZrV2O7 have the advantages of less preparation time, low cost, small crystallite size, porous structure, and good electrical conductivity, which dramatically improves the electrochemical properties. The porous ZrV2O7 electrode exhibits the conductivity of 0.57 × 10−6 S/cm, which is close to the conductivity of the traditional cathode materials LiMn2O4 (10−6 S cm−1). The galvanostatic charge-discharge results reveal that the porous ZrV2O7 delivers excellent discharge capacity of 159 mAh g−1 and 126 mAh g−1 at C/10 and 1 C (C = charge and discharge) rate, respectively, besides excellent reversibility.

Magnesium silicide-derived porous Sb-Si-C composite for stable lithium storage

Porous Sb-Si-C composite materials were synthesized through two-step high-energy mechanical milling (HEMM) and chemical etching processes as an anode material for lithium secondary batteries. Sb2O3 and Mg2Si as starting materials were transformed into Sb, Si, and MgO phases after the first step of HEMM. Activated carbon was then incorporated into the composites during the second step of the milling. Finally, porous composites were synthesized by removing MgO through chemical etching. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement. The electrochemical lithiation and delithiation mechanism of the porous Sb-Si-C nanocomposite electrode was examined by using ex situ XRD analysis. Electrochemical test results demonstrated that the reversible capacity of approximately 450 mAh g−1 was maintained well after 200 cycles. This performance can be attributed to the porous structure and the amorphous carbon matrix for alleviation of volume changes during repeated Li+ insertion and extraction cycling.

Lithium fluoride/iron difluoride composite prepared by a fluorolytic sol–gel method: Its electrochemical behavior and charge–discharge mechanism as a cathode material for lithium secondary batteries

Owing to their high theoretical capacity, metal fluorides have attracted significant interest as materials for fabricating the cathode of lithium secondary batteries. In the present study, a nanocomposite of LiF and FeF2 is prepared by a fluorolytic sol–gel method in an ethanol solution, for use as the cathode material of a lithium secondary battery. The produced LiF/FeF2 composite is characterized by broad X-ray diffraction peaks attributed to the nanosized (∼10 nm) LiF and FeF2 crystals, a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 119 m2 g-1, and adsorption–desorption hysteresis, attributed to the presence of mesopores. The results of charge–discharge tests indicates an initial discharge capacity of 225 mAh (g-LiF/FeF2)−1 through reversal conversion at a current rate of 10 mA (g-LiF/FeF2)−1. Based on a combination of galvanostatic intermittent titration, X-ray absorption, and X-ray diffraction investigations, a new reaction mechanism is developed, namely, the conversion of the local environment of an Fe atom from a rutile-type FeF2 structure to a rhenium trioxide-type FeF3 structure during charging, with the subsequent discharge resulting in the insertion of Li+ into the rhenium trioxide-type FeF3 structure, followed by the conversion reaction to LiF and FeF2.

Room temperature synthesis of amorphous Bi4V2O11 as cathode material for Li secondary batteries

In this paper, the amorphous Bi4V2O11 is synthesized by a simple precipitation method at room temperature. The as-prepared Bi4V2O11 was characterized by using powder XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX techniques. The amorphous Bi4V2O11 has been tested as a cathode material for lithium secondary battery for the first time. The observed results were compared with the reported crystalline Bi4V2O11 wherein amorphous Bi4V2O11 exhibits better specific capacity and capacity retention at the charging rate of C/5. The specific capacity of 104 mA h g−1 for the first cycle and 101 mA h g−1 for the second cycle was observed and thereby the capacity retention of about 98% indicates the good reversibility.

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of transition metal-coated carbon nanofibers as anode materials for lithium secondary batteries

In this study, transition metal coated carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized and applied as anode materials of Li secondary batteries. CNFs/Ni foam was immersed into 0.01M transition metal solutions after growing CNFs on Ni foam via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Transition metal coated CNFs/Ni foam was dried in an oven at 80°C. Morphologies, compositions, and crystal quality of CNFs-transition metal composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Electrochemical characteristics of CNFs-transition metal composites as anodes of Li secondary batteries were investigated using a three-electrode cell. Transition metal/CNFs/Ni foam was directly employed as a working electrode without any binder. Lithium foil was used as both counter and reference electrodes while 1M LiClO4 was employed as the electrolyte after it was dissolved in a mixture of propylene carbonate:ethylene carbonate (PC:EC) at 1:1 volume ratio. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and cyclic voltammetry measurements were taken at room temperature using a battery tester. In particular, the capacity of the synthesized CNFs-Fe was improved compared to that of CNFs. After 30 cycles, the capacity of CNFs-Fe was increased by 78%. Among four transition metals of Fe, Cu, Co and Ni coated on carbon nanofibers, the retention rate of CNFs-Fe was the highest at 41%. The initial capacity of CNFs-Fe with 670mAh/g was reduced to 275mAh/g after 30 cycles.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites as Anodes for Lithium Secondary Batteries.

Silicon (Si) is one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium secondary batteries because of its large theoretical capacity, high safety, low cost and environmental benignity. However, Si-based anode material needs to overcome the structural change of the solid-electrolyte interphase due to the large volume change during cycling. To resolve these problems of composites by exploiting the superior conductivity, large specific surface area and flexibility of graphene, we have synthesized reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Si composite electrode via a simple dip-coating method. Nickel foam is used as a current collector and template for the electrode fabrication. At 0.03 wt%, Si concentration, the rGO/Si composite anode presented the excellent cycle performance with large reversible capacity (778 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles). The characteristics of the rGO/Si composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The improved anode performance of the rGO/Si composite anode is ascribed to the rGO serving as a buffer layer, thereby preventing the volume expansion of Si nanoparticles, and provide facile electron pathways.

Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12 Particles Manufactured Using High Pressure Synthesis Process for Lithium Ion Battery

Using a high pressure homonizer, we report on the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12(LTO) particles manufactured as anode active material for lithium ion battery. High-pressure synthesis processing is performed under conditions in which the mole fraction of Li/Ti is 0.9, the synthesis pressure is 2,000 bar and the numbers of passings-through are 5, 7 and 10. The observed X-ray diffraction patterns show that pure LTO is manufactured when the number of passings-through is 10. It is found from scanning electron microscopy analysis that the average size of synthesized particles decreases as the number of passings-through increases. LiCoO2-based active cathode materials are used to fabricate several coin half/full cells and their battery characteristics such as lifetime, rate capability and charge transfer resistance are then estimated, revealing quite good electrochemical performance of the LTO particles as an effective anode active material for lithium secondary batteries.

Synthesis of LiNi1-XCoxPO4/C Nanocomposites By Aerosol Process and Powder Technology and Their Cell Performance for Lithium Ion Battery

Introduction: This decade witnesses a mounting number of researches towards lithium ion battery due to its great energy density and environmental friendliness. However, as the considerably significant part of lithium battery, conventional cathode material such as LiCoO2 could not fulfill the growing requirement for higher energy density and superior safety. Therefore, with theoretical capacity of about 167mAh g-1, cathode materials LiMPO4 (M=Co, Ni) have been attracted more and more attention, owing to their high energy densities derived from high working voltages (4.7-5 V) and outstanding thermal stability [1]. Nevertheless, poor electronic and ion conductivities, and especially low electrochemical activity of LiNiPO4 hindered these kind of material from practical application [2]. For the purpose of endeavoring to settle those issues, the LiNi1-xCoxPO4/C (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1) solid solution composites, in this work, were synthesized by spray pyrolysis followed by wet ball milling as well as heat treatment. Moreover, physical and electrochemical properties of the material were studied. Experimental Firstly, the precursor solution was prepared by dissolving lithium orthophosphate monometallic (LiH2PO4), nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2‧6H2O) and cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2‧6H2O) into distilled water as molar ratios of 1: 1-x: x (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1). The molar concentration of the solution was 0.2 mol L-1. They were atomized to generate small droplets that subsequently were carried by air gas flowing into the reactor, in which the temperature was 400℃. The collected spherical-like precursor particles prepared by spray pyrolysis were milled with acetylene black by wet ball milling as a rotation speed of 600 to 800rpm for 6h. Then, the mixture was annealed at 550℃ for 4 h under Ar atmosphere after drying in the oven and finally LiNi1-xCoxPO4/C nanocomposites were obtained. The characterization of physical properties of the material, such as structure and morphology, was accomplished by X ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), specific surface area measurement, inductively-coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP) and CHNS elemental analysis. The cathode was made by LiNi1-xCoxPO4/C nanocomposites to investigate the electrochemical performance of this material. First, calculated based on LiNi1-xCoxPO4, the active material was mixed with acetylene black (AB) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a weight ratio of 7:2:1 in appropriate amount of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The formed slurry was coated on an Al foil and was dried in a vacuum oven. The cut cathode was used to assemble coin-type cells (CR2032) in the glove box under a high purity Ar atmosphere. 1 mol L-1 LiPF6 dissolved in EC/DMC was used as the liquid electrolyte. Li foil was used as an opposite electrode. The cells were galvanostatically cycled between 3.5 and 5.3 V at 0.1C rate (1C= 167 mA g-1) on multichannel battery testers (Hokuto Denko, HJ1010mSM8A). Results and discussion Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of LiNi1-xCoxPO4/C (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1) synthesized by spray pyrolysis at 400℃followed by wet ball milling and heat treatment at 550℃ in pure Ar atmosphere. It can be confirmed that all peaks of the samples are mainly indexed to olivine structure with a Pnma space group, except that weak impurity peak of Ni shows in the sample of LiNi0.8Co0.2PO4/C. Besides, peak shift towards left can be seen clearly at about 2θ=36.5º because of larger radius of Co ion (0.74Å) than Ni ion (0.69Å). After analyzing these samples by Rietveld refinement, the obtained lattice parameters of samples elevate linearly with the increasing amount of Co doped into LiNiPO4, also because the radius of Co ion is larger than that of Ni ion. The further data and figures in detail will be displayed during the presentation of symposium. Reference [1] J. Wolfenstine, Ni3+ /Ni2+ redox potential in LiNiPO4, J. Power Sources, 142 (2005) 389–390. [2] D. Shanmukaraj, R. Murugan, Synthesis and Characterization of LiNiyCo1-yPO4 ( y = 0-1 ) Cathode Materials for Lithium Secondary Batteries, Ionics, 10 (2004) 88–92. Figure 1

A new and effective approach for Fe2V4O13 nanoparticles synthesis: Evaluation of electrochemical performance as cathode for lithium secondary batteries

The Fe2V4O13 is considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for next generation secondary batteries owing to its high specific capacity and energy density. However, the synthesis of pure Fe2V4O13 is difficult because of complicated Fe2O3–V2O5 phase diagram. Thus, in this paper, a facile solution combustion method which operates relatively at low temperature was proposed to synthesize impurity free Fe2V4O13 nanoparticles. The selection of fuel, oxidizer/fuel (O/F) ratio and temperature on the formation of impurity free Fe2V4O13 has been investigated. The optimum temperature and time for the preparation of impurity free Fe2V4O13 nanoparticles was found to be 350 °C/1 h. The synthesized Fe2V4O13 nanoparticles exhibit monoclinic phase with high surface area of 36 m2/g. The prepared Fe2V4O13 nanoparticles were tested as cathode material for lithium secondary battery and charge discharge results show that the 154 mAh·g−1 is retained after 50 cycle.