Matching Stimuli Research Articles

Contingent capture by color is sensitive to categorical color perception.

Contingent capture (CC) theory postulates that attention can only be captured by top-down matching stimuli. Although the contingent capture of attention is a well-known and thoroughly studied phenomenon, there is still no consensus on the characteristics of the top-down template which guides the search for colors. We tried to replicate the classical contingent capture effect on color (Experiment 1) and then added linguistic processing to this perceptual effect (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, attention was indeed captured by the cues of the same color as the target, while the cues of different colors were successfully ignored. In Experiment 2, the cue color was never identical to the target color but would either belong to the same linguistic category or not (i.e., linguistic matching and linguistic nonmatching cues). In both cases, cues were made to be equally perceptually distant from the target. Although, attention was captured by both cue types, the degree of capture was significantly higher for linguistic matching cues. Our research replicated the classic contingent capture effect but on color, and also demonstrated the effect of color categories in the search task. In short, we demonstrated the effect of color categories in the search task. Results show that the template for color search contains physical characteristics of color, as well as information about color category names.

Interference of same/different learning by a spatial discrimination

Same/different learning by pigeons has long been of interest to experimental psychologists. In one of these procedures, matching-to-sample, responses to a sample stimulus result in the presentation of two comparison stimuli, one of which matches the sample, the other of which does not, and choice of the matching stimulus is reinforced. Evidence of a matching concept has been found when transfer has been found to new stimuli. Given the transfer results, it is surprising that acquisition of two matching tasks (or two mismatching tasks), has not been found to be any faster than one matching and one mismatching task (i.e., two compatible tasks do not appear to facilitate each other). In the present experiment, we asked if matching acquisition involving three colors would be retarded if the correct response to a fourth color was not matching but was spatial (e.g., if the sample is red choose the red comparison, if the sample is green choose the green comparison, if the sample is yellow choose the yellow comparison, but if the sample is blue choose the left comparison). We found that acquisition of this task was slower than acquisition of a four color matching task (i.e., when the sample was blue, the blue comparison was correct). The results suggest that there is an interaction among matching associations, such that common rules facilitate learning compared with having to learn an inconsistent (spatial) rule. This result provides further evidence of the development of a matching concept by pigeons.

Direct comparison reveals algorithmic similarities in fly and mouse visual motion detection

Evolution has equipped vertebrates and invertebrates with neural circuits that selectively encode visual motion. While similarities in the computations performed by these circuits in mouse and fruit fly have been noted, direct experimental comparisons have been lacking. Because molecular mechanisms and neuronal morphology in the two species are distinct, we directly compared motion encoding in these two species at the algorithmic level, using matched stimuli and focusing on a pair of analogous neurons, the mouse ON starburst amacrine cell (ON SAC) and Drosophila T4 neurons. We find that the cells share similar spatiotemporal receptive field structures, sensitivity to spatiotemporal correlations, and tuning to sinusoidal drifting gratings, but differ in their responses to apparent motion stimuli. Both neuron types showed a response to summed sinusoids that deviates from models for motion processing in these cells, underscoring the similarities in their processing and identifying response features that remain to be explained.

Metamodal Coupling of Vibrotactile and Auditory Speech Processing Systems through Matched Stimulus Representations.

It has been postulated that the brain is organized by "metamodal," sensory-independent cortical modules capable of performing tasks (e.g., word recognition) in both "standard" and novel sensory modalities. Still, this theory has primarily been tested in sensory-deprived individuals, with mixed evidence in neurotypical subjects, thereby limiting its support as a general principle of brain organization. Critically, current theories of metamodal processing do not specify requirements for successful metamodal processing at the level of neural representations. Specification at this level may be particularly important in neurotypical individuals, where novel sensory modalities must interface with existing representations for the standard sense. Here we hypothesized that effective metamodal engagement of a cortical area requires congruence between stimulus representations in the standard and novel sensory modalities in that region. To test this, we first used fMRI to identify bilateral auditory speech representations. We then trained 20 human participants (12 female) to recognize vibrotactile versions of auditory words using one of two auditory-to-vibrotactile algorithms. The vocoded algorithm attempted to match the encoding scheme of auditory speech while the token-based algorithm did not. Crucially, using fMRI, we found that only in the vocoded group did trained-vibrotactile stimuli recruit speech representations in the superior temporal gyrus and lead to increased coupling between them and somatosensory areas. Our results advance our understanding of brain organization by providing new insight into unlocking the metamodal potential of the brain, thereby benefitting the design of novel sensory substitution devices that aim to tap into existing processing streams in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It has been proposed that the brain is organized by "metamodal," sensory-independent modules specialized for performing certain tasks. This idea has inspired therapeutic applications, such as sensory substitution devices, for example, enabling blind individuals "to see" by transforming visual input into soundscapes. Yet, other studies have failed to demonstrate metamodal engagement. Here, we tested the hypothesis that metamodal engagement in neurotypical individuals requires matching the encoding schemes between stimuli from the novel and standard sensory modalities. We trained two groups of subjects to recognize words generated by one of two auditory-to-vibrotactile transformations. Critically, only vibrotactile stimuli that were matched to the neural encoding of auditory speech engaged auditory speech areas after training. This suggests that matching encoding schemes is critical to unlocking the brain's metamodal potential.

Vocabulary and automatic attention: The relation between novel words and gaze dynamics in noun generalization.

Words direct visual attention in infants, children, and adults, presumably by activating representations of referents that then direct attention to matching stimuli in the visual scene. Novel, unknown, words have also been shown to direct attention, likely via the activation of more general representations of naming events. To examine the critical issue of how novel words and visual attention interact to support word learning we coded frame-by-frame the gaze of 17- to 31-month-old children (n = 66, 38 females) while generalizing novel nouns. We replicate prior findings of more attention to shape when generalizing novel nouns, and a relation to vocabulary development. However, we also find that following a naming event, children who produce fewer nouns take longer to look at the objects they eventually select and make more transitions between objects before making a generalization decision. Children who produce more nouns look to the objects they eventually select more quickly following the naming event and make fewer looking transitions. We discuss these findings in the context of prior proposals regarding children's few-shot category learning, and a developmental cascade of multiple perceptual, cognitive, and word-learning processes that may operate in cases of both typical development and language delay. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Examined how novel words guide visual attention by coding frame-by-frame where children look when asked to generalize novel names. Gaze patterns differed with vocabulary size: children with smaller vocabularies attended to generalization targets more slowly and did more comparison than those with larger vocabularies. Demonstrates a relationship between vocabulary size and attention to object properties during naming. This work has implications for looking-based tests of early cognition, and our understanding of children's few-shot category learning.

Measuring food-related inhibition with go/no-go tasks: Critical considerations for experimental design

The use of go/no-go tasks to assess inhibitory control over food stimuli is becoming increasingly popular. However, the wide variability in the design of these tasks makes it difficult to fully leverage their results. The goal of this commentary was to provide researchers with crucial aspects to consider when designing food-related go/no-go experiments. We examined 76 studies that used food-themed go/no-go tasks and extracted characteristics related to participant population, methodology, and analysis. Based on our observations of common issues that can influence study conclusions, we stress the importance for researchers to design an appropriate control condition and match stimuli between experimental conditions in terms of emotional and physical properties. We also emphasize that stimuli should be tailored to the participants under study, whether at the individual or group level. To ensure that the task truly measures inhibitory abilities, researchers should promote the establishment of a prepotent response pattern by presenting more go than no-go trials and by using short trials. Researchers should also pre-specify the criteria used to identify potentially invalid data. While go/no-go tasks represent valuable tools for studying food cognition, researchers should choose task parameters carefully and justify their methodological and analytical decisions in order to ensure the validity of results and promote best practices in food-related inhibition research.

Grapheme-Color Synesthesia and enhanced Working Memory for the materials that induce synesthetic experiences

IntroductionThis study investigated the influence of synesthetic experiences on working memory and hypothesized that Grapheme-Colour Synaesthesia causes enhanced working memory for the materials in the congruent condition.ObjectivesThe current study uses the existing experiments conducted within the field of Synaesthesia as a basis in order to find out whether synaesthesia influences working memory for the letters, words, and days of the week that elicit synesthetic experiencesMethodsExperimental research design was used to identify the extent of the causal relationship between Synaesthetic and non-Synesthetic experiences and enhanced working memory in both Synesthetes and non-Synesthetes. A short screening questionnaire, Stroop task, and N-back task was used to measure the relationship between the two variables for quantitative measurement. (Radvansky, 2011), This study uses materials such as Stroop task and n-back task from Robinson’s (2015) work, Radvansky’s (2011), and Terhune et al. (2013) work. However, certain changes in the methodology of the current study makes it easier and efficient to conduct this study with a different population.ResultsGrapheme-Color synesthetes (Mean= 1276.682 milliseconds) appear to take less amount of time in responding correctly to the incongruent stimulus in the Stroop Task than non-Synesthetes (Mean= 1487.89 milliseconds). Secondly, Grapheme-Color Synesthetes (Mean=1170.929 milliseconds) have a significant difference in accuracy of responding in the congruent condition of the Stroop Task with the non-Synesthetes (Mean= 1491.159 milliseconds). Further evidence from the N-back Task also demonstrated a significant relationship between the variables in both incongruent and congruent conditions; Grapheme-Color Synesthetes (Mean= 2621.390 milliseconds) showed a significant difference in correctly responding to the nonmatching stimulus in N-back Task with Non-Synesthetes (Mean= 2854.351 milliseconds). Similarly, Grapheme-Color Synesthetes (Mean=1330.130 milliseconds) showed a large difference in responding correctly to the matching stimulus in the N-back Task with Non-Synesthetes (Mean= 2301.071 milliseconds). Grapheme-Color Synesthetes were faster in responding correctly than non-Synesthetes in all conditions.ConclusionsRegardless of what have been concluded as a result of the current study, it is difficult to reach at any conclusions taking into account the oppositions about working memory of Grapheme-Color Synesthetes in different studies. Therefore, the data suggest that future studies should further test the capacity of working memory in Grapheme-Color Synesthetes.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Development and Validation of a Single-Variable Comparison Stimulus for Matching Strained Voice Quality Using a Psychoacoustic Framework.

Acoustic and perceptual quantification of vocal strain has been a vexing problem for years. To increase measurement rigor, a suitable single-variable matching stimulus for strain was developed and validated, based on the matching stimulus used previously for breathy and rough voice qualities. A set of 21 comparison stimuli for a single-variable matching task (SVMT) was synthesized based on a speech-shaped sawtooth waveform mixed with speech-shaped noise. Variable bandpass filter gain in mid-to-high frequencies achieved a wide range of computed sharpness (in constant sharpness steps) and served as the independent variable for the SVMT. Ten natural /ɑ/ stimuli with a wide range of the primary voice quality of strain and a minimum of breathiness or roughness were selected and assessed using the SVMT. Natural voice samples and synthetic comparison stimuli were also assessed using a perceptual magnitude estimation (ME) task. ME data validated the correspondence of the set of comparison stimuli to varying perceived strain. Perceived strain magnitudes of the comparison stimuli increased significantly and linearly with computed sharpness (r 2 = .99). A linear regression revealed that strain matching values were significantly predicted by computed sharpness (r 2 = .96) and perceived strain magnitudes (r 2 = .95) of the natural voice stimuli. The perception of vocal strain is strongly associated with computed sharpness and is captured accurately and precisely using an SVMT, in which the independent variable is the bandpass filter gain (in steps of equal sharpness) applied to the comparison stimuli.

Matching is acquired faster than mismatching by pigeons when salient stimuli are presented manually

Same/different learning by pigeons has been studied using several different procedures. One of these procedures is matching-to-sample or mismatching-from-sample in which responses to a sample stimulus result in the presentation of two comparison stimuli, one of which matches the sample, the other of which does not. In the matching task, choice of the matching stimulus is reinforced. In the mismatching task, choice of the stimulus that does not match the sample is reinforced. Most research that has compared acquisition of the two tasks has not reported a difference between them. Research with transfer of training, in which either the matching stimulus or the mismatching stimulus is replaced with a new stimulus, suggests that the matching stimulus is selected in the matching task, but the matching stimulus is rejected in the mismatching task. In the present experiment, pigeons were trained on either matching or mismatching with salient stimuli presented manually and the reinforcer was presented under a colored slide that covered it. In Phase 1 with a noncorrection procedure and a reinforcer for pecking the sample, pigeons did not acquire either task, however, in Phase 2 they learned both tasks readily without reinforcement for pecking the sample and with a correction procedure. Furthermore, the pigeons learned matching significantly faster than mismatching, suggesting that sameness may be a more natural stimulus relation than mismatching.

Spanish heritage speakers’ processing of lexical stress

Abstract This study examines the status of lexical stress in the processing system of heritage speakers of Spanish and whether or not it is influenced by their experience with English. Participants completed an ABX matching task with auditory stimuli differing in the location of stress or in one consonantal sound. Findings reveal that heritage speakers are more accurate in consonant-based trials than in stress-based ones, but only when matching stimuli were non-adjacent, which suggests that their stress-processing strategies pattern more closely with those of native English speakers. Furthermore, dominance and knowledge of Spanish appear to be associated with increased phonological sensibility to stress contrasts. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

Prefrontal Neuronal Activities During Active Retrieval of Information From Long-Term Memory

Abstract. Single-neuron studies performed in the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) revealed that retaining information in working memory (WM) is associated with sustained firing during the delay period in a match-to-sample task. On the other hand, single-neuron studies using a pair-association task have shown that retrieving information from long-term memory (LTM) is related to two kinds of neural activities: decreasing activity representing information linked to the sample stimulus and increasing activity predicting information for the forthcoming matching stimulus. To further examine neuronal behavioral patterns during LTM retrieval, we used a partial correlation coefficient analysis to analyze single-neuron activities in the PFC while monkeys performed the visual pair-association task. Results showed that, for most of the task-related neurons, firing activity depicted information from the sample stimulus. Nevertheless, some neurons showed an opposite pattern, this is, increasing activity during the delay period, possibly indicating a prospective memory coding from LTM. Interestingly, both activities seem to be present at different degrees as the delay period progresses. Together, these results unveil a new aspect of PFC neurons when retrieving unseen information from LTM.

Return to play in elite rugby players after severe knee injuries.

BackgroundMedical professionals working in an elite sport environment have the challenging task to balance the athlete’s readiness to return to the playing field after severe injury with other stakeholders’ (coaches, sponsors, teammates) opinions and objectives.ObjectivesOur study aimed to evaluate differences in the physical profiles of elite rugby players at return to play (RTP) after a severe knee injury, compared with their pre-injury profiles and matched controls.MethodBefore the injury, participants performed four performance tests during their preseason screening. These tests were repeated and compared to baseline once a player was declared fit to play.ResultsSignificant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in the injured players’ group who were slower over 10 m speed, in their decision-making time and the total time of the reactive agility tests at RTP, whilst controls were significantly faster over 10 m and 30 m speed tests. The countermovement jump outcomes showed significant improvement in the uninjured participants (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionOur study highlights that injured players’ running speeds and decision-making times are slower after injury. The uninjured players have a positive outcome to training and match stimulus by improving their running speed and lower body explosive power during the season.Clinical implicationsOur study provides insight into the RTP profile of elite rugby players, and a novel finding was the decision-making time deficit. This highlights the importance of cognitive training during injury rehabilitation as athletes make numerous decisions in a pressured and uncontrolled environment during a match. Speed training development is recommended as the athletes were slower after severe knee injury.

Stimulating both eyes with matching stimuli enhances V1 responses

SummaryNeurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of primates play a key role in combining monocular inputs to form a binocular response. Although much has been gleaned from studying how V1 responds to discrepant (dichoptic) images, equally important is to understand how V1 responds to concordant (dioptic) images in the two eyes. Here, we investigated the extent to which concordant, balanced, zero-disparity binocular stimulation modifies V1 responses to varying stimulus contrast using intracranial multielectrode arrays. On average, binocular stimuli evoked stronger V1 activity than their monocular counterparts. This binocular facilitation scaled most proportionately with contrast during the initial transient. As V1 responses evolved, additional contrast-mediated dynamics emerged. Specifically, responses exhibited longer maintenance of facilitation for lower contrast and binocular suppression at high contrast. These results suggest that V1 processes concordant stimulation of both eyes in at least two sequential steps: initial response enhancement followed by contrast-dependent control of excitation.

The roles of object and action, and concreteness and imageability, in the distinction between nouns and verbs: An ERP study on monosyllabic words in Chinese

The dissociation between nouns and verbs has been reported in behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies. It is still unclear whether the spatial and temporal differences between nouns and verbs arise from semantic differences or morpho-syntactic differences associated with the two word classes. Regarding the semantic accounts, it is also unknown whether the word class effect should be attributed to differences in object and action, or in concreteness and imageability, associated with nouns and verbs. As the question with respect to semantic accounts for the word class effect is unsettled, the two types of semantic attributes have not been well distinguished in previous studies that support morpho-syntactic accounts, and this may lead to a confounding effect between morpho-syntactic factors and semantic factors. Therefore, to better understand the origins of the noun-verb distinction, it is essential to figure out whether the word class effect is driven by the contrast between object and action or by concreteness and imageability. With tight matching of stimuli and the use of event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the neural processing of monosyllabic nouns and verbs in Chinese that were presented without context. The results showed that when concreteness and imageability were balanced, nouns elicited more negative N400 than verbs over a broad scalp region, suggesting distinct semantic processing between the two word classes. Furthermore, nouns elicited more late negativity than verbs at frontal sites, which may reflect differences in the semantic representation of nouns and verbs in the working memory or differences in the working memory load associated with the word classes. These ERP results showed that the distinction between nouns and verbs persists even after concreteness and imageability are matched, revealing that the semantic account for the word class effect might arise from the contrast of object and action rather than the concreteness and imageability effect. The findings of the current study draw attention to the importance of object and action distinction in studies on nouns and verbs.

Mechanisms of feature binding in visual working memory are stable over long delays.

The ability to accurately retain the binding between the features of different objects is a critical element of visual working memory. The underlying mechanism can be elucidated by analyzing correlations of response errors in dual-report experiments, in which participants have to report two features of a single item from a previously viewed stimulus array. Results from separate previous studies using different cueing conditions have indicated that location takes a privileged role in mediating binding between other features, in that largely independent response errors have been observed when location was used as a cue, but errors were highly correlated when location was one of the reported features. Earlier results from change detection tasks likewise support such a special role of location, but they also suggest that this role is substantially reduced for longer retention intervals in favor of object-based representation. In the present study, we replicated the findings of previous dual-report tasks with different cueing conditions, using matched stimuli and procedures. Moreover, we show that the observed patterns of error correlations remain qualitatively unchanged with longer retention intervals. Fits with neural population models demonstrate that the behavioral results at long, as well as short, delays are best explained by memory representations in independent feature maps, in which an item's features are bound to each other only via their shared location.

Methods to improve colour mismatch between displays

With the rapid development of display technology, the colour mismatch of the colours having same tristimulus values between devices is an urgent problem to be solved. This is related to the wellknown problem of observer metamerism, caused by the spectral power distribution (SPD) of primaries and the difference between individual observers' and the standard CIE colour matching functions. An experiment was carried out for 20 observers to perform colour matching of colour stimuli with a field-of-view of 4° between 5 displays, including two LCD and two OLED, against a reference LCD display. The results were used to derive a matrixbased colour correction method. The method was derived from colorimetric visually matched colorimetric data. Furthermore, different colour matching functions were evaluated to predict the degree of observer metamerism. The results showed that the correction method gave satisfactory results. Finally, it was found that the use of 2006 2° colour matching function outperformed 1931 2° CMFs with a large margin, most marked between an OLED and an LCD display.

The role of valence in word processing: Evidence from lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks

It is widely accepted that the valence of a word (neutral, positive, or negative) influences lexical processing, yet data from the commonly used lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks has yielded inconsistent findings regarding the direction of this influence. One critical obstacle to investigating the independent effects of valence is the matching of emotional and neutral stimuli on the lexical, sublexical, and conceptual characteristics known to influence word recognition. The second obstacle is that the cognitive processes which lead to a lexical decision and a colour naming response are unobservable from the response latency measures typically gathered. The present study compiled a set of neutral, positive, and negative words matched triplet-wise on 26 influential characteristics. The novel “mouse tracking” technique was used to analyse the development of responses to these materials in variants of the lexical decision and emotional Stroop task. A conventional key-press emotional Stroop task is also reported. Results revealed a significant processing advantage for positive words over negative and neutral words in the lexical decision task, whereas valence alone did not produce any significant effects in the emotional Stroop task. The discrepancy between the effects of valence across these different tasks is discussed. We also suggest that previous conflicting findings may be confounded by unmatched emotional and neutral stimuli, thus inflating the potential effects of valence.

Novel matched stimuli for assessment of lexical semantics

ABSTRACT Background : Diagnosis of semantic impairment in stroke and progressive neuro-cognitive conditions is typically facilitated using tests of word comprehension, such as word-picture matching. Many of these tests are not controlled for psycholinguistic variables or the semantic relationships between competitor stimuli and involve pictures which are not controlled for ease of access. Semantic assessment also demands additional cognitive resources, such as explicit decision-making and suppression of semantic competitors. These factors may all confound test performance and subsequent diagnosis. Aims : To develop novel semantic test stimuli for three new semantic processing assessments, which are controlled for psycholinguistic variables, semantic relationship between stimuli, and visual similarity between images presented simultaneously. An additional aim included matching stimuli for these variables across three tests: semantic priming, word-picture verification, and word-picture matching, to allow direct comparison of performance on tests that differ in terms of the additional cognitive demands involved, with priming entailing implicit semantic processing. Methods & Procedures : In phase one, novel stimuli were developed for the three semantic processing tests. Existing databases were searched for values to match stimuli psycholinguistic variables. In phase two, new data were collected from control participants regarding the semantic and visual similarity of stimuli presented simultaneously. Outcomes & Results : Data for three sets of target and distractor stimuli are presented, which are psycholinguistically matched within and between the three semantic tests for concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, frequency, word length, and emotional valence. “Semantic” relationships between pairs of stimuli are differentiated by semantic similarity (dog-cat) or association (dog-lead). Visual similarity is controlled between images presented in an array. Conclusions : The data provided ensure that test performance across three semantic tasks, differing in additional cognitive demands, can be directly compared in people with potential semantic deficits. This is the first such study to provide control of stimuli within and across a range of semantic tests. Patterns of performance via test reaction time and accuracy data may reveal semantic deficit or competence, contributing to more accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy choice.

The effect of second-language orthographic input on the phonological encoding of Mandarin words

AbstractPrevious studies have yielded mixed findings regarding the effect of familiar and novel L2 graphemes on learners’ phonological encoding. The current study investigated this topic by comparing the effect of Pinyin and Chinese characters on English speakers’ Mandarin word learning. Different from previous research, this study examined both segmental and tonal encoding and compared participants from different Mandarin proficiency levels. Seventeen Advanced learners, 29 Intermediate learners, and 21 Naïve English speakers participated in a word-learning experiment in which half of the participants were exposed to the Pinyin spelling of the target words while the other half to characters. After the learning phase, they did a meaning – auditory stimulus matching task. Half of the stimuli were complete matches, while in the other half the stimulus mismatched the target either in segments or tones. The results revealed that at the Advanced level, the Character group was more accurate than the Pinyin group in rejecting tonal mismatches to the target words, while the opposite tendency was observed at the Naïve level. This study suggests that novel graphemes facilitate advanced L2 learners’ tonal encoding more than familiar graphemes, which is probably due to the unique nature of Chinese characters.

The color appearance of curved transparent objects.

Studies on colored transparent objects have elucidated potential mechanisms, but these studies have mainly focused on flat filters overlaying flat backgrounds. While they have provided valuable insight, these studies have not captured all aspects of transparency, like caustics, specular reflections/highlights, and shadows. Here, we investigate color-matching experiments with curved transparent objects for different matching stimuli: a uniform patch and a flat filter. Two instructions were tested: simply match the color of the glass object and the test element (patch and flat filter) or match the color of the dye that was used to tint the transparent object (patch). Observers’ matches differed from the mean, the most frequent, and the most saturated color of the transparent stimuli, whereas the brightest regions captured the chromaticity, but not the lightness, of patch matches. We applied four models from flat filter studies: the convergence model, the ratios of either the means (RMC) or standard deviations (RSD) of cone excitations, and a robust ratio model. The original convergence model does not fully generalize but does not perform poorly, and with modifications, we find that curved transparent objects cause a convergence of filtered colors toward a point in color space, similar to flat filters. Considering that, the RMC and robust ratio models generalized more than the RSD, with the RMC performing best across the stimuli we tested. We conclude that the RMC is probably the strongest factor for determining the color. The RSD seems instead to be related to the perceived “clarity” of glass objects.