Master Plate Research Articles

Heuristic approaches for the cutting path problem

With the extensive application of laser cutting, the proper planning of the cutting path has a significate impact on industrial production, like clothing, metalware, and furniture. This paper proposes heuristic approaches for the two-dimensional cutting path problem, which aims to find the shortest path to cut pieces from the master plate. Two cutting methods, the arc routing method, and the node routing method, are studied based on whether the piece must be cut separately. A two-step heuristic approach is proposed for the arc routing method. A model based on a generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) and a variable neighborhood search (VNS) is introduced for the node routing method. The results show that the proposed two-step heuristic quickly finds the optimal or near-optimal solution. CPLEX using the GTSP model can solve small-size instances, while the VNS can find the solution with good quality in a reasonable time for medium-size instances. In addition, the model and approaches are also tested on larger instances with more than 250 pieces and 20,000 nodes. The results show that the proposed heuristics can handle these instances within a reasonable time.

Detection of Unculturable Fungi in Soil Regions of Aziz Awa in Sulaimani province

Unculturable and non-sporulting fungi represent a great challenge instudying biotrophic, endotrophic and mycorrhizal fungal groups. In thisstudy collection of soil sample from region Aziz Awa in sulaimaniprovince and using culture-dependent and culture in-dependenttechniques for cultivation of unculturable fungi for the purpose ofexpanding studies on fungal biodiversity in soil. Sabouraud DextroseAgar with supplement as pyridoxine by replicating master plate fromhigher dilution of soil three tinny colonies (less than 1mm in diameter)had grown on medium after incubation for 5-7 weeks at 280C but had notshown growth when replicated on traditional mycological media (PDA,Czapack Dox Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) were selected,purified, studied culturally and microscopically and identified bymolecular methods. Four specific primer sets (NSIF/ITS4r, NSIF/ LRIF,EF4F/ITS4r and EF60F/ITS4r) were used to amplify partial sequences offungal r RNA gene included ITS sequences. The partial sequences ofthree clones were aligned through the BLASTN phylogenetic analysis inNCBI were available at GenBank database and revealed higher scoresand identities with Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp and Uncultured soilfungus clone. These results led us to consider the clones as viable butnon culturable (VBNC) soil fungi like the common phenomenon in somebacterial species.

Analysis of using Newton’s ring to test lens surface radius of curvature

When using Newton’s ring to test lens surface radius of curvature, the air gap in between the master plate and the lens can have either a positive or a negative meniscus shape. The optics for the negative meniscus shape air gap has been widely analyzed and the results are assumed to be valid for the positive meniscus shape air gap. Accurate and approximate analysis are performed in this paper for the positive meniscus shape air gap. Analysis results of this paper show that for the same parameters involved, the Newton’s ring number for the positive meniscus shape air gap is larger than the Newton’s ring number for the negative meniscus shape air gap. The difference between these two Newton’s ring numbers increases as the value of h / r increases, where h is the lens half diameter and r is the master plate surface radius of curvature. For h / r = 0.87, the ratio of these two numbers can be as large as 2.

Variation of the modulus of elasticity of aligner foil sheet materials due to thermoforming.

ObjectiveInvestigate and compare the mechanical properties of different aligner materials before and after deep drawing and determine differences in the mechanical properties after thermoforming.Materials and methodsFour aligner film sheets from three manufacturers (Duran Plus® [Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany]; Zendura® [ClearCorrect, Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA]; Essix ACE® and Essix® PLUS™ [Dentsply Sirona Deutschland, Bensheim, Germany]) were tested in 3‑point bending with support distances of 8, 16, and 24 mm. Dimension of the specimens was 10 × 50 mm2. Two groups each were tested: (1) 10 specimens were investigated in the as-received state (before thermoforming), (2) 10 specimens were deep drawn on a master plate with cuboids of the dimension 10 × 10 × 50 mm3. Then, specimens were cut out of the upper side and lateral walls and were measured in 3‑point bending. Forces and reduction in thickness were measured and corrected theoretical forces of drawn sheets after thickness reduction as well as Young’s modulus were calculated.ResultsAt a support distance of 8 mm and a displacement of 0.25 mm Essix® PLUS™, having the highest thickness in untreated state, showed highest forces of 28.2 N, followed by Duran Plus® (27.3 N), Essix ACE® (21.0 N) and Zendura® (19.7 N). Similar results were registered for the other distances (16, 24 mm). Thermoforming drastically reduced thickness and forces in the bending tests. Forces decreased to around 10% or less for specimens cut from the lateral walls. Young’s modulus decreased significantly for deep drawn foil sheets, especially for Essix® PLUS™.ConclusionsThree-point bending is an appropriate method to compare different foil sheet materials. Young’s modulus is significantly affected by thermoforming.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00056-021-00327-w) contains supplementary information, which is available to authorized users.

Implementation of the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Line Panel to Screen 2260 Cancer Drug Combinations to Generate >3 Million Data Points Used to Populate a Large Matrix of Anti-Neoplastic Agent Combinations (ALMANAC) Database

Animal and clinical studies demonstrate that cancer drug combinations (DCs) are more effective than single agents. However, it is difficult to predict which DCs will be more efficacious than individual drugs. Systematic DC high-throughput screening (HTS) of 100 approved drugs in the National Cancer Institute’s panel of 60 cancer cell lines (NCI-60) produced data to help select DCs for further consideration. We miniaturized growth inhibition assays into 384-well format, increased the fetal bovine serum amount to 10%, lengthened compound exposure to 72 h, and used a homogeneous detection reagent. We determined the growth inhibition 50% values of individual drugs across 60 cell lines, selected drug concentrations for 4 × 4 DC matrices (DCMs), created DCM master and replica daughter plate sets, implemented the HTS, quality control reviewed the data, and analyzed the results. A total of 2620 DCMs were screened in 60 cancer cell lines to generate 3.04 million data points for the NCI ALMANAC (A Large Matrix of Anti-Neoplastic Agent Combinations) database. We confirmed in vitro a synergistic drug interaction flagged in the DC HTS between the vinca-alkaloid microtubule assembly inhibitor vinorelbine (Navelbine) tartrate and the epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) in the SK-MEL-5 melanoma cell line. Seventy-five percent of the DCs examined in the screen are not currently in the clinical trials database. Selected synergistic drug interactions flagged in the DC HTS described herein were subsequently confirmed by the NCI in vitro, evaluated mechanistically, and were shown to have greater than single-agent efficacy in mouse xenograft human cancer models. Enrollment is open for two clinical trials for DCs that were identified in the DC HTS. The NCI ALMANAC database therefore constitutes a valuable resource for selecting promising DCs for confirmation, mechanistic studies, and clinical translation.

Enhancement of printing overlay accuracy by reducing the effects of mark deformations

The roll-based high-speed printing process has the two major advantages of high productivity and a simple process over the conventional electronic device manufacturing process. There have been several attempts to commercially apply the roll-based high-speed printing process to various electronic devices. While such attempts have sought to improve the performance of electronic devices, these devices require multi-layered structures to be printed with high overlay accuracy between each layer. Printed patterns always appear to be deformed compared to the designs on the master plate because the printing process is solution based. Given variations in ink transfer volume, the accuracy of the overlay measurement can be degraded by mark deformations. This means that these deformations caused by the printing mechanism should be taken into account. In this paper, we provide the details from a simulation study and experiment carried out using gravure offset printing to investigate the effects of mark deformations on overlay measurement accuracy. We analyzed and optimized the pattern registration algorithms and the type of overlay marks in order to improve the measurement accuracy of the positions of the printed patterns. As a result, the repeatability measuring the positions of the printed patterns can be reduced to 1.0μm and 2.0μm in the CD and MD directions in the gravure offset printing process, respectively.

Control and measurement of doctoring angle at deformed state in doctoring apparatus for printed electronics

In printed electronics, the performance of printed devices depends on the quality of the printed patterns, or printability. It depends on the printing ink, the printing equipment, and printing conditions. Therefore, for reliable printed patterns with high printability, the printing conditions should be optimized and then maintained at constant values. Among the various printing conditions, parameters related to the doctoring process are important in gravure printing. In this study, the doctoring angle is redefined by the contact angle between the master plate and the doctor blade at the deformed state rather than the undeformed initial angle. The doctoring apparatus, capable of varying the angle of the doctor blade by controlling the position of the blade at the desired position, is developed. To estimate the doctoring angle in the deformed state without measurement from the photo image, mathematical model that calculates the doctoring angle in the deformed state using only geometric properties are derived. The doctoring angles based on the proposed mathematical model are compared with those measured from direct photo images for verifying the proposed method. In addition, the effect of the doctoring angle on the printability of the printed patterns is examined qualitatively through an experiment.

A variational Ritz formulation for vibration analysis of thick quadrilateral laminated plates

In the present study, a variational Ritz approach for vibration analysis of thick arbitrarily quadrilateral laminated plates, based on the trigonometric shear deformation theory (TSDT) is developed. In this theory, shear stresses are vanished at the top and bottom surfaces of the laminate and shear correction factors are no longer required. A general straight-sided quadrilateral domain is mapped into a square domain in the computational space using a four-node master plate, employing a geometric transformation. The displacement field components are approximated by sets of beam characteristic orthogonal polynomials generated using the Gram–Schmidt procedure. The use of Ritz method allows a high spectral accuracy and faster convergence rates than local methods such as finite element. The algorithm developed is quite general, free of shear locking and can be used to obtain natural frequencies and modal shapes of laminated plates having various material parameters, geometrical planforms, length-to-thickness ratios and any combinations of free, simply supported and clamped edge support conditions.Through several numerical examples, the capability, efficiency and accuracy of the formulation are demonstrated. Convergence studies and comparison with other existing solutions in the literature suggest that the present algorithm is robust and computationally efficient.

New multicolor and rewritable holographic polymer film for three‐dimensional holographic display

AbstractWe have developed a new multicolor holographic polymer film. Our holographic polymer film contains 3‐[(2,4,6‐trichloro)azo]‐9H‐carbazole‐9‐ethanol (A‐1) and poly(methyl methacrylate). The holographic polymer film can be recorded with a holographic image without applying an external electric field. The diffraction efficiency was 57% at A‐1 with a 20 wt% of dope ratio.The writable holographic image writing for the holographic polymer film step used the silver halide photographic emulsion master plate 532‐nm laser beam under the nonelectric field. After the copy hologram is formed, our holographic polymer film can be displayed in red and green holographic images. Even though our holographic polymer film is rewritten over 200 times, the diffraction efficiency does not fall. As the holographic polymer film is manufactured using roll‐to‐roll techniques, although still in a laboratory scale in this study, it has a strong possibility of being manufactured in larger sizes with lower cost.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES OF BRITISH ORGANIZATIONS IN AZERBAIJAN AS AN ELEMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM FOREIGN LANGUAGE POLICY

The article considers the United Kingdom language policy on the territory of Azerbaijan after the Soviet Union collapse, which is a bright example of the world political map redrawing. Taking into account the fact that the language is an important tool of the extending one’s influence over the country, we can say with certainty that the success of the specific state laying a claim to play the leading role in on the global political arena strongly depends on its ability to promote its language abroad, to enhance its status and to create such conditions where in the foreign country its language conquers the status close to the status of the native language. In this regard, the United Kingdom activity can serve as an example of a successful foreign language state policy. The authors analyze the activity of such organizations as the British Council, the BBC and BP on spreading the English language. The aforesaid British organizations are the master plate of the efficient language state policy tools, as long as they not only actively develop the global picture of the world, but also promote the interests of the United Kingdom on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Azerbaijan encourages the United Kingdom intention to spread the English language on its territory and does its best in assisting in the implementation of the proposed initiatives, realizing that the spread of the English language being the language of a global communication in Azerbaijan would contribute to the raising of Azerbaijan status on the world arena.

Fabrication and Use of MicroEnvironment microArrays (MEArrays)

The interactions between cells and their surrounding microenvironment have functional consequences for cellular behaviour. On the single cell level, distinct microenvironments can impose differentiation, migration, and proliferation phenotypes, and on the tissue level the microenvironment processes as complex as morphogenesis and tumorigenesis(1). Not only do the cell and molecular contents of microenvironments impact the cells within, but so do the elasticity(2) and geometry(3) of the tissue. Defined as the sum total of cell-cell, -ECM, and -soluble factor interactions, in addition to physical characteristics, the microenvironment is complex. The phenotypes of cells within a tissue are partially due to their genomic content and partially due to the combinatorial interactions with the microenviroment. A major challenge is to link specific combinations of microenvironmental components with distinctive behaviours. Here, we present the microenvironment microarray (MEArray) platform for cell-based functional screening of interactions with combinatorial microenvironments(4). The method allows for simultaneous control of the molecular composition and the elastic modulus, and combines the use of widely available microarray and micropatterning technologies. MEArray screens require as few as 10,000 cells per array, which facilitates functional studies of rare cell types such as adult progenitor cells. A limitation of the technology is that entire tissue microenvironments cannot be completely recapitulated on MEArrays. However, comparison of responses in the same cell type to numerous related microenvironments, for instance pairwise combinations of ECM proteins that characterize a given tissue, will provide insights into how microenvironmental components elicit tissue-specific functional phenotypes. MEArrays can be printed using a wide variety of recombinant growth factors, cytokines, and purified ECM proteins, and combinations thereof. The platform is limited only by the availability of specific reagents. MEArrays are amenable to time-lapsed analysis, but most often are used for end point analyses of cellular functions that are measureable with fluorescent probes. For instance, DNA synthesis, apoptosis, acquisition of differentiated states, or production of specific gene products are commonly measured. Briefly, the basic flow of an MEArray experiment is to prepare slides coated with printing substrata and to prepare the master plate of proteins that are to be printed. Then the arrays are printed with a microarray robot, cells are allowed to attach, grow in culture, and then are chemically fixed upon reaching the experimental endpoint. Fluorescent or colorimetric assays, imaged with traditional microscopes or microarray scanners, are used to reveal relevant molecular and cellular phenotypes (Figure 1).

Fabrication and Use of MicroEnvironment microArrays (MEArrays)

The interactions between cells and their surrounding microenvironment have functional consequences for cellular behaviour. On the single cell level, distinct microenvironments can impose differentiation, migration, and proliferation phenotypes, and on the tissue level the microenvironment processes as complex as morphogenesis and tumorigenesis1. Not only do the cell and molecular contents of microenvironments impact the cells within, but so do the elasticity2 and geometry3 of the tissue. Defined as the sum total of cell-cell, -ECM, and -soluble factor interactions, in addition to physical characteristics, the microenvironment is complex. The phenotypes of cells within a tissue are partially due to their genomic content and partially due to the combinatorial interactions with the microenviroment. A major challenge is to link specific combinations of microenvironmental components with distinctive behaviours. Here, we present the microenvironment microarray (MEArray) platform for cell-based functional screening of interactions with combinatorial microenvironments4. The method allows for simultaneous control of the molecular composition and the elastic modulus, and combines the use of widely available microarray and micropatterning technologies. MEArray screens require as few as 10,000 cells per array, which facilitates functional studies of rare cell types such as adult progenitor cells. A limitation of the technology is that entire tissue microenvironments cannot be completely recapitulated on MEArrays. However, comparison of responses in the same cell type to numerous related microenvironments, for instance pairwise combinations of ECM proteins that characterize a given tissue, will provide insights into how microenvironmental components elicit tissue-specific functional phenotypes. MEArrays can be printed using a wide variety of recombinant growth factors, cytokines, and purified ECM proteins, and combinations thereof. The platform is limited only by the availability of specific reagents. MEArrays are amenable to time-lapsed analysis, but most often are used for end point analyses of cellular functions that are measureable with fluorescent probes. For instance, DNA synthesis, apoptosis, acquisition of differentiated states, or production of specific gene products are commonly measured. Briefly, the basic flow of an MEArray experiment is to prepare slides coated with printing substrata and to prepare the master plate of proteins that are to be printed. Then the arrays are printed with a microarray robot, cells are allowed to attach, grow in culture, and then are chemically fixed upon reaching the experimental endpoint. Fluorescent or colorimetric assays, imaged with traditional microscopes or microarray scanners, are used to reveal relevant molecular and cellular phenotypes (Figure 1).

The effects of lumped mass attachments on vibro-acoustic behavior of a fluid-loaded plate

The effects of attachments on the dynamics of a master structure are of fundamental significance. In this study, the changes in the vibro-acoustic behavior of a fluid-loaded plate due to variations in lumped mass attachments are examined. The finite element for modeling the structure with lumped mass attachments is coupled with the Rayleigh integral for the acoustic fluid to solve the structure–fluid interaction problem and to obtain the response of the coupled system. The changes in the modal parameters due to the variations in attachments are determining from a model reduction method. The Monte Carlo simulation is used for the uncertainty analysis of the vibro-acoustic behavior. Both the mean and the standard deviation of the changes attributable to the attachments are discussed. A baffled plate with water loading/air loading is involved in the study. The numerical results show that the effects and the changes-in-impedance on the master plate due to the attachments vary with the frequency spectrum.

Purinergic signalling mobilizes mitochondrial Ca2+ in mouse Sertoli cells

Intimate bidirectional communication between Sertoli cells and developing germ cells ensures the integrity and efficiency of spermatogenesis. Yet, a conceptual mechanistic understanding of the physiological principles that underlie Sertoli cell autocrine and paracrine signalling is lacking. Here, we characterize a purinergic Ca(2+) signalling network in immature mouse Sertoli cells that consists of both P2X2 and P2Y2 purinoceptor subtypes, the endoplasmic reticulum and, notably, mitochondria. By combining a transgenic mouse model with a dedicated bioluminescence imaging device, we describe a novel method to monitor mitochondrial Ca(2+) mobilization in Sertoli cells at subcellular spatial and millisecond temporal resolution. Our data identify mitochondria as essential components of the Sertoli cell signalling 'toolkit' that control the shape of purinergic Ca(2+) responses, and probably several other paracrine Ca(2+)-dependent signals.

Improving an Electrostatic Powder Coating Process via Signal to Noise Response Surface

Problem statement: In a coating process, the master plate referenced brightness or color shade was critical to the exterior appearance on aluminum alloy wheels. The quality measures of interest are the metallic paint thickness values on four areas. Because of these lower quality levels, the manufacturer has spent more on the cost of restudy or scrap as well as the longer production time. Approach: An expert system revealed seven process variables affecting those quality characteristics. Taguchi signal to noise ratio or SN of paint thickness values on the outboard spoke area was determined as a process response whereas SN on the remaining areas of window outboard, window between spoke and inboard spoke became merely process constraints. A constrained response surface optimization method and a modified complex method were performed to move the current operating condition towards the optimum. Results: The new settings improved the paint thickness values in terms of both the average and the standard deviation on all critical areas except the window between spoke. Conclusion: As expected, the implementation brings the reduction of the metallic paint consumption and the mismatch level of color shade.

Fabrication of a Polymeric Optical Waveguide-On-Flex Using Electrostatic-Induced Lithography

A method has been developed for the manufacture of polymeric multimode waveguides using an electrostatic field-induced self assembly and pattern formation process. A spin-coated liquid optical polymer placed between two conductive plates experiences an electrostatic force from an applied electric field gradient across the plates. Surface electrohydrodynamics instability patterning is employed to fabricate optical core microstructures using a patterned master plate. The result shows a good replication of the pattern from the master plate to the optical polymer. The process protocols were defined to achieve waveguides with low sidewall roughness together with an optical coupling interface. We have demonstrated multimode waveguide arrays with a 50 μm × 50 μm cross section and 250-μm pitch on a 10 mm × 10 mm flexible substrate. The refractive index and absorption measurement of the electrostatic-induced optical film show insignificant changes when compared with the unexposed film. Using the cutback approach, the propagation loss of the waveguide is measured at -1.97 dB/cm. The whole fabrication process is found to be fast, cost-effective, and no photosensitive material is needed as in the conventional photolithography approach.

Large Gamut Backlight for an LCD With Four Primaries

A small backlight unit having four LEDs of different colors is designed and fabricated. Traditionally, the backlight units are lit by white cold cathode fluorescent lamps or by white LEDs. Our backlight unit utilizes four monochromatic LEDs. LEDs are located at corners of the light guide. Outcoupling is accomplished using large period blazed-gratings. The master plate for the light guide is fabricated by laser lithography. The final lightguide is UV-casted on a PMMA plate using an electroplated nickel tool. Proposed backlight unit enlarges significantly the gamut of LCD, if the color filters of the LCD panel have been chosen appropriately. The brightness uniformity and the white balance of the backlight are analyzed by a fiber spectrometer. The brightness uniformity of the backlight is good, over 85%. White balance of the backlight should be further improved.

Simple vibration modeling of structural fuzzy with continuous boundary by including two-dimensional spatial memory

Many complicated systems of practical interest consist basically of a well-defined outer shell-like master structure and a complicated internal structure with uncertain dynamic properties. Using the "fuzzy structure theory" for predicting audible frequency vibration, the internal structure is considered as one or more fuzzy substructures that are known in some statistical sense only. Experiments have shown that such fuzzy substructures often introduce a damping in the master which is much higher than the structural losses account for. A special method for modeling fuzzy substructures with a one-dimensional continuous boundary was examined in a companion paper [L. Friis and M. Ohlrich, "Vibration modeling of structural fuzzy with continuous boundary," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 718-728 (2008)]. In the present paper, this method is extended, such that it allows modeling of fuzzy substructures with a two-dimensional continuous boundary. Additionally, a simple method for determining the so-called equivalent coupling factor is presented. The validity of this method is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the vibration response of a master plate structure with fuzzy attachments. It is revealed that the method performs very well above a nondimensional frequency of 500 of the master, and it is shown that errors below this frequency are caused mainly by simplifying assumptions concerning the shape of the master vibration displacement.

Discovery of Pectin-degrading Enzymes and Directed Evolution of a Novel Pectate Lyase for Processing Cotton Fabric

There is a growing need in the textile industry for more economical and environmentally responsible approaches to improve the scouring process as part of the pretreatment of cotton fabric. Enzymatic methods using pectin-degrading enzymes are potentially valuable candidates in this effort because they could reduce the amount of toxic alkaline chemicals currently used. Using high throughput screening of complex environmental DNA libraries more than 40 novel microbial pectate lyases were discovered, and their enzymatic properties were characterized. Several candidate enzymes were found that possessed pH optima and specific activities on pectic material in cotton fibers compatible with their use in the scouring process. However, none exhibited the desired temperature characteristics. Therefore, a candidate enzyme was selected for evolution. Using Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesistrade mark technology, 36 single site mutants exhibiting improved thermotolerance were produced. A combinatorial library derived from the 12 best performing single site mutants was then generated by using Gene Reassemblytrade mark technology. Nineteen variants with further improved thermotolerance were produced. These variants were tested for both improved thermotolerance and performance in the bioscouring application. The best performing variant (CO14) contained eight mutations and had a melting temperature 16 degrees C higher than the wild type enzyme while retaining the same specific activity at 50 degrees C. Optimal temperature of the evolved enzyme was 70 degrees C, which is 20 degrees C higher than the wild type. Scouring results obtained with the evolved enzyme were significantly better than the results obtained with chemical scouring, making it possible to replace the conventional and environmentally harmful chemical scouring process.

Genome-wide Analysis of Iron-dependent Growth Reveals a Novel Yeast Gene Required for Vacuolar Acidification

We conducted a genome-wide screen in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of 4,792 homozygous diploid deletions to identify genes that function in iron metabolism. Strains unable to grow on iron-restricted medium contained deletions of genes that encode the structural components of the high affinity iron transport system (FET3, FTR1), the iron-sensing transcription factor AFT1 or genes required for the assembly of the transport system. We also identified genes that were not previously known to play a role in iron metabolism. Deletion of the gene CWH36 resulted in a severe growth defect on iron-limited medium, as well as increased sensitivity to Congo red and calcofluor white. Iron transport studies demonstrated that Deltacwh36 cells have an inability to copper load apoFet3p. Furthermore, Deltacwh36 cells demonstrated additional phenotypes including distorted vacuole morphology and altered kinetics of FM4-64 trafficking. We show that Deltacwh36 cells have a defect in vacuolar acidification through the use of the pH-sensitive dye LysoSensor Green DND-189. In Deltacwh36 cells, the vacuolar H+-ATPase is not assembled and there are reduced levels of at least one subunit of the V0 complex. The open reading frame responsible for the Deltacwh36 phenotypes is YCL005W-A. This gene contains two introns, has homologues in other Saccharomyces strains, and shows weak homology to a component of the vacuolar H+-ATPase found in organisms as diverse as insect and cow.