Massive Development Research Articles

Water pollution and sanitation in Indonesia: a review on water quality, health and environmental impacts, management, and future challenges.

As an archipelagic tropical developing country, Indonesia is characterized by vast expanses of rural and isolated areas. This review aims to discuss water pollution and sanitation's existing condition, health, and environmental impacts, alongside its management and challenges in Indonesia. The systematic review approach was utilized to ensure transparency and replicability, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Many water sources in Indonesia are contaminated by various pollutants such as heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Moreover, the existing water and wastewater treatment plants cannot completely remove pollutants, including bacteria that cause waterborne diseases. The lack of proper sanitation facilities, including toilets and latrines, is not only reported in rural areas but also in peri-urban regions of Indonesia. This situation forces many to rely on unimproved water sources, such as river water, for their daily use and engage in open defecation, which may increase the risk of direct exposure to waterborne contaminants. Insufficient sanitation has been linked to significant public health issues in Indonesia, including maternal health complications, childhood stunting, and an increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea. Based on the findings of this review, Indonesia still needs to improve its sanitation and water treatment facilities, as well as reduce pollution of the aquatic environment. This condition not only illustrates the condition of water and sanitation in Indonesia but can also be used as an illustration of how developing countries face various pollution and sanitation problems during the massive development and industry.

The road back to performance: Promise and precarity of tourism development for the lives of Siem Reap dancers

Visitors at an evening event in Cambodia’s Angkor National Park gasp as red light reveals dancers framed by the windows of an ancient temple. Apsaras come to life, hyperextended fingers moving through a sequence of offering. While they embody celestial beings of the past for cultural tourism productions, these Siem Reap performers are in a position of precarity in Cambodia where tourism development plans simultaneously create performance opportunities and relocate the homes of artists living in the Angkor Protected Zones. The COVID pandemic left the province economically adrift. To bring hope back, massive development projects were completed that project to serve up to 18 million visitors (up from 6 million pre-Pandemic). These are just the beginnings of the Siem Reap Tourism Development Master Plan 2021–2035 which aims to increase the quality of tourism through a stronger infrastructure, new tourism products including performance activities, and a focus on sustainability. While the return of tourism and the re-emergence of touristic performance productions is a sign of hope for Siem Reap’s dancers, the focus of sustainability has been a source of precarity, particularly for those living in the Angkor National Park area where thousands of residents have been “voluntarily relocated.” This article uses poetry and prose to examine the relationships that tourism performers have with the land and with development in Siem Reap amidst the glimmers of tourism resurgence post-pandemic bringing attention to the tensions between a global interest in sustainability and the impacts of tourism development policies on locals.

Performance Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Material Foundation Layer and Top Foundation Layer Reviewed from Primary Displacement

This study aims to determine the unconfined compressive strength of recycled materials based on variations in cement content of 1%, 3%, and 5%, as well as the percentage of emulsified asphalt. This study is urgently needed because the massive development of road infrastructure drives an increase in the need for road materials. Utilization of recycled waste from existing asphalt layers and foundation layers is an alternative sustainable and environmentally friendly material. Reusing this material is more efficient if the road damage has not reached the structural stage. Testing in the study was conducted experimentally at the Road Materials Center Laboratory, Bandung, using materials from existing asphalt layers and foundations. Testing includes physical analysis of the material, compaction to determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density, and unconfined compressive strength. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength with cement content of 1%, 3%, and 5% were 0.70 MPa, 1.70 MPa, and 2.09 MPa, respectively, with primary displacement values ​​of 20 mm, 25.8 mm, and 24.7 mm. Meanwhile, the residual strength value decreased with increasing cement content, namely 76.3%, 66.3%, and 64.3%.

Impact of External Debt on GDP of Bangladesh

This study is to explore the external debt’s impact on GDP in Bangladesh. Since the independence external debt (ED) is increasing every. This objective of this paper is to investigate the link between external debt and GDP considering the data set for the period of 1972 to 2021 using time series econometric technique. The findings indicate a positive, statistically significant impact of external debt on GDP. The Johansen co-integration analysis implying that the GDP and ED have a long-term equilibrium association. Moreover, Granger causality test suggests that there is a bidirectional causality exist between GDP and ED in Bangladesh. Policy suggestions from this study revealed that as a developing country Bangladesh government may borrow foreign debts for the massive economic development. But government should use it properly for the development of the country especially for productive purposes.

Double-pancake superconducting coil integrated with DFIG-based wind power systems under voltage-dip events: Design and performance analysis study

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine provides massive development in power generation. Uncertain power oscillations and voltage-dip events affect the stability of the DFIG. To mitigate the effect of voltage-dips in short period, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), which possess rapid energy exchange and high power density, is integrated with large-scale renewable power systems. SMES is integrated at the DC link of the DFIG to ensure the power balance and fault ride-through (FRT) capability. During this operation, frequent current changes occur in the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil, which leads to an increase in AC losses. As a remedy, an additional power converter structure controlled with a model-predictive controller (MPC) is proposed. Firstly, a scale-down HTS double-pancake coil model is designed using a finite element model by which transport current loss and magnetic field formulation are studied. Additionally, the critical coil current is also verified through experimental studies. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC-based SMES integrated DFIG on DC link voltage and grid current under IEC-61000-4-11 standard, symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage-dip cases are investigated. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed system effectively reduces transients in DC link voltage and improves the FRT capabilities of the grid.

Wear and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of Samples Produced via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Printing Method.

In recent years, plastic and metal 3D printing has experienced massive development in the professional and hobby spheres, especially for rapid prototyping, reverse engineering, maintenance and quick repairs. However, this technology is limited by a number of factors, with the most common being the cost and availability of the technology but also the lack of information on material properties. This study focuses on investigating the material properties of PLA, PETG, HIPS, PA, ABS and ASA in order to elucidate their behavior in terms of wear and thermal resistance. The research builds on previous studies focusing on the mechanical properties of these materials and includes wear testing and DMA analysis. Weight loss, frictional forces, and frictional work including relative frictional work are recorded as part of this testing. The storage modulus and loss modulus including tan(δ) were then measured using DMA.

Massive Development of Nusantara Capital City in the Perspective of Ecological Politics

The development of the Capital City of Nusantara (IKN) in East Kalimantan is one of the most ambitious projects in Indonesia's modern history. Through a Political Ecology approach, this paper highlights how power and political dynamics shape interactions between humans and the environment and influence policies and practices that impact the exploitation of natural resources. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection through literature study. The development of IKN is not only influenced by political decisions that often ignore environmental aspects but also by the constellation of government that tends to be authoritarian and unconstitutional. This is reflected in the process of drafting the IKN law, which invited various polemics and questioned its legality. In the end, IKN development has the potential to damage the environment and deepen social injustice due to political practices that are not inclusive and democratic.

Carbon footprint of solar based mini-grids in Africa: Drivers and levers for reduction

The massive development of mini-grids (MGs) is seen as a promising alternative to the extension of national grids to achieve universal access to electricity. MGs based on solar photovoltaic are often recognized fully consistent with net-zero CO2 emissions objectives. However, if they have low or even no direct emissions from diesel consumption, they embed indirect carbon emissions due to solar panels and batteries manufacturing. Electrification policies, mainly based on the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE), should likely account for the carbon footprints (CFP) of possible electrification strategies.In this work, we assess the CFP of hybrid MGs (solar, battery, diesel) for rural electrification in Africa. We consider a large number of MG configurations for many locations across the continent. For each location, we identify the lowest CFP and LCOE, and estimate their dependency to meteorological and socio-economic factors.Our results show that: (i) the lowest CFP depends on location and is around 200gCO2/kWh; (ii) it can be higher than the CFP of certain African national grids; (iii) the CFP of hybrid MGs can be lower than the CFP of MGs relying only on solar PV; (iv) for most techno-economic and environmental assumptions, moderate LCOE increases allow significant CFP reductions.

Comparison of the Naïve Bayes and the Nearest Neighbor method to detect vegetation in some of the New Capital of Indonesia (IKN)

Abstract Human activities or anthropogenic activities can cause land cover changes in an area. IKN as the new capital city of Indonesia has the potential to experience changes in land cover due to massive infrastructure development in the future. Land cover detection using remote sensing and machine learning is growing rapidly because it can monitor environmental conditions in an area. Planet imagery is one of the most recent remote sensing data with sufficient spatial resolution to identify land cover. This research aims to detect vegetation objects and built-up land in the study area. The data used is Planet imagery and the research area is part of the IKN in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The method proposed in this study is the object-based classification (OBIA) Naïve Bayes compared to Nearest Neighbor method. The results show that OBIA using these two machine learnings are able to detect vegetation and built-up land where the overall accuracy with Nearest Neighbor reaches 87.8% and Naïve Bayes obtains a higher accuracy of 98.7%. This research only classifies vegetation and built-up land and in the future research can be developed to see how biodiversity conditions in the IKN area can be detected. These results indicate that the proposed method is effective for detection of built-up land cover and vegetation as a solution for environmental monitoring in IKN. By considering Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats and comparing these two methods, it is concluded that Naïve Bayes is better than Nearest Neighbor to detect vegetation in study area.

Analysis of North Bandung Area (KBU) Punclut Cidadap District, Bandung City Based on Land Management

The Northern Bandung Area in Punclut, Cidadap District, from the 1960s to the 1980s, based on state land, certificates of land rights were issued without land consolidation. These certificates were then given to cultivators by the state, who subsequently engaged in buying and selling transactions. These transactions continued, resulting in the development of residential areas, cafes, restaurants, or commercial centers that do not comply with land use regulations. Land use policy is implemented for land parcels that have rights, whether registered or not, including state land and customary land according to applicable laws and regulations. The research method used is normative juridical, which relies on literature review dominated by secondary data, including primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The research findings indicate that decisions and policies have been made for the Northern Bandung Area, but they have not been optimally implemented in practice, leading to massive development in the area such as residential areas, cafes, restaurants, or commercial centers. However, land use is synonymous with land utilization, where urban land utilization should guarantee the community against pollution, thereby creating a healthy environment, both physically and spiritually. Continuous deviations from these principles will inevitably result in an unhealthy environment, both physically and spiritually.

PRIVATE SECTOR-LED DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING PROVISION – THE CASE OF SOUTH TANGERANG, INDONESIA

In the last few decades, South Tangerang City has transformed into a supporting city for Jakarta. It has become a popular choice for professionals working in Jakarta who are looking for a more affordable and environmentally friendly residential option. The private sector has been a dominant actor in the housing construction in South Tangerang. The private sector constructs the vast majority of new housing, which is aimed at middle and upper-income households. The massive development of the private sector in many townships such as Bintaro, Alam Sutera, and BSD City has resulted in South Tangerang having good infrastructure of international standard. However, the private sector's massive land ownership causes significant problems for South Tangerang's city development. The study investigates the phenomenon through in-depth interviews with housing stakeholders, including local governments, private developers, and academics in South Tangerang. Land prices in Indonesia have caused affordability issues in South Tangerang. The study investigates how and at what cost this model of private-sector-led development affects housing provision in South Tangerang. This private-sector-led development may have contributed to the problem of rising land prices, making affordable housing difficult to build. Since 2013, no subsidized housing has been built in the South Tangerang area by a private developer because the land price makes it unfeasible. Besides, local government intervention is also limited because the cost of acquiring land for infrastructure and housing development has become expensive. It raised the question of whether this development model, which has made the private sector the sole determinant of housing prices, can be sustained in the future.

Kajian Rencana Pengembangan Desain Kebun Raya Tinjomoyo Kota Semarang

Semarang City has a fairly complete biodiversity ranging from genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. In addition, some of the plants identified are related to the historical value and local wisdom of Semarang City. However, the existence of some of these plants is currently threatened by the massive development of Semarang City and the reduction of green spaces. One of the solutions to conserve plants and maintain green spaces in Semarang City is through the development of Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden. The purpose of the study is to develop a design for the development of Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden in accordance with the ecoregion of Semarang City which is included in the East Java Rainforest with the concept of techno park. The design of the Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden is done through zoning arrangements that refer to the Semarang City Ecoregion which is included in the East Java Rainforest. The study results show zone IV with an area of about 10.04 hectares which is the zone with the highest level of suitability for the development of Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden. The arrangement of the botanical garden area, including the reception zone, management zone, collection zone, and recreation zone. In the collection zone 135 plant species as the initial collection of Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden, with a total of 1,834 individuals or collections divided into 8 categories, including historical plants, fruit plants, rare plants, endemic plants, aromatic plants, medicinal plants, forest zones and ornamental plants. Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden is planned to be built within the next 5 years in stages according to the urgency of development in each zone. Suggestions given in the development of Tinjomoyo Botanical Garden needs involvement, coordination, and cooperation with various sectors in order to develop and continue.

Peri-urbanisation in Surakarta City and Economic Transformation in the Fast-Growing Region of Sukoharjo Regency

The massive development of Surakarta City, a city with a strategic location, has caused a butterfly effect on its surrounding area. This research explores the economic transformation of Sukoharjo’s peri-urban, specifically in five districts, namely Mojolaban, Gatak, Grogol, Kartasura, and Baki, as the area adjacent to Surakarta City. A quantitative approach is employed with descriptive quantitative analysis techniques and scoring analysis. Primary data collection is based on the results of stakeholder’s interviews and field observations and secondary data gathered from government documents and literature review. The study results show that in the period 2000 – 2020, there has been economic transformation in Sukoharjo’s peri-urban area, especially the changes from rural to urban characteristics. The transformation can be indicated by the changes in population, livelihoods, agricultural land use, regional investment, and the number of emerging small and medium industries (SMIs) in each peri-urban region in the northern part of Sukoharjo. This research contributes a perspective on the unique characteristics of the diverse economic transformation driven by different patterns of land-use changes. It recommends that policymakers foster the roles of peri-urban areas in creating mutual development and sustainable urbanisation.

Does The Consumption of Energy, Renewable Energy, Natural Resources and Emissions Affect Gross Domestic Product?: The Study of Southeast Asia

We face the challenges of economic growth productivity which still uses dirty energy and minimal efforts to cleaner energy transition. The debate on efforts to increase productivity by diverting dirty energy into clean energy while still preserving nature has long been discused. Southeast Asia is a region that has massive development potential with valuable natural resources facing regional threats in addition to decreasing environmental quality but also prosperity. This study aims to identify initial steps are needed to control energy consumption, which is still considered dirty, the extent of the scope of Southeast Asia's current clean energy transition and how emissions can be a determinant of the decline in regional economic produtivity. This is the first study to combine the Cobb-Douglass production function model with three models that focus on (1) energy consumption, (2) renewable energy and natural resources, and (3) emissions. The data used is secondary data for the period 2004-2018 sourced from the World Bank Development Indicator and ourworlddata.org. Panel data regression was used as an analytical technique. This study was conducted in the Southeast Asia region (with selected countries with developing economies and insutries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam). The results of this study show that in the energy consumption model, only labor has a significant effect on GDP, in model B there is renewable energy consumption and the labor force which significantly affects GDP and in model C there are CO2 emissions and GHC emissions that affect GDP in the Southeast Asia region. This research will provide input to policy makers and growth analysts to form policies for sustainable economic development in Southeast Asia.

Bamboo and palm leaves as sustainable alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete beams

A massive urban development is recognized worldwide, resulting in an increased demand for building materials such as reinforcing steel, which is one important material in the construction industry. Due to the high cost of reinforcing steel and its scarcity in many countries, researchers leaned towards finding an alternative, less expensive, renewable and environmentally friendly material. Synthetic and natural fibers, such as glass fiber, bamboo and plam leave, had been under study to serve as reinforcing steel alternatives. This research studies the bending behavior and strength of concrete beams reinforced with bamboo and palm leaves. Six samples were prepared, three of which were reinforced with palm leaves and three with bamboo. A reference beam sample was also prepared for comparative purposes. Three-point bending test was carried out and bending behavior and collapse mechanism were studied. The results showed that the use of palm leaves and bamboo as an alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete improves the beams’ structural behavior. The palm leaves and bamboo reinforced samples showed distinctly different patterns of failure.

Micropropagation and optimisation of in vitro production of the rare and threatened moss Entosthodon pulchellus (Funariaceae)

The establishment of axenic cultures and the propagation of the rare moss Entosthodon pulchellus (H. Philip.) Brugués (Funariaceae), as well as the optimisation of its ex situ growth conditions and rapid biomass production were the goals of this study. The results obtained also provide insights into the developmental biology of this moss in in vitro conditions, particularly regarding basal media contents with or without supplements of selected plant growth regulators or sugars, i.e. its nutritional needs. The procedure for establishing axenic cultures of this rare and threatened moss species is described. The optimisation protocol of the growth and production conditions is elaborated. The spore germinability of dried herbarium samples remained rather high in the tested laboratory conditions. Suitability tests on different media types showed KNOP basal media to be the best fit for the rapid biomass production of both secondary protonemata and leafy gametophores, without the addition of sugars or plant growth regulators. However, sugar, namely sucrose, induced rapid and massive protonemal development and can be used when this developmental stage is needed.

Macrozoobenthos of The Eastern Gulf of Finland: Current State and Influence on Biogeochemical Processes

Macrozoobenthos plays an important role in biogeochemical processes. In the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, macrozoobenthos has been changing rapidly in recent decades due to the massive development of alien species of annelids. The current state of benthic communities in the Gulf of Finland is considered based on data at 24 stations in 2019–2021. In open areas of the bay, the biomass of the bivalves Macoma balthica increased as compared to the beginning of the 2010s. The populations of glacial relict crustaceans, which had greatly decreased in the early 2000s due to benthic hypoxia, have practically recovered. The abundance of oligochaetes has also increased due to the spread of the alien species Tubificoides pseudogaster. This led to a decrease in the proportion of alien polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. in the abundance and biomass of macrozoobenthos. Due to differences between species in living and bioturbation activity, the changes that have occurred in the benthos should affect the processes at the water–bottom interface. There is likely to be an increase in the supply of phosphorus from bottom sediments under modern conditions compared to the period of total dominance of polychaetes in benthic communities in the early 2010s.

Analysis Of Local Msme Development Strategy "Vis A Vis" The Development Of National Chain Minimarket Retail In Palembang City

The phenomenon of the proliferation of National Chain Minimarket Retail Groups has become a scourge for local MSMEs in Indonesia. Although the government continues to provide space for local MSMEs through Permendagri No. 53/M-DAG/PER/12/2008 which requires the establishment of minimarkets to pay attention to the existence of traditional markets and smaller neighborhood stalls/shops. However, some regions are actually utilizing the momentum of the existence of modern minimarkets, one of which is Yogyakarta through the Mayor's Regulation which issued a policy so that the national chain minimarket retail group empowers local MSMEs and is given a special place to market local products. Palembang, which is known for its pempek as a culinary specialty, has enormous potential for the development of local MSMEs, but MSME players who become industry players are still not ideal. This study aims to analyze how the development strategy of Local MSMEs "vis a vis" the massive development of national chain minimarket retail in Palembang City. This research uses a mixed method approach, which consists of two approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative. Mixed methods used are descriptive qualitative using SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) to analyze the development strategy of local MSMEs in Palembang City. As well as quantitative descriptive using the IFAS and EFAS matrix to calculate the weighting, rating, and formulation of the development strategy position of Local MSMEs in Palembang City. The results of this study indicate that based on the results of the SWOT diagram analysis, the X and Y axes are obtained. The straight line in the diagram above shows the coordinates in quadrant 1 position. Quadrant 1 is a very favorable situation, where local wisdom MSME players can have strengths and opportunities that can be utilized so that it is suitable to use the SO (strength-opportunity) strategy to develop local wisdom MSME businesses supported by aggressive growth strategies, namely 1) Maintaining Public Interest by Optimizing Support Programs from the Government; 2) Optimizing Sales Without Limiting Target Markets both domestically and abroad; 3) Utilizing Community Expertise to Intervene Local Products to National Chain Minimarkets; and Creating Training Programs from the Association of Local Culinary Business Groups to Maintain the Authentic Taste of Products.

E-Commerce: Advantages and Challenges

This research includes electronic trade subject that is used in the world these days for most trade deals, thus it leads to quick development in international trade business for earning money and time. The massive development in earnings has led to great competition; while the world has benefited from this type of trade while it still under development daily. On the contrary, the third world nations did not enter this field of trade only from a narrow way in spite of its benefits and challenges. In this research, we have stopped on the benefits and risks to put electronic trade on balance and encourage entering and using this field for servicing nations and individuals.

Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence dalam Pembelajaran Matematika untuk Siswa di SMP Insan Rabbany

Since the introduction of ChatGPT as artificial intelligence and its massive development over the years, it has had a huge impact on various aspects of life, and it is increasingly visible in the presence of increasingly advanced features, functions, and appearances. Its use in the field of education has not escaped the advancement of artificial intelligence. For some teachers and students, the term artificial intelligence is still very new, as is its use in the teaching and learning process. Currently, Indonesia's use of artificial intelligence faces numerous unavoidable obstacles and challenges. However, in global education, it is becoming increasingly common to use artificial intelligence in the teaching and learning process. The introduction of artificial intelligence to junior high school students is considered very appropriate because students' psychology at this level is more developed, and the learning load begins to increase compared to the elementary level. Math subjects for most students are still a scourge. In this community service, artificial intelligence is introduced to students of the exchange program class at SMP Insan Rabbany, which is related to mathematics learning, so that it can help in student learning. The results of the community service evaluation showed high student enthusiasm regarding the use of artificial intelligence, both to aid learning and for other purposes.