Mass Transfer Of Glucose Research Articles

Use of paclitaxel carried in solid lipid nanoparticles to prevent peritoneal fibrosis in rats.

Progressive fibrous thickening of peritoneal membrane (PM) is a major complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis. TGF-β/SMAD pathway activation, inflammation and neoangiogenesis have an important role in PM changes induced by peritoneal dialysis. Here, we investigated the effects of paclitaxel (PTX) carried in lipid core nanoparticles (LDE) on the development of peritoneal fibrosis (PF) in rats. To induce PF, 21 male Wistar rats (300-350g) were injected with chlorhexidine gluconate for 15 consecutive days and randomly assigned to three groups: 1)PF, n = 5: no treatment; 2)LDE, n = 8: treated with LDE only, 3/3 days during 15 days; 3)LDE-PTX, n = 8: treated with PTX (4mg/kg) associated with LDE, 3/3 days during 15 days. A Control group without PF induction (n = 5) was designed, received saline solution, 3/3 days. Peritoneum function tests were performed, and anterior abdominal wall samples of the PM were collected for analyses of peritoneal thickness, immunohistochemitry, and gene expression. LDE-PTX treatment preserved the membrane function, maintaining the ultrafiltration rate and mass transfer of glucose at normal levels. LDE-PTX also prevented PM thickening induced by chlorhexidine gluconate injections. LDE-PTX treatment reduced the number of myofibroblasts infiltrating PM and inhibited the cell proliferation. Gene expression of fibronectin, FSP-1, VEGF, TGF-β, and SMAD3 were reduced by LDE-PTX. LDE-PTX was effective to prevent development of PF and preserve the PM filtration capacity in this rat model, with clear-cut actions on pro-fibrotic mechanisms. Thus, LDE-PTX can be candidate for future clinical trials as adjuvant to peritoneal dialysis to prevent PF development, since this preparation is devoid of toxicity as shown previously.

Curcumin ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis via inhibition of transforming growth factor-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) pathway in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis

BackgroundPeritoneal fibrosis (PF) remains a serious complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of curcumin on the PF response to PD and its’ mechanism.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats were infused with 20 mL of 4.25% glucose-based standard PD fluid for 8 consecutive weeks to establish PF model and then divided into five groups: Control, received sham operation and 0.9% physiological saline; PD, received 4.25% standard PD fluid; Curcumin, PD rats injected intraperitoeally with curcumin for 8 weeks at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg. Masson’s staining was performed to evaluate the extent of PF. Peritoneal Equilibration Test (PET) was conducted to assess ultrafiltration volume (UFV) and mass transfer of glucose (MTG), quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry or western blotting were performed to measure the expression levels of inflammation and fibrosis-associated factors. We also detected the TGF-β1 in peritoneal fluid by ELISA.ResultsCompared with the control group, the PD rats showed decreased UFV (2.54 ± 0.48 to 9.87 ± 0.78 mL, p < 0.05] and increased MTG (18.99 ± 0.86 to 10.85 ± 0.65 mmol/kg, p < 0.05) as well as obvious fibroproliferative response, with markedly increased peritoneal thickness (178.33 ± 4.42 to 25.26 ± 0.32um, p < 0.05) and higher expression of a-SMA, collagen I and TGF-β1. Treatment with curcumin significantly increased UFV, reduced MTG and peritoneal thickness of PD rats. The elevated TGF-β1 in peritoneal fluid of PD rats was significantly decreased by curcumin. It attenuated the increase in protein and mRNA of TGF-β1, α-SMA and collagen I in peritoneum of PD rats. The mRNA expressions of TAK1, JNK and p38, as well as the protein expressions of p-TAK1, p-JNK and p-p38 in peritoneum of PD rats were reduced by curcumin.ConclusionsPresent results demonstrate that curcumin showed a protective effect on PD-related PF and suggest an implication of TAK1, p38 and JNK pathway in mediating the benefical effects of curcumin.

Effects of Ultrasound on Fermentation of Glucose to Ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previous studies have shown that pretreatment of corn slurries using ultrasound improves starch release and ethanol yield during biofuel production. However, studies on its effects on the mass transfer of substrates and products during fermentation have shown that it can have both beneficial and inhibitory effects. In this study, the effects of ultrasound on mass transfer limitations during fermentation were examined. Calculation of the external and intraparticle observable moduli under a range of conditions indicate that no external or intraparticle mass transfer limitations should exist for the mass transfer of glucose, ethanol, or carbon dioxide. Fermentations of glucose to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae were conducted at different ultrasound intensities to examine its effects on glucose uptake, ethanol production, and yeast population and viability. Four treatments were compared: direct ultrasound at intensities of 23 and 32 W/L, indirect ultrasound (1.4 W/L), and no-ultrasound. Direct and indirect ultrasound had negative effects on yeast performance and viability, and reduced the rates of glucose uptake and ethanol production. These results indicate that ultrasound during fermentation, at the levels applied, is inhibitory and not expected to improve mass transfer limitations.

Application of dual-enzyme nanoflower in the epoxidation of alkenes

Abstract In this work, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflower was synthesized by the incorporation of glucose oxidase and lipase and used as the coimmobilized enzyme in the epoxidation of alkenes. Imaging and catalytic performance results suggest that the dual-enzyme nanoflower greatly reduces the diffusion and decomposition of H 2 O 2 and facilitates the mass transfer of glucose oxidase/lipase. Furthermore, the controllable generation of H 2 O 2 and peracid contributes to the good stability of the dual-enzyme nanoflower, which exhibits a higher catalytic performance than the free enzymes in a dual-enzymatic cascade epoxidation. The yield of epoxidation was up to 82% even after ten cycles, further indicating the good reusability of the dual-enzyme nanoflower and its great potential for application in other enzymatic oxidations.

Effects of RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of VEGF on the ultrafiltration failure in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis

We investigated the effects of RNAi-mediated gene silencing of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on ultrafiltration failure (UFF) in rats with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Sprague–Dawley (SD) male rats were classified into normal, sham operation, and uremic model groups. Uremic rats were subcategorized into uremia, PD2, VEGF shRNA-2, vector-2, PD2 + Endostar, PD4, VEGF shRNA-4, Vector-4, and PD4 + Endostar groups. Peritoneal Equilibration Test (PET) was conducted to assess ultrafiltration volume (UFV) and mass transfer of glucose (MTG). mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect microvessel density (MVD). Compared with the normal group, decreased UFV and increased MTG were observed in rest of the groups. Compared with the uremia group, UFV decreased, while MTG, expression of VEGFs, and number of new blood capillaries increased in the PD2, Vector-2, PD4, and Vector-4 groups. The PD4 and Vector-4 groups exhibited lower UFV and higher MTG than the PD2 group. In the VEGF shRNA-2, PD2 + Endostar, VEGF shRNA-4, and in PD4 + Endostar group increased UFV, reduced MTG and expression of VEGF, and decreased number of new blood capillaries were detected. Compared with the PD4 group, in the VEGF shRNA-4 and PD4 + Endostar groups, UFV increased, MTG and expression of VEGF decreased, and number of new blood capillaries reduced. VEGF expression was negatively correlated with UFV, but positively correlated with MTG. The results obtained in the study revealed that down-regulation of VEGF by RNAi could be a novel target approach for the treatment of UFF.

글루코스 기반 바이오연료전지를 위한 다양한 분자량의 폴리에틸렌이민을 이용한 글루코스 산화효소 고정화

본 연구에서는 탄소나노튜브(CNT), 글루코스 산화효소(Glucose oxidase, GOx) 및 다양한 분자량의 가지달린 폴리에틸렌이민(Polyethyleneimine, branched, bPEI)을 물리적으로 결합하여 GOx/PEI/CNT 구조를 제조한 뒤, 가교제인 테레프타랄데하이드(Terephthalaldehyde, TPA)와 알돌축합반응을 통해 TPA/[GOx/bPEI/CNT] 구조의 촉매를 합성하였으며, 각각의 전기화학적 특성 및 장기안정성 등을 평가하였다. GOx/PEI/CNT의 경우, PEI의 분자량의 증가에 따라 유의한 차이를 확인할 수 없었으나, TPA 도입한 TPA/[GOx/bPEI/CNT]는 PEI 분자의 증가에 따라 전자전달 및 장기안정성은 향상되며 글루코스의 물질전달은 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 효소연료전지 음극 촉매로서의 최적 bPEI 분자량을 확인한 결과, 750 k PEI를 이용한 촉매(TPA/[GOx/bPEI-750k/CNT]에서 최고의 최대전력밀도(<TEX>$0.995mW{\cdot}cm^{-2}$</TEX>)를 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다. In this study, we fabricated the catalysts for enzymatic biofuel cell anode with carbon nanotube (CNT), glucose oxidase (GOx) and various molecular weights branched poly(ethyleneimine)(bPEI) and terephthalaldehyde (TPA) as cross-linker. In case of GOx/bPEI/CNT using only physical entrapments for immobilization, the molecular weights of bPEI didn't affect to electrochemical performances and long term stability. but that of the catalysts cross linked via TPA (TPA[GOx/bPEI/CNT]) improved and the mass transfer of glucose to FAD was interrupted as increasing of the bPEI's molecular weights. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the optimum molecular weight of PEI for TPA [GOx/bPEI/CNT]) structure is 750k that showed marvelous high performance (maximum power density of <TEX>$0.995mW{\cdot}cm^{-2}$</TEX>).

(Keynote) Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Based on Porous Carbon Materials

Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are a type of fuel cells, which employ enzymes instead of conventional noble metal catalysts. The working principle is the same as in conventional polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, namely fuel is oxidized at the anode side and the electrons reach the cathode, where they combine with an oxygen to water. EBFCs are promising for sustainable green energy applications; however, they are still at an early stage of development, with many yet-to-be-resolved fundamental scientific and engineering problems. Two critical problems are short lifetime and poor power density, both of which are related to enzyme stability, electron transfer rate, and enzyme loading. To achieve the practical application of EBFCs, a promising approach is to use porous carbon materials. Strategies for the designing of hierarchically structured supports composed of mesoporous and macroporous are considered: the large surface area of mesoporous materials can increase the enzyme loading and electron transfer efficiency, and the macropores enable the efficient fuel transport. Our recent paper demonstrated that Magnesium oxide (MgO)-templated porous carbon forms are promising candidates as electrode materials for the elaboration of efficient bioelectrochemical devices. MgO-templated mesoporous carbon (MgOC, mean pore diameter 10, 20, 40, 80 nm) were used to increase the effective specific surface area for specific enzyme immobilization. MgOC particles were deposited on a current collector by an electrophoretic deposition method to generate micro meter-scale macropores to improve the mass transfer of glucose and electrolyte (buffer) ions. To create a glucose bioanode, the porous-carbon-modified electrode was further coated with a biocatalytic hydrogel composed of a conductive redox polymer, flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH), and a cross-linker. The electrode coated with FAD-GDH and a redox polymer showed a 33-fold increase in glucose oxidation current density (ca. 100 mA cm−2) compared to that of the flat electrode. MgOC-modified electrode can be applied for the biocathode using bilirubin oxidase (BOD) as an oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Our recent wearable EBFC based on MgOC will be presented. FAD-GDH was used as an anodic catalyst. 1,4-naphtoquinone was modified on the MgOC mesopore surface. Bilirubin oxidase and ABTS mediator were modified on the MgOC surface. Aiming at the application of EBFCs to the wearable power devices, we modified the MgOC on the surface of flexible carbon cloth. The cell operation was initiated after addition of 0.4 mL of 1 M phosphate buffer solution containing various concentrations of glucose, ranging from 0.1 – 3 M. The maximum output power density per geometric surface area was 2 mW cm-2, which was limited by the cathode performance, especially O2 supply from the air. The operation time, i.e. cell capacity, was quantitatively determined by the mole number of applied glucose evaluated by galvanostatic experiments at 0.25 – 4 mA cm-2 of constant current density, indicating that the capacity was determined by the consumption of β-d-glucose. After consumption of the fuel, the cells were able to restart by adding the glucose solution. The operation time linearly depended on the mole number of glucose added. In this presentation, recent developments in EBFCs technology using porous carbon materials are highlighted. The essential properties of the resulting materials with respect to the EBFC application are also discussed. A combination of electron transfer technology and porous carbon material would be helpful in achieving a much higher and stable current output, thus contributing to a practical advance in the sustainable energy field.

Numerical Simulation of Mass Transfer and Three-Dimensional Fabrication of Tissue-Engineered Cartilages Based on Chitosan/Gelatin Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffold in a Rotating Bioreactor.

Cartilage tissue engineering is believed to provide effective cartilage repair post-injuries or diseases. Biomedical materials play a key role in achieving successful culture and fabrication of cartilage. The physical properties of a chitosan/gelatin hybrid hydrogel scaffold make it an ideal cartilage biomimetic material. In this study, a chitosan/gelatin hybrid hydrogel was chosen to fabricate a tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro by inoculating human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) at both dynamic and traditional static culture conditions. A bioreactor that provides a dynamic culture condition has received greater applications in tissue engineering due to its optimal mass transfer efficiency and its ability to simulate an equivalent physical environment compared to human body. In this study, prior to cell-scaffold fabrication experiment, mathematical simulations were confirmed with a mass transfer of glucose and TGF-β2 both in rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWVB) and static culture conditions in early stage of culture via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method. To further investigate the feasibility of the mass transfer efficiency of the bioreactor, this RWVB was adopted to fabricate three-dimensional cell-hydrogel cartilage constructs in a dynamic environment. The results showed that the mass transfer efficiency of RWVB was faster in achieving a final equilibrium compared to culture in static culture conditions. ADSCs culturing in RWVB expanded three times more compared to that in static condition over 10days. Induced cell cultivation in a dynamic RWVB showed extensive expression of extracellular matrix, while the cell distribution was found much more uniformly distributing with full infiltration of extracellular matrix inside the porous scaffold. The increased mass transfer efficiency of glucose and TGF-β2 from RWVB promoted cellular proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs inside chitosan/gelatin hybrid hydrogel scaffolds. The improved mass transfer also accelerated a dynamic fabrication of cell-hydrogel constructs, providing an alternative method in tissue engineering cartilage.

Exceptionally high glucose current on a hierarchically structured porous carbon electrode with "wired" flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase.

This article introduces a carbon electrode designed to achieve efficient enzymatic electrolysis by exploiting a hierarchical pore structure based on macropores for efficient mass transfer and mesopores for high enzyme loading. Magnesium oxide-templated mesoporous carbon (MgOC, mean pore diameter 38 nm) was used to increase the effective specific surface area for enzyme immobilization. MgOC particles were deposited on a current collector by an electrophoretic deposition method to generate micrometer-scale macropores to improve the mass transfer of glucose and electrolyte (buffer) ions. To create a glucose bioanode, the porous-carbon-modified electrode was further coated with a biocatalytic hydrogel composed of a conductive redox polymer, deglycosylated flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (d-FAD-GDH), and a cross-linker. Carbohydrate chains on the peripheral surfaces of the FAD-GDH molecules were removed by periodate oxidation before cross-linking. The current density for the oxidation of glucose was 100 mA cm(-2) at 25 °C and pH 7, with a hydrogel loading of 1.0 mg cm(-2). For the same hydrogel composition and loading, the current density on the MgOC-modified electrode was more than 30 times higher than that on a flat carbon electrode. On increasing the solution temperature to 45 °C, the catalytic current increased to 300 mA cm(-2), with a hydrogel loading of 1.6 mg cm(-2). Furthermore, the stability of the hydrogel electrode was improved by using the mesoporous carbon materials; more than 95% of the initial catalytic current remained after a 220-day storage test in 4 °C phosphate buffer, and 80% was observed after 7 days of continuous operation at 25 °C.

Accurate spectroscopic calibration for noninvasive glucose monitoring by modeling the physiological glucose dynamics.

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose is a major challenge for noninvasive glucose concentration measurements. This is a particular problem for spectroscopic techniques, which predominantly probe ISF glucose, creating inconsistencies in calibration, where blood glucose measurements are used as a reference. To overcome this problem, we present a dynamic concentration correction (DCC) scheme, based on the mass transfer of glucose between blood and ISF, to ensure consistency with the spectral measurements. The proposed formalism allows the transformation of glucose in the concentration domain, ensuring consistency with the acquired spectra in the calibration model. Taking Raman spectroscopy as a specific example, we demonstrate that the predicted glucose concentrations using the DCC-based calibration model closely match the measured glucose concentrations, while those generated with the conventional calibration methods show significantly larger deviations from the measured values. In addition, we provide an analytical formula for a previously unidentified source of limiting uncertainty arising in spectroscopic glucose monitoring from a lack of knowledge of glucose kinetics in prediction samples. A study with human volunteers undergoing glucose tolerance tests indicates that this lag uncertainty, which is comparable in magnitude to the uncertainty arising from noise and nonorthogonality in the spectral data set, can be reduced substantially by employing the DCC scheme in spectroscopic calibration.

Preventive Effect of Notch Signaling Inhibition by a γ-Secretase Inhibitor on Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis in Rats

Peritoneal fibrosis, a major complication of peritoneal dialysis, limits the effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis as a treatment of end-stage renal disease. Preventing this complication by identifying targets for therapy has recently received much attention. In the present study, we showed that Notch signaling was highly activated in rats in peritoneal dialysis fluid-induced fibrotic peritoneum, as indicated by increased expression of Jagged-1, Notch-1, and HES-1. Blocking Notch signaling activation by intraperitoneal injection of a gamma-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, significantly attenuated peritoneal fibrosis as indicated by the decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as increased expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, compared with control rats, DAPT-treated rats had a thinner peritoneum with less extracellular matrix accumulation, a lower mass transfer of glucose, and a higher ultrafiltration rate. In addition, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 induced Notch signaling activation in primary rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. DAPT blocked this TGF-beta1-induced Notch signaling activation and therefore significantly inhibited TGF-beta1-induced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, a gamma-secretase inhibitor that interferes with Notch signaling prevents biochemical, histological, and functional consequences of peritoneal fibrosis through inhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. These results support the use of gamma-secretase inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach for peritoneal fibrosis.

Smad7 gene transfer inhibits peritoneal fibrosis

Fibrosis mediated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a common cause of peritoneal dialysis (PD) failure. In a model of peritoneal fibrosis, we tested the effect of Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-beta signaling, using an ultrasound-microbubble-mediated delivery system. Rats were given daily PD for 4 weeks and received Smad7 or control plasmid transfer. The ultrasound technique enhanced Smad7 expression in a dose-dependent manner in more than 80% of the peritoneal cells after 3 days. The expression decreased by 14 days, but this was corrected by a second gene transfer. The overexpression of Smad7 substantially inhibited Smad2/3 activation, TGF-beta, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, extracellular matrix, and myofibroblast mRNA, and protein expression in the peritoneal cells. The decreased peritoneal injury included the rise of mass transfer of glucose, a reduction of the ultrafiltration rate, and fibrotic thickening. Our studies suggest that ultrasound-mediated Smad7 gene delivery may be useful in the prevention or treatment of dialysis-induced peritoneal fibrosis.

A high performance glucose biosensor enhanced via nanosized SiO 2

A series of monodispersed nano-SiO 2 film enhanced glucose biosensors with different thickness were fabricated by using dip-coating method. The suitable thickness of nanosized SiO 2 film provided optimal environment for glucose oxidase to retain its bioactivity. A key factor to fabricate high sensitivity glucose biosensor was to enlarge the enzyme loading on the surface. The high surface area of the small nanosized SiO 2 particles in the thick film increased the surface enzyme loading, resulting in the high performance of the biosensor. But if the film is too thick, the performance of the sensor would decrease because the mass transfer of glucose and H 2O 2 became difficulty. The electrochemical response of glucose with the 800 nm SiO 2-biosensor revealed a linear behavior in the range of 0.005–2.5 mM glucose in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer solution. Such a glucose biosensor held its sensitivity as high as 71.1 μA mM −1 cm −2 and its detection limit as low as 0.3 μM. The good sensor-to-sensor reproducibility also indicates the simpleness and practicability of this kind of biosensor.

Modelling and simulation of diffusional mass transfer of glucose during fermentative production of pediocin AcH from Pediococcus acidilactici H

Fermentative production of bacteriocin, pediocin AcH was studied in a batch fermenter using Pediococcus acidilactici H. An initial pH of 6.5 and a fermentation temperature of 37 °C were found to be favourable for optimum production up to 20 h of fermentation time. Rate of cell growth utilizing glucose as substrate during the exponential growth phase and stationary phase was studied experimentally and the data obtained were simulated into the proposed model. The mathematical model also considered the diffusional mass transfer of glucose into the active mass of the cell. Results showed that the model could adequately account for the transfer mechanism of glucose and the phenomenon of cell growth in the fermenter in exponential growth and stationary phases.

Construction of a fuzzy control system for a bioreactor using biomass support particles

A fuzzy control system was applied to a bioreactor in which the flocculent yeast Saccharomyces diastaticus ATCC 60715 was immobilized by entrapment in a reticulated polyurethane foam cube ( 6 mm×6 mm×6 mm, biomass support particle (BSP)). The fuzzy inference algorithm was used to calculate the suitable level of glucose feed rate from the monitored data of the CO 2 evolution rate (CER) and the integrated amount of CO 2 evolution. One of the main concerns is the mass transfer of glucose in the BSP in which S. diastaticus was immobilized. With the BSPs, glucose diffusivity becomes lower and starvation of the cells can occur if the control system is not quick enough to respond to the starvation. The fuzzy control system was successful in controlling the glucose feed pump to maintain a suitable glucose concentration for the smooth continuation of ethanol production.

Plasma glucose turnover and oxidation during hemodialysis: nutritional effect of dialysis fluid

Mass transfer of glucose from dialysis fluid into patients is a source of energy and a form of nutrition during hemodialysis. The effect of glucose mass transfer on endogenous glucose metabolism and the overall nutritional importance of glucose transfer is not known. Rates of plasma glucose turnover and oxidation were determined by radioisotope-dilution techniques in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in the basal state, during hemodialysis, and during the infusion of glucose at a rate similar to the mass transfer rate (Mt: 6.6 +/- 0.7 mumol.min-1.kg-1). Rates of plasma glucose turnover (11.8 +/- 0.8 mumol.min-1.kg-1) and oxidation (4.0 +/- 0.4 mumol.min-1.kg-1) and contribution of glucose oxidation to the metabolic rate were similar to those of control subjects both in the basal state and during glucose infusion. During hemodialysis with acetate and glucose, the plasma glucose turnover rate was similar to that in the basal state, but the energy from glucose oxidation was less (P < or = 0.02) even though energy expenditure was increased by 21%. Immediate oxidation of plasma glucose and acetate accounted for 65% of the patients' energy expenditure. Energy (1172 kJ) from acetate Mt and glucose Mt surpassed the patients' energy requirements, offsetting the utilization of endogenous fuels, a sparing effect equivalent to 31 g fat or 70 g carbohydrate. Rates of plasma glucose turnover and oxidation during bicarbonate-glucose and glucose-free acetate hemodialysis were similar to that during acetate-glucose hemodialysis. However, without glucose or acetate in the bath fluid, a deficit as much as 669 kJ must be met by the oxidation of endogenous fuels. Addition of organic nutrients that supply energy to dialysis fluids may over time be a beneficial supplemental treatment for the malnutrition and body wasting commonly observed in CRF.