Masculine Paradigm Research Articles

Intentions for what? Comparing entrepreneurial intention types within female and male entrepreneurship students

Entrepreneurial Intention research has become a broad school of thought that can dilute its potential influence on advancing entrepreneurship education. Career-based decisions are commonly made through a holistic evaluation of internal motivations interacting with external circumstances. That-being-said, the common tendency is to reduce entrepreneurial intention (a highly complex social phenomenon) to a commercialised form. This can be particularly troublesome when considering a generational shift that has seen young adults place evermore importance toward non-financial goals such as the search for a positive work-life balance or helping others who are less fortunate. A multiplicity of beliefs and goals can lead to participation in a range of opportunity types suggesting the possibility of holding several types of entrepreneurial intention, that, depending on personal circumstances and contextual situations, will vary in their order of worth. Too much focus on a traditional masculine paradigm of entrepreneurship and less emphasis on other motivations has created a gender bias. There is a pressing need to try to further understand the complexity of proposed differences between potential female and male student entrepreneurs. A body of work now illustrates differences in relation to actions, performance, and values. Nonetheless, findings regarding entrepreneurial intention remain incomplete. In this paper, we narrow focus from asking the question “do you want to be an entrepreneur” to asking, “what type of entrepreneur do you want to become?” Through demarcating entrepreneurial intentions into different sub-types and using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis we account for the varying conditional pathways that females and males have towards specific entrepreneurial intention types. Findings show that gender differences exist at both sample and case levels which have important implications for educational practitioners and policymakers alike.

Ostatni bastion. O męskich relacjach homospołecznych w "Senniku współczesnym" Tadeusza Konwickiego

The article presents an interpretation of A dreambook for our time by Tadeusz Konwicki in the context of cultural studies of masculine identity. Referring to the research conducted by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, the author proves that ostentatious manifesting heterosexuality by the protagonists of Konwicki’s novel is the result of inability to define their identity within the masculine paradigm based on the soldier ethos.

Masculinity from the perspective of men with intellectual disability

Current scientific publications present different paradigms of masculinity, but research in this area is a relatively new perspective. However, the specific nature of the everyday experience of people with intellectual disability is still neglected and unrecognised. The aim of this article is to show the concept of masculinity from the perspective of men with intellectual disability. The research is placed in the stream of qualitative research using a case study as a method. The subject of the research covers the statements of men with intellectual disability concerning masculinity. The analysis of the research material obtained from 12 interviews allowed for the identification of four types of masculinity.

PENDIDIKAN ISLAM INKLUSIF GENDER (Studi Kritis Ekofeminisme Vandana Shiva)

Vandana Shiva in her thinking of Ecofeminism, tried to deconstruct the paradigm of masculinity (its an ideology or principle that emphasizes more competitive, dominant, ambitious, vertical and fulfilling personal interests, it has hegemony many things, especially in terms of feminism and mainstream ecology, and also offers alternative understandings in the form of marriage between ecological thinking and feminism. Secondly, here I would like to discribe, the concept of ecofeminism. Vandana Shiva had been emphasized the need to restore feminine values (love, and nurturing), as a formulation or solution of the hegemony for masculinity that has been penetrated in many aspects. Third, the most important thing according to Vandana Shiva, is the restoration of the feminine values based on the overall principle, namely the creative existence and awareness in nature, women, and men. The implication for the nature is as a living organisms. For women, as a women productive and active beings. And finally the implication of the principle restoration of men is the transfer of life's actions, not to create a life-threatening society that had destroys the life.

PENDIDIKAN ISLAM INKLUSIF GENDER (Studi Kritis Ekofeminisme Vandana Shiva)

Vandana Shiva in her thinking of Ecofeminism, tried to deconstruct the paradigm of masculinity (its an ideology or principle that emphasizes more competitive, dominant, ambitious, vertical and fulfilling personal interests, it has hegemony many things, especially in terms of feminism and mainstream ecology, and also offers alternative understandings in the form of marriage between ecological thinking and feminism. Secondly, here I would like to discribe, the concept of ecofeminism. Vandana Shiva had been emphasized the need to restore feminine values (love, and nurturing), as a formulation or solution of the hegemony for masculinity that has been penetrated in many aspects. Third, the most important thing according to Vandana Shiva, is the restoration of the feminine values based on the overall principle, namely the creative existence and awareness in nature, women, and men. The implication for the nature is as a living organisms. For women, as a women productive and active beings. And finally the implication of the principle restoration of men is the transfer of life's actions, not to create a life-threatening society that had destroys the life.

Problematic women: psychology, gender, and health in North America

Taking its cue from the medical field, psychology has long been curious about the relationship between biological sex and illness just as societies have long been interested in regulating women’s bodies. From 19th Century gender differences scholarship through 20th century activism this article introduces the gendered history of psychology and health. Offering a general overview of the past and more recent feminist present within a North American framework. Taking as its base foundation the intellectual shifts away from an exclusively individualistic lens towards one that now emphasizes systems and society; referred to as the difference between a “women-as-problem” and a “women-in-context” approach. Topics addressed include early gender differences scholarship, mental health costs and gendered violence; dual impact of the paradigms of masculinity, perversity in medicating and treating a woman’s psychological condition which result from living in a patriarchal societies; constructs of female sexual dysfunction, and more. We encourage South American scholars to take up the call to more thoroughly explore and expand on the histories of gendered health and psychology within regional and historical time sensitive contexts.

Queerly productive: Women and collaboration in Cambridge, University Library, MS Ff.1.6

Cambridge, University Library MS Ff. 1.6 (the Findern manuscript) offers a test case for a speculative exploration of the role of female queer desire in medieval theorizations of textual collaboration, and collaborative manuscript production. I argue that, whereas masculine queer desire is represented as resulting in textual as well as sexual sterility, female queer desire is potentially hyper-productive, with each female body simultaneously an inscribable surface and a prosthetic pen/penis that can inscribe. In the Findern manuscript, the narrative of the mutilated Philomena provides the nexus for multiple interrelating and mutually modifying representations of female vocality, female desire, and female-female relations that range from the supportive to the erotic. The manuscript’s examples of collaboratively produced texts model ways to break away from the hierarchal model of inscriber and inscribed, masculine and feminine, and produce spaces in which desiring female speakers can recuperate from the wounds of the masculine paradigm of textual inscription, and develop their own female-centric modes of erotic expression.

Queerly Productive: Women and Collaboration in Cambridge, University Library MS Ff.1.6

Cambridge, University Library MS Ff. 1. 6 (the Findern manuscript) offers a test case for a speculative exploration of the role of female queer desire in medieval theorizations of textual collaboration, and collaborative manuscript production. I argue that, whereas masculine queer desire is represented as resulting in textual as well as sexual sterility, female queer desire is potentially hyper-productive, with each female body simultaneously an inscribable surface and a prosthetic pen/penis that can inscribe. In the Findern manuscript, the narrative of the mutilated Philomena provides the nexus for multiple interrelating and mutually modifying representations of female vocality, female desire, and female-female relations that range from the supportive to the erotic. The manuscript’s examples of collaboratively produced texts model ways to break away from the hierarchal model of inscriber and inscribed, masculine and feminine, and produce spaces in which desiring female speakers can recuperate from the wounds of the masculine paradigm of textual inscription, and develop their own female-centric modes of erotic expression.

Coming in From the Cold – Scottish Masculinity in Post-Millennial Fiction

<div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"> <span>This article builds on Jones’s previous work on masculinity in Scottish fiction, probing the ongoing process of moving beyond dominant paradigms of masculinity in Scottish writing. The analysis explores the haunting power of masculine spectres and their return to centrality in twenty-first century Scottish fiction. The article juxtaposes Emily Mackie’s novels </span><span><em>And </em></span><em>This is True</em> (2010) and <em>In Search of Solace </em>(2014), which both remain fixated upon masculinity with Ali Smith’s <em>There but for </em><em>the</em> (2011), which resists the urge to re-centre masculinity despite its central male character, and offers a contrasting alternative to dominant modes of male identity. </div></div></div>

Monsters of Men: Masculinity and the Other in Patrick Ness’s Chaos Walking Series

ABSTRACTTo date, studies of gender issues in young adult dystopian novels have been dominated by a focus on constructions of female subjectivity, girlhood, and the potential for female empowerment. However, little critical attention has been correspondingly dedicated to examining how regimes of masculinity, traditional privileges of male power, and male adolescence are represented and mediated in dystopian fiction for teenagers. Patrick Ness’s exploration of normative and transgressive embodiments of masculinity in his dystopian Chaos Walking series for young adults powerfully addresses tensions between power and vulnerability, autonomy and conformity, and concepts of boyhood and manhood. Through their experiences with the possibilities of telepathy, biotechnology, and interspecies relationships, Ness’s protagonists must negotiate with the simultaneous attraction of the fragmented self and its threat to the regulation of conventional manhood, as male characters struggle to sustain their inherited understanding of themselves and the relation between self and other. Through his problematizing of the boundaries between traditional hegemonic and Other, human and alien codes, and his emphasis on the importance of non-hierarchical and inclusive co-existence, Ness proposes a receptive, expansive, and egalitarian paradigm of masculinity.

The Masculinity of Christ according to Zinzendorf: Evidence and Interpretation

ABSTRACT This article explores the question of evidence and interpretation in relation to Zinzendorf's view of Christ's masculinity. The point of departure is the debate about Fogelman's thesis that eighteenth-century Moravians believed in a female Jesus. This debate has made clear that the Moravian view of Jesus included female aspects, which are especially linked to the notion of maternal tenderness and the symbolism of the side-wound as birth organ. Generally, however, Zinzendorf's view of Christ is marked by a strong emphasis on masculinity, associated with Jesus’ male body and his role as heavenly bridegroom. A close reading of the sources suggests that Zinzendorf possessed a comprehensive and coherent theological understanding of Christ's masculinity that can be described as paradigm of masculinity. For this reason, the interpretation of Zinzendorf's Christology in terms of androgyny is problematic. The presence of female attributes in Moravian Christology express the pastoral intent to show that the redemptive power of Christ transcends the lines of gender.

“Behold the Man”? Subverting Imperial Masculinity in the Gospel of John

AbstractModern variations of the “Muscular Christianity” movement emphasize Jesus’ masculinity in various dimensions, inspired in part by the idealized masculinity of Jesus portrayed in the Gospel of John. However, these constructions overlook the Roman context of the Fourth Gospel, and thus miss its critical and subversive engagement with imperial masculinity. I argue that the Gospel of John forges its portrait of Jesus in the rhetorical crucible of honor andvirtus, where Roman masculinity was socially constructed and contested. Within the divergent configurations of manliness that emerge in the early imperial period, the glorious death of John’s Jesus appeals to and subverts reigning constructions of imperial masculinity. Through the portrayal of Jesus’ unflappable courage and conquering via his death, the rhetoric of the Fourth Gospel lays claim to the ideal of Romanvirtus, especially as set forth in the rhetorized renditions of anti-imperial Stoic martyrs (such as Cato and Seneca). However, by constructing Jesus’ masculinity around his bound, beaten, crucified and penetrated body, the Fourth Gospel critiques and subverts imperial configurations of hegemonic manliness and domination. John’s glorification of the cross provides a paradigm of masculinity that exalts courageous critique and rejection of imperial violence even at the cost of one’s life, thereby inverting the shame of crucifixion and imbuing it with honor andvirtus. In so doing, imperial notions of martial masculinity and power are subverted and reconfigured around the cross, thereby opening up new possibilities for the performance of masculinity by ancients and moderns alike.

Subversive Desires and Bodies: Construction of a Female Paradigm in Mercedes Abad’s Sangre

Subversive Desires and Bodies:Construction of a Female Paradigm in Mercedes Abad’s Sangre Heather Jerónimo In the novel Sangre (2000), Catalonian author Mercedes Abad portrays the discordant but nevertheless interdependent and parasitic relationship between Victoria and her daughter Marina.1 With Sangre, Abad joins an ongoing dialogue about mother/daughter relationships to which a plethora of contemporary Spanish authors have contributed, including Elvira Lindo, Lucia Etxebarría, and Esther Tusquets. The lives of Abad’s protagonists unfold in Spain during Francisco Franco’s dictatorship, a period of time in which it was particularly difficult for many women to achieve any type of personal agency.2 Although the masculine-dominated society in which Victoria and Marina live tries to categorize them as objects rather than subjects, focusing on their female bodies as mechanisms for producing children, these women refuse to be defined in the objectifying terms of the body imposed on them. Mother and daughter search out avenues for undermining the patriarchal society in which they live through their subversive desires and a rejection of society’s traditional conception of the female body. For Victoria, her struggle towards female agency consists of a rejection of motherhood that can be interpreted as either liberating or a repetition of the masculine paradigm, depending on the perspective from which it is read. For Marina, her various subversive desires culminate in the drinking of her mother’s blood, which can either be seen as a symbolic violation (rape) of Victoria’s being – perpetuating the male construct – or a rebellious union with another female in an attempt to break free from [End Page 39] the restricted patriarchal construction of the female body. This paper will examine whether or not the main characters’ efforts truly allow them to escape the limitations of their male-dominated political, religious, and social reality, or if they actually uphold the cycle of the masculine paradigm perpetuated under Franco’s rule that sought to confine women’s bodies and minds to a conservative, subservient state. As is well known, the Spanish nation was subjected to Franco’s extremely conservative, Catholic regime from 1939 to 1975. Those in disagreement with the dictator’s ideas were generally silenced, murdered, exiled, or repressed. Franco’s political and religious beliefs overflowed into the Spanish people’s social reality, as well. Very firm gender roles were established for both men and women, moving away from the advances for women established during the Second Republic. Franco harbored a great “dislike of the Republic, instituted in 1931, because of its attempts to better the economic and legal positions of the working classes and women” (Labanyi 92); as dictator, he strove to recreate more traditional family structures. Men were to be the leaders of the households, while women were kept “dentro de los muros del hogar,” acting as followers and the emotional supporters of their husbands (Gallego Méndez 141). During the early years of the Franco regime, Spaniards were intensely indoctrinated in accordance with these familiar Western models of gendered agency [men as active and women as their submissive counterparts]. According to the nationalist tenets of Francoism, a Spanish woman’s place was in the home, and that home should be filled with children. (DiFrancesco 9) The Spanish woman, therefore, simultaneously represented much more and much less than herself as an individual. She became a powerful instrument within Franco’s plan for Spain; through her, future patriots would be born and theoretically raised to abide by the mandates of the country’s dictatorship. At the same time, the Spanish woman lost all pretense of personal agency as society reduced her entire identity into nothing more than that of a body – more specifically, a womb – a machine of production used to populate a male-dominated society. Thus, womanhood in Franco’s Spain implied motherhood; the distinction between the two was nonexistent. Perceived as a body – an object – within a society of masculine dominance, female agency, desire, and personal aspirations were not considered to be matters worthy of discussion. In Sangre, Victoria and Marina attempt to defy Franco and the male-dominated society imposed on them by using any methods available to them. Victoria first learns how to use...

Masculinidades coloniais no fim do império português: o a taque à Vila Alice, Luanda 1975

Este trabalho reflete sobre o Ataque à Vila Alice, ataque conduzido em Luanda, Angola, pelas Forças Armadas Portuguesas no dia 27 de Julho de 1975 contra o MPLA, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola. A reflexão enquadra esta ação militar num quadro de violência colonial ligada a arquétipos predominantemente masculinos e a paradigmas de masculinidades transversais a hierarquias de raça e género destinadas a humilhar e inferiorizar os africanos. Do ponto de vista da História e da Memória, no que diz respeito à análise de factos apurados na investigação historiográfica são confrontadas fontes escritas versus fontes orais. Na análise crítica e reflexiva, o trabalho centra-se fundamentalmente na desconstrução racial e genderizada do Ataque.

Signification, common knowledge, and womanhood: The significs of Lady Victoria Welby and beyond

Lady Victoria Welby was born to an era when women were challenging their station as summarily subject to the discretion of the dominant male proprietors. The furtive soil of women's liberation had been enriched by the quill and fountain of epic female figures such as Abigail Adams (1744–1818, First Lady of the United States of America between, 1797–1801, promoted property rights for women), Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797 – Vindication on the Rights of Women, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters), and Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935 – The Home: Its Work and Influence). The Victorian period witnessed the burgeoning of a female authority in public consciousness with vigorous support from public figures such as John Stewart Mill (1806–1873 – The Subjection of Women), who openly rejected inequality between sexes, and John Ruskin (1819–1900), who urged women to “abandon trivial feminine pursuits in order to act as a moral force in countering the ills of society” (Ruskin, Of Queen's Gardens, Sesame and Lillie, 1865). It is, therefore, not astonishing that Lady Victoria Welby's authority among semioticians emerged from her endeavours interpreting scriptures. Moral gatekeeping was fast becoming a female authority widely respected, though most prominently within the confines of the private sphere. Women were socially groomed to manage the family's moral code, shape children's character, and nurture the husband's honorable conduct (Meyrowitz 1985: 200). However, respect for women's particular authority and power within the private sphere was limited and remained ancillary to the dominance of the masculine paradigm. Though common sensibility has changed toward women's mobility within the public sphere, the socio-operative dynamics of power between genders remains asymmetrical, the scale tipped decidedly in favour of the masculine domain. Given that the social world operates to a significant degree within the ambit of symbolic elocutions, there has never been a better moment in history to apply Lady Victoria Welby's theory of significs to examine the contemporary subordination of women, and Susan Petrilli's publication of Welby's correspondence is nothing short of timely.

The construction of gender and creativity in advertising creative departments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine female creatives' perceptions as to why there are so few women working as creatives (art directors, copywriters, and creative directors) in advertising.Design/methodology/approachInterviews with 21 female creatives provided insights into reasons for underrepresentation. Inductive coding was used to allow themes and categories to emerge from the data. A social constructionist interpretation was used.FindingsSince both gender and creativity are socially constructed, doing gender in the masculine creative department impeded progress and job satisfaction for women. Because women were held accountable both to the norms of the masculine field and to the norms of femininity, their performance suffered as they tried to succeed in an inequitable system.Originality/valueThis paper examines how being a woman operating within a masculine paradigm might be especially difficult in creative fields. Because creativity is constructed based on mostly male gatekeepers using masculinity as a model, women are devalued and unable to influence the field of gatekeepers.

Performing Knighthood

The chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanc, composed by Joanot Martorell between 1460 and 1464, very clearly epitomizes an alternative to constructions of masculinity in the genre. The hero, Tirant lo Blanc, often performs a challenge to archetypes of masculinity in Medieval Iberia. The author’s objective is to analyze several episodes where Tirant is depicted as “queer” or effeminate and discuss the implications of placing such episodes in a text of a genre usually viewed as a paradigm of masculinity. This article will examine these instances and seek to demonstrate that preconceived ideas about Hispanic archetypes of being a man constructed in modern times often have distorted early modern male behavior.

Ojcostwo w świecie współczesnym

In present times we are witnessing the crisis of fatherhood. This crisis stems not only from the behaviour of men themselves but it is largely connected with the questioning of the role of the husband and father which men should have as well as the crisis of marriage and family which are the fundamental principles of mature and responsible fatherhood. In the culture today most men follow to some degree the model of a passive, uninvolved and absent father. This absence must finally end. Our society, which has been brought up without fathers, must finally accept the value of fatherhood. The end of patriarchy has become the beginning of a new fatherhood epoch, a new paradigm of masculinity. This paradigm focuses on the equality and partnership of men and women, accepting these values as fundamental in creating a new social order. It includes the concept of self-fulfillment and androgyny meant as aiming at complete humanity. Saving the family is possible only by the revival of fatherhood – the return to the model or creating a new human and new men-women relations which give happiness. A human is created through upbringing and self-upbringing. Therefore to be the father one must be brought up to this role.

A Generation That Has Squandered Its Men: The Late Soviet Crisis of Masculinity in the Poetry of Sergei Gandlevskii

The present paper explores the role images of masculinity play in the work of the contemporary Russian poet Sergei Gandlevskii. Gandlevskii's treatment of masculinity, the paper argues, serves as a vehicle for commentary on the historical situation of the late Soviet era, as well as providing an outlet for the poet's reflection upon his own life path and, at times, for an implicit moral self‐judgment within the context of a general condemnation of Soviet society. Gandlevskii's poetry, the paper attempts to show, reflects what the sociologists Elena Zdravomyslova and Anna Temkina have termed a “crisis of masculinity” characteristic of late Soviet society: it associates a masculine life‐path with the notions of futility, moral failure and existential impasse. At the same time that Gandlevskii treats Soviet‐era paradigms of masculinity with skepticism and distance, however, he also does engage to some extent in fantasies of masculine autonomy and agency as possible even within the context of Soviet society. This ambivalence is preserved in Gandlevskii's work through the poet's use of various masculine personae (some more distant than others from his biographical self), as well as by the abundance of quotations from other poets and from official Soviet discourses.

Clean Hands and an Iron Face: Frontier Masculinity and Boston Manliness in The Rise of Silas Lapham

"Clean Hands and an Iron Face: Frontier Masculinity and Boston Manliness in The Rise of Silas Lapham" traces William Dean Howells's depiction of frontier, workplace, and drawing-room masculinities against the backdrop of a cultural conversation that framed masculinity in geographical, bodily, and social terms. Lavin argues that The Rise of Silas Lapham is deeply invested in questioning and reinventing the ideal man based on gentrified notions of morality and frontier toughness. At the center of this analysis is an appreciation for the narrative structure of the novel, for Howells first establishes central characters rooted firmly in competing paradigms of masculinity and then, across the rising action, climax, and resolution of the plot, reconciles those seemingly incompatible masculinities into a tentative but coherent identity.