Marsupium Roxb Research Articles

Optimization of bioactivities of solvent extracts of bark and heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium and exploration of neuroprotective effect linking to the major Phytoconstituents

The study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. The bioactive optimized hydroalcohol-extracted fractions of bark (PMBHA) and heartwood (PMHHA) at 300 and 400 mg/kg were examined in rats with scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity to study oxidative, neurochemical, and neuroinflammation biomarkers. Phenol and flavonoid-rich radical scavengers in contributing total antioxidant capacities of PMBHA and PMHHA quenched peroxyl radicals and protected the cellular membrane and lipoproteins from ROS in DPPH, ORAC, and CAP-e tests. In anticholinesterase activities, PMBHA inhibited AChE (IC50: 54.40 ± 0.98 µg/mL) and BChE (IC50: 50.95 ± 0.98 µg/mL) mixed-competitively, while PMHHA inhibited cholinesterase activities (AChE: 42.23 ± 0.54, and BChE: 47.19 ± 0.65 µg/mL) competitively. Dosage at 300 and 400 mg/kg of PMBHA and PMHHA improved serum and brain oxidative indicators (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH), and restored proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, and IL-6) leading to enhanced brain cholinesterase and β-secretase levels in neurotoxic rats. GC-MS reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective compounds of PMBHA catechol, thiamet-G, d-Gala-l-ido-octonic amide, falcarinol, D-mannose, ribitol, 1,2,4-cyclopentanetrione, 3-(2-pentenyl)-, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and 3,5-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, α-epi-7-epi-5-Eudesmol, 1 R,4aR,7 R,8aR)-7-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1,4a-dimethyldecahydro naphthalen-1-ol, arctiol, 1,1,4,7-tetramethyldecahydro-1 H-cyclopropa[e]azulene-4,7-diol, 2-Propen-1-ol, 3-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl), 4-t-Butyl-2-[4-nitrophenyl]phenol in PMHHA were responsible in neuroprotection in neurotoxic rats. However, heartwood demonstrated better neuroprotective activities than the bark of P. marsupium due to some of the key compounds (1 R,4aR,7 R,8aR)-7-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1,4a-dimethyldecahydronaphthalen-1-ol, 2-Propen-1-ol, 3-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-, 4-t-Butyl-2-[4-nitrophenyl]phenol, 1,1,4,7-Tetramethyldecahydro-1 H-cyclopropa[e]azulene-4,7-diol.

Screening and Optimization of IAA Production by PGPR isolated from Rhizosphere of a Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. and their Effect on Plant Growth

Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) production is important attribute of PGPR that promote plant growth and development. The rhizosphere is hotspot in the soil that harbors PGPR. The present study was aimed with isolation and screening of IAA producing bacteria from the rhizosphere of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Optimum culture conditions (pH, temperature, incubation period and L-tryptophan concentration for IAA production were studied for selected isolates and their effect on wheat growth and root development was evaluated. Among twenty four IAA producing isolates five isolates (Et1, Rp1, Rp5, Rp6, and Rp9) produced maximum IAA in range of 50-70 μg/mL and was used in optimization studies. Maximum IAA was produced in 96 hours of incubation, at pH 7 and with 0.1mg/mL of L-tryptophan by all five isolates. 30oC is the most suitable temperature for Et1, Rp1, Rp5, Rp9; whereas Rp6 produced nearly same amount of IAA at wide range of temperature 30-35oC (77-84.12 μg/mL) and at pH 7-8 ( 73-74μg/mL). Out of the five isolates, Rp6 exhibits the highest potential, having a maximum IAA of 84.12 μg/mL at 35°C and pH 7. Although tryptophan influences IAA synthesis but at higher concentration of tryptophan inhibits IAA synthesis. To validate the production of IAA, crude extracts were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). A spot of standard IAA with the same Rf value (0.91) was found to match a specific spot from the crude IAA.

Effect of Pre-treatments on Germination of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. for Developing Field Gene-Banks in Eastern India

Aims: Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. is an important timber species with high medicinal properties belonging to the Fabaceae family. The species is severely threatened by anthropogenic and ecological pressures coupled with less natural regeneration. No results in vegetative propagation methods and very less germination is reported for the species under nursery conditions. This study investigates the germination potential of P. marsupium seeds under the prevailing climatic conditions of regions in eastern India. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the ICFRE - Institute of Forest Productivity (IFP), Lalgutwa, Ranchi, during the 24th to the 32nd Meteorological Standard Week (MSW) of 2022, spanning from June to August. Methodology: Seeds were collected from three CPTs selected from natural forests of Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal and the experiment was carried out following split plot design. Observations on several germination parameters and seed vigour indices were recorded until eight weeks after sowing and subjected to factor multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SPSS 25.0. Results: The experiment revealed that alternate wetting and drying of seeds significantly (P <. 001) outperformed all other treatments with a highest germination percentage of 60±1.196%. Accessions from Jharkhand and West Bengal exhibited significantly (P < .001) better vigour indices (1959.8, 1855.35 for SVI-I and 538.715, 527.742 for SVI-II, respectively) compared to the accession from Bihar (1796.49 and 532.618 for SVI-I and SVI-II). Although the study did not find any significant interaction between the treatments and accession, there was a statistically significant impact on the aggregate dependent variables (F (126,503.279) = 1.579, P <. 001; Wilks' Λ = .077). Conclusion: The results of this study report an economically feasible and rapid seed treatment method for establishing field gene banks of P. marsupium in eastern India to aid its ex-situ conservation practices.

Review of: "Unravelling the Phytochemical and Pharmacognosy Contour of Traditional Medicinal Plant: Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb"

Review of: "Unravelling the Phytochemical and Pharmacognosy Contour of Traditional Medicinal Plant: Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb"

Micropropagation of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. through synthetic seeds and its novel antibiofilm activities against ESKAPE pathogens

Pterocarpus marsupium, an endangered medicinal tree, desists long distance transportation of its recalcitrant propagules, eclipsing the mass vegetative propagation and hindering the pharmaceutical application. Therefore, the present study attempted to develop synthetic seeds by encapsulating the nodal segments using sodium alginate and calcium chloride solutions. A concentration of 100 mM calcium chloride and 3 % sodium alginate proved optimum for preparing uniform synthetic seeds. The highest 76.7 % conversion response of synthetic seed into 8.16 shoots with mean shoot length (4.35 cm) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing meta-topolin (5.0 µM) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (1.0 µM) after 12 weeks of culture. However, the shoots failed to induce a rooting response on the aforementioned optimized medium. Therefore, a two-step in vitro rooting procedure was developed. Synthetic seeds of this plant retained their germination potential after storage at 4 ᵒC for eight weeks. Analysis of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity indicated that the in vitro culture of synthetic seed on the above medium experienced the lowest physiological stress. The regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized to the natural environment, where they showed more than a 90 % survival rate after three months. The heartwood aqueous extract of the tree displayed novel antibiofilm activities against multi-drug resistant ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobcter spp.) pathogens. This study facilitates the multiplication, conservation, and production of novel bioactive compounds.

Pharmacognostical authentication of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. - An important drug used in traditional systems of medicine

Pharmacognostical authentication of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. - An important drug used in traditional systems of medicine

Heartwood Extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Offers Defense against Oxyradicals and Improves Glucose Uptake in HepG2 Cells.

Diabetes mellitus leads to cellular damage and causes apoptosis by oxidative stress. Heartwood extract of Pterocarpus marsupium has been used in Ayurveda to treat various diseases such as leprosy, diabetes, asthma, and bronchitis. In this study, we worked out the mechanism of the antidiabetic potential of methanolic heartwood extract of Pterocarpus marsupium (MPME). First, metabolic profiling of MPME was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS), and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) to identify phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids in MPME. Biological studies were carried out in vitro using the HepG2 cell line. Many antidiabetic compounds were identified including Quercetin. Methanolic extract of MPME (23.43 µg/mL–93.75 µg/mL) was found to be safe and effective in reducing oxyradicals in HepG2 cells. A concentration of 93.75 µg/mL improved glucose uptake efficiently. A significant decrease in oxidative stress, cell damage, and apoptosis was found in MPME-treated HepG2 cells. The study suggests that the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium offers good defense in HepG2 cells against oxidative stress and improves glucose uptake. The results show the significant antidiabetic potential of MPME using a HepG2 cell model. The effect seems to occur by reducing oxidative stress and sensitizing the cells towards glucose uptake, hence lowering systemic glucose levels, as well as rescuing ROS generation.

Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. leaves against paracetamol-induced liver damage via reduction of oxidative stress

BackgroundHerbal drugs are being used by traditional systems of medicine in liver damage. Thus, the designed objective was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. leaves (EEPM) against paracetamol-induced liver damage (PILD) in SD rats. MethodsGroup-I rats were administered with 1 ml of 1% CMC/kg b.wt per day for 8 days. Group-II rats were administered with 1 ml of 1% CMC/kg body wt. per day till 7th day, then 3 g paracetamol/kg body wt. on eighth day. Groups-III, IV and V animals were pretreated with 200 mg EEPM/kg/day, 400 mg EEPM/kg/day, 100 mg silymarin/kg/day in that order for seven days and then, administered with a single dose of 3 g paracetamol/kg body wt. p.o. on eighth day. The isolated serum was evaluated for AST, ALT, ALP, TC, ALB, SBL, TP and TG as part of liver function test using regular kit sets. The extract was also assessed for its antioxidant potential by measuring level of SOD, GSH, CAT and TBARS in isolated serum. ResultsTreatment with 400 mg EEPM/kg/day in group-IV rats showed significant decrease in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, total cholesterol, bilirubin, triglyceride, TBARS, liver wt. and relative liver wt. while significant increase in the levels of final b.wt, TP and ALB, SOD, GSH, CAT compared to group-II rats. The hepatoprotective activity of 400 mg EEPM/kg/day was found to be comparable to that of 100 mg silymarin/kg/day. ConclusionsFindings indicate that EEPM possesses a potent hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced liver damage and protects liver from PILD by preventing paractamol-induced oxidative stress and altered biochemical markers. This indicates the therapeutic efficacy of Pterocarpus marsupium against liver damage.

Factors limiting regeneration of a Near Threatened deciduous tree Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. in Central India

In the tropical dry deciduous forests of Central India, changes in population structure and regeneration of a Near Threatened tree Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) was monitored over 4 years. Focussing on the effects of biotic disturbance, the study examined seven potential sites, for future restoration measures and management. We examined 46 plots of 0.1 ha size laid in these seven sites from 2017 to 2021. Results compared in all sites revealed that there were hardly any individuals surviving or growing at ‘Sapling’ stage, which is counted as crucial for successful regeneration of a tree species. Among all the study sites, SARA recorded highest average density of seedlings per sample plot followed by BAHO and LAMT. Positive change in ‘Seedlings’ category was recorded only at BAHO (+17.8%) and SARA (+9.1%). Whereas, BIRS recorded highest decline in average density of seedlings (−42.2%) followed by SEMA (−24.3%) and BARH (17.2%). Correlation analysis of biotic pressure on the species, revealed that weed infestation (−0.59) has highest adverse effect on the seedling density followed by Lopping/cutting (−0.33) and livestock & human population (−0.12), indicating an urgent need to undertake assisted natural regeneration (ANR) activities for this species in its natural ranges. Although there were few positive changes in the seedling stage (BAHO +17.8%; SARA +9.1%), but conditions of most sites did not meet the standards necessary for the survival and growth of a tree species. Therefore, the study concludes that lack of ability of seedlings to grow into saplings due to biotic pressure is the main limitation for the natural habitats of P. marsupium in Central India.

Biotechnological Advances in Pharmacognosy and In Vitro Manipulation of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Trees are vital resources for economic, environmental, and industrial growth, supporting human life directly or indirectly through a wide variety of therapeutic compounds, commodities, and ecological services. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) is one of the most valuable multipurpose forest trees in India and Sri Lanka, as it is cultivated for quality wood as well as pharmaceutically bioactive compounds, especially from the stem bark and heartwood. However, propagation of the tree in natural conditions is difficult due to the low percentage of seed germination coupled with overexploitation of this species for its excellent multipurpose properties. This overexploitation has ultimately led to the inclusion of P. marsupium on the list of endangered plant species. However, recent developments in plant biotechnology may offer a solution to the overuse of such valuable species if such advances are accompanied by technology transfer in the developing world. Specifically, techniques in micropropagation, genetic manipulation, DNA barcoding, drug extraction, delivery, and targeting as well as standardization, are of substantial concern. To date, there are no comprehensive and detailed reviews of P. marsupium in terms of biotechnological research developments, specifically pharmacognosy, pharmacology, tissue culture, authentication of genuine species, and basic gene transfer studies. Thus, the present review attempts to present a comprehensive overview of the biotechnological studies centered on this species and some of the recent novel approaches for its genetic improvement.

Mechanistic understanding of PtyroneTM: A plant based natural anti diabetic product

ObjectiveTo investigate the combinatorial effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. plants prospective to diabetes management. MethodsTaking a lead from the scientific literature, in silico studies have also been designed for the screening of anti-diabetic targets against andrographolide and pterostilbene compounds followed by in vivo studies from Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Furthermore, the diabetes was induced by STZ model and the impact of Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. have been conformed by relative expression studies by qPCR. ResultsOur results have shown that andrographolide and pterostilbene are SGLT2 inhibitors and selective PPARγ agonists in in silico studies. Later, during in vivo mRNA expression studies confirming the same pattern. The findings of the study has shown to overcome the common knowledge of the only C–glycoside based molecules inhibiting the SGLT2. ConclusionsThe possible mechanism for PtyroneTM in the management of diabetes could be a selective PPARγ agonist, GLUT4 translocation and SGLT2 inhibition molecule.

English

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. is a valuable multipurpose forest tree in India. Generally, it is valued greatly for its excellent wood qualities. Due to its significant multipurpose properties, this tree has been overexploited, which ultimately has led to its inclusion in the list of threatened species. In this regard, studying the genetic diversity in P. marsupium is not only significant for the protection of this species, but also necessary for the development and utilization of germplasm resources for its improvement. Before developing any tree improvement program, information on actual genetic diversity and the cryptic number of the differentiated genetic resource are important aids for its conservation and effective utilization. Thus, in the present study, analysis of phylogenetic relationship among P. marsupium species plays an important role in the identification and selection of elite genotype among the wildly distributed accessions. The phylogenetic relationship among 18 genotypes obtained from various forest regions of central India was studied using DNA based molecular markers. In RAPD analysis, out of 40 scorable amplified bands, 29 were polymorphic resulting in expression of polymorphism percentage (73.2%) with an average of 2.90 amplicons per primer. Based on RAPD analysis, the lowest (37%) similarities among accessions were recorded in Anuppur (MAA), Mandla (MMK) and Jabalpur (MJH) and the highest similarity (100%) were observed among Mandla (MMK), Jablapur (MJH); Jashpur (CJM), Surguja (CSA), Bilaspur (CBP) and Durg (CDB) and Raigarh (CRK) accessions. While the ISSR analysis found 66 amplified bands, 45 were polymorphous and average 68.3 percent polymorphic with an average 4.5 bands per oligo. The lowest (36%) similarity was observed among Anuppur (MAA) and Jabalpur (MJH) accessions and the highest similarity (88%) was recorded among Jashpur (CJM), Chhindwara (MCD) and Bilaspur (CBP) accessions. The combined analysis data of RAPD and ISSR showed that Chandrapur (RCC) and Anuppur's (MAA) acessions had the lowest (35%) similarity, with Jabalpur's (MJHs) and Mandla's (MMKs) accession being the highest similarities (100%) reported. As a result, the study of genetic diversity by means of RAPD and ISSR markers alone or in combination, i.e. the MAA, CKB and CRK accessions, was found to be more diverse among 18 accessions of Central India and given greater space for the collection of elite/superior trees to be used in conservation and forest development programs. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

TDZ induced plant regeneration from immature cotyledons of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. and validation of genetic homogeneity using ISSR markers

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Indian kino) is a threatened leguminous tree species well known for its therapeutic properties. A genetically stable plant regeneration system in P.marsupium has been developed using immature cotyledon (IC) explants excised from 12-days old in vitro grown seedlings. ICs were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media augmented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators to induce multiple shoots. Among the various concentrations and combinations used, MS medium augmented with thidiazuron (TDZ; 4.45 µM) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 1.07 µM) showed the highest regeneration frequency (95.83%) with a maximum number of adventitious shoot buds (25.4 ± 0.55) with 22.7 shoots per explant. The harmful effects of extended exposure to TDZ at long-term regimen was prevented by transferring the organogenic cultures to MS medium fortified with 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) for further multiplication and elongation. The highest number of shoots (36.0 ± 0.74) and shoot length (5.8 ± 0.10) were observed on 4.44 µM BAP augmented media after the third subculture. The elongated shoots were treated for 24 h with 19.60 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solution and rooted on half strength MS medium amended with 2.85 µM IBA. The plantlets were acclimatized successfully in the greenhouse with a 90% survival rate. Genetic homogeneity of regenerants were analyzed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The comparative amplified products across the in vitro developed plantlets and the mother plant showed good genetic consistency. The protocol mentioned herein would be beneficial for raising genetically uniform plantlets and commercial cultivation of P. marsupium.

Prevention and Healing of Calcium Signaling Mediated Neuronal Damage on successive Administration of Flavonoid Enriched Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb in Peripheral Neuropathy Model

Background: Modern research on peripheral neuropathy circumstance utter that treatments with Vincristine (VCR) disturb the microtubular cells in sensory and motor neurons due to calcium over- load in sciatic nerve, unfortunately, VCR triggering the release of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in central neurons causes excitotoxicity as well. Although ethnomedical information specifies that Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb (PM) is widely used for various nervous disorders, not yet justified on VCR induced peripheral neuropathy and in relation to central mechanism. Objective: This study is aimed to explore the possible central and peripheral mechanism of flavonoid enriched PM in VCR induced neuropathy model. Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in female Wistar rats by VCR (75μg/ kg/day, i.p) for 10 days. Nociceptive thresholds were assessed by subjecting them to behavioral and biochemical estimation, proinflammatory cytokines along with morphological evaluation. Results: PM significantly increased the nociceptive threshold evident from various behavioral models in comparison to VCR group. More importantly, PM significantly reversed the VCR induced calcium elevation, glutamate and aspartate release in the brain. Discussion: It was also observed that the raised TNF-α, Interleukin-1β were controlled and interleukin- 10 was elevated in sciatic nerve after PM treatment. Evident from histology, PM markedly reversed the VCR induced axonal degeneration, Schwann cell hyperplasia, and myelin fibrosis. Conclusion: Flavonoid enriched PM both 100 & 200mg/kg post and co-administration exerted a preventive and curative effect in VCR induced neuropathic pain by controlling calcium-mediated excitotoxicity through peripheral and central mechanism.

Direct shoot organogenesis from shoot tip explants of a highly medicinal valued tree Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

An in vitro regeneration system for propagation of a valuable medicinal tree, Pterocarpus marsupium, using shoot tip (ST) explants derived from 7-d-old axenic seedlings has been successfully developed. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing cytokinins (BA, mT, or Kn) and auxins (NAA, IAA) in different concentrations and combinations showed to have a marked stimulatory effect on the regeneration output. Of cytokinins, meta-topolin (mT 7.0 μM) proved optimum dose for multiple shoot induction yielding 6.50 ± 0.49 shoots per explant with mean shoot length (4.00 ± 0.16 cm) in 70% cultures after 6 wk. Whereas, supplementation of low concentration of auxin (1.0 μM NAA) with optimal cytokinin (7.0 μM mT) favored enhanced shoot induction with increased percent response. At this level, a maximum of 13.54 ± 0.34 shoots per explant with (5.30 ± 0.10 cm) mean shoot length were recorded in 80% cultures after 12 wk. Thereafter, microshoots were isolated and their basal end treated with high doses of indole-3-butyric acid (250 μM) for 5 d followed to transplant onto various potting substrates for ex vitro root formation. A maximum of 3.63 ± 0.0.08 roots per microshoot and mean root length of 3.59 ± 0.07 cm with highest rooting frequency (67.7%) was observed after 4 wk of transplantation. During ex vitro rooting-cum-acclimatization, various physiological parameters were found to be fluctuating initially for 35 d; thereafter, an increasing trend was observed in net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and chlorophyll a/b estimation. Overall, the successfully acclimatized regenerants when transferred in natural condition showed about 96.7% survival rate after 3 mo. Assessment of genetic integrity of tissue culture raised plantlets was accomplished by DNA–based ISSR primers. A total of 35 bands with an average of 4.38 bands per primer were scored in monomorphic banding pattern. Thus, it is apparent that the mode of in vitro regeneration protocol was suitable for obtaining true-to-type and disease-free plants.

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. heartwood extract synthesized chitosan nanoparticles and its biomedical applications

BackgroundThe point of the present investigation was to blend effective chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with Pterocarpus marsupium (PM) heartwood extract and evaluate its biomedical applications. Various plant extract concentrations (PM-CNPs-1, PM-CNPs-2, PM-CNPs-3) are used to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles and optimized to acquire a stable nanoparticle formulation. The entrapment efficiency and in vitro release studies of the plant extract encapsulated in CNPs are estimated. The PM-loaded CNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated for their alpha-amylase inhibitory activity and inhibition of albumin denaturation activity. ResultsThe XRD pattern of PM-CNPs shows less number of peaks at low intensity due to the interaction of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate. The FT-IR spectrum with peaks at 1639.55 and 1149.02 cm−1 confirms the formation of chitosan nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles ranges between 100 and 110 nm with spherical shape illustrated by SEM and TEM analysis. The nanoparticle formulation with 10% plant extract concentration (PM-CNPs-2) showed optimum particle size, higher stability, enhanced entrapment efficiency, and sustained drug release characteristics. Synthesized chitosan nanoparticles have shown a significant increase in alpha-amylase inhibition and appreciable anti-inflammatory activity as measured by inhibition of protein denaturation. ConclusionsThe investigation reports the eco-friendly, cost-effective method for synthesizing chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Pterocarpus marsupium Rox.b heartwood extract.

A Systemic Review on Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) is one such herbal drug which finds its place in Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathic system of medicine. Nature has bestowed this herb with a high versatility due to which it exhibits a wide range of Pharmacological actions. The tree is scared with novel antidiabetic properties. Along with as an antidiabetic drug, it is also used as astringent, anti-inflammatory, haemostatic, anthelmintic, in chest pain, body pain and in indigestion, in diabetic anaemia, elephantiasis, erysipelas, urethrorrhea and opthalmopathy etc. The role of Pterocarpus marsupium as anti-diabetic has been very well established. Its extract has been prepared using many methods like infusion, maceration, decoction and percolation. This review reveals that the biological activities and medicinal properties of P. marsupium compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the P. marsupium extracts, clinical studies and plausible medicinal applications along with their safety evaluation. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes.

Anti-diarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium roxb.

Diarrhoea is a common cause of death in developing countries and second most common cause of infant’s death worldwide. Pterocarpus marsupium is a medicinal herb belonging to the family Fabaceae has been traditionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea. They were found to contain tannins, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, triterpenes and reducing sugars. This study evaluated the antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium induced by castor oil and magnesium sulphate in rat at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. The doses were given orally and showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity comparable with that of the standard drug loperamide. The statistical analyses of results were carried out using one-way analysis (ANOVA) followed by Student t-test. On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that Pterocarpus marsupium could be a potential source for novel discovery for antidiarrhoeal. These results may support the fact that this plant is used traditionally to cure diarrhoea.
 Keywords: Pterocarpus marsupium, Anti-Diarrhoeal, Castor Oil, Magnesium Sulphate, Loperamide

Assessment of genetic stability in somatic embryo derived plantlets of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. using inter-simple sequence repeat analysis.

An efficient plantlet regeneration protocol using immature zygotic embryos (IZEs) via somatic embryogenesis has been developed in Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. The regenerated plantlets were evaluated for their genetic stability. IZEs were incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media augmented with 1.07-16.11μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or 0.90-13.97μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The optimum callus induction (96.6%) was observed on MS medium augmented with 5.37μM NAA. Induction of somatic embryos (SEs) was observed after sub-culture of callion medium with decreased concentrations of NAA (0.54-5.37μM), either alone or 2.69μM NAA in combination with 2.22-8.90μM benzyladenine (BA) or 2.32-9.30μM Kinetin. Maximum number (33.4 ± 0.85) of SEs occurred on MS medium augmented with 2.69μM NAA + 4.40μM BA + 3% sucrose. Highest percentage (67.3 ± 0.37) of SEs matured and developed into cotyledonary stage by subsequent subculture on the same medium. SE formation and maturation decreased when sucrose concentrations were higher than 3%. Seventy percent of mature somatic embryos developed into plantlets on half strength MS medium augmented with 5.80µM gibberellic acid. The various stages of development during somatic embryogenesis includeglobular, heart, torpedo and mature stages as revealed by thestereomicroscopic and histological studies of explants. Plantlets derived from SEs were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with a survival rate of 78%. Among the survived plantlets, 9 plantlets were randomly selected for inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. Of the 13 primers used, 8 produced reproducible and monomorphic bands. ISSR analysis revealed a homogenous amplification profile for all regenerated plantlets analyzed validating the genetic stability of somatic embryo derived plantlets.

Floristic analysis and dominance pattern of sal (Shorea robusta) forests in Ranchi, Jharkhand, eastern India

The present study describes the floristic composition and dominance pattern of sal forests in Ranchi, Jharkhand, eastern India. Vegetation was studied in 47 belt transects (50 × 100 m) that had 137 plant species (110 identified and 27 unidentified) belonging to 51 families. The family Fabaceae with 17 species (8 spp. belonging to subfamily Faboideae, 6 spp. to Caesalpinioideae and 3 spp. to Mimosoidieae) contributed the most to diversity, followed by Rubiaceae (8 spp.) and Euphorbiaceae (6 spp.). Tree density in sal was inversely related to species richness. Total tree density (≥ 10 cm GBH) in the studied forests was 397 individuals ha−1, with a basal cover of 262.50 m2 ha−1. Important plants of conservation concern are Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall, Sterculiaurens Roxb., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, and Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop. Phanerophytes had the highest percentage (71%, with percentage deviation from normal life form of + 25) followed by therophyte (15%, with percentage deviation + 2). Observed percentage deviation from normal life form was much lower (with + 2 percentage deviation) in both chamaephytes (8%) and therophytes (15%), suggesting that the studied sal forests are favorable for supporting various plants species. The forest management strategies should focus on the increasing demands for different timber and non-timber forest products to conserve the plant diversity of these natural forests.