Marsilea Crenata Research Articles

The Effect of Water Fraction Derived from Green Clover (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) Leaves on Differentiation and Maturation of Human Osteoblast Cell

Women over the age of 40 often experience a decrease in bone mass due to a lack of estrogen, which can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Previous studies have shown that the leaves of Green Clover (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) contains phytoestrogen compounds which can potentially replace the function of estrogen in the body. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the ability of water fractions from M. crenata leaves in increasing the expression of osterix (Osx) and osteocalcin (Ocn), which are important indicators of increased bone formation, specificially on differentiation and maturation of osteoblast cell. In this study, the water fraction with a dose of 62.5; 125; and 250 µg/L, as well as Genistein 2.5 µg/ml, were given to human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) 1.19 cells that had reached the confluence point. The analysis method uses immunocytochemical techniques with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to identify changes in the bone formation process. All dosages of water fraction considerably enhanced the bone formation in hFOB 1.19 cells, as indicated by the results. The results of this study provide confirmation that the water fraction derived from M. crenata leaves has promise as a possible agent for combating osteoporosis. This is achieved by enhancing differentiation and maturation of osteoblast cell through the upregulation of Osx and Ocn genes.

Effect of polar fractions of Marsilea crenata C. Presl. leaves in zebrafish locomotor activity.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are pathological conditions initiated by the loss of neuronal cell structure and the progressive decline in function caused by prolonged neuroinflammation. Postmenopausal women are at a high risk of experiencing NDs due to estrogen deficiency in their bodies, necessitating the administration of phytoestrogens as a replacement for estrogen in the body. One alternative therapy is administering phytoestrogens, estrogen-like substances from plants, which can be obtained from Marsilea crenata C. Presl. leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine whether administration of the n-butanol fraction (BF) and water fraction (WF) of M. crenata leaves could increase locomotor activity in rotenone-induced zebrafish. Treatment was given to each group of zebrafish with BF and WF at doses of 2.5; 5; 10; and 20 ppm to determine the locomotor activity. Then an analysis was carried out by looking at each movement of the zebrafish swimming for 1 min at the time of observation on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The result showed that BF and WF significantly increased the locomotor activity of zebrafish at the optimum dose of 20 ppm for BF and 5 ppm for WF compared to the negative control. This concludes that the polar fraction of M. crenata leaves is proven to have the potential to prevent ND progressivity.

Effects of ethyl acetate extracts of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves on risks of atherosclerosis in dyslipidemic rats

Background: Dyslipidemia is widely known as a significant contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Over the years, traditional therapeutic strategies, including the use of herbs, have been recognized. Marsilea crenata Presl. (MC), or a plant known for its phytoestrogen content, has shown biological activities similar to oestrogen. These activities comprise the reduction of serum cholesterol levels, thereby having potential roles in managing dyslipidaemia and its associated cardiovascular risks.Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of ethyl acetate extracts of MC leaves on the serum lipid profile of experimental rats with dyslipidaemia induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: This study applied a pretest-post-test study design with control group, involving 30 rats which are divided into 5 treatment groups, namely N (normal), HFD, STA (Simvastatin), MC1, MC2, and MC3. Group N was only treated with standard feed, and the others received HFD on days 1-14. On the 15th – 28th day, the HFD group was treated with standard feed, and the STA group received simvastatin 0.36 mg/200 g BW/day. The groups of MC1, MC2, and MC3 were treated with oral MC extracts at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively. Their body weight was measured at the beginning of the study, as well as after 2 and 4 weeks. Subsequently, the experimental rats were fasted overnight on the 14th and 28th day. Their blood was collected on the 15th day (pre-test) and 29th day (post-test) to measure serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) concentration was also calculated by using the Friedewald formula. Results: MC3 extracts significantly reduced the TC (-40.95 ± 1.77), TG (-46.12 ± 3.79), and LDL-c levels (-0.017 ± 0.010), and it also increased levels of HDL-c (11.28 ± 2.34) mg/dL in the HFD-induced rats.Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extracts of MC leaves could reduce risk factors for atherosclerosis by returning lipid profile of the dyslipidemic rats to normal conditions with an increased dose.

Pengaruh herbisida bentazon 400 g/l + mcpa 60 g/l terhadap gulma, pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.)

Weeds are one of the obstacles in rice cultivation because they can reduce rice yields both in quality and quantity. Weeds compete in terms of necessities of life such as water, nutrients and sunlight. This study aims to determine the effect of betazon 400 g/l + MCPA 60 g/l in controlling weeds and the growth of paddy rice. The research was conducted in Palasah Village, Kertajati District, Majalengka Regency, West Java. The experiment used a one-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments and four replications. The experiment consisted of five treatments of bentazone 400 g/l + MCPA 60 g/l at a dose of 1.5 L/ha, 2.0 L/ha, 2.5 L/ha, 3.0 L/ha, 3.5 L/ha, the comparison is in the form of manual control and without weed control. The data obtained if there is a significant difference will be further tested using the testDuncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the level of 5%. The results showed that the application of the herbicide Bentazone 400 g/l + MCPA 60 g/l at a dose of 1.5 L/ha was able to suppress the growth of broadleaf weeds (Lindernia crustarcea, Spenoclia zeylanica and Marsilea crenata), sedge weeds (Cypress iria and Fimbristylis miliacea) and does not cause symptoms of toxicity (phytotoxicity) to rice plants which so that they do not interfere with their growth.

The five key types of Marsilea crenata as a potential identification tool for biology students

An identification key is one of the tools used to determine the identity of a plant specimen. This research aims to design an identification key for M. crenata and analyze its potential as an identification tool. The research uses an observational descriptive method. The identification keys were designed for populations growing in aquatic floating, emergent, and terrestrial habitats. The key types designed are (1) short parallel, (2) long parallel, (3) numerical, (4) circular diagram, and (5) columnar diagram. The key characters are qualitative and quantitative, consisting of seven morphological and two anatomical characters. The potential of the identification keys was evaluated based on expert judgment regarding the quality and relevance of the keys as identification tools, accuracy, time, and assessment of student satisfaction. The data were analyzed quantitatively and descriptively. The reliability of expert judgment data was determined based on the percentage of agreement and Cronbach α, while the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze student assessment data and to determine the mean as well as SD of identification time. Student responses were processed in the form of percentages. The results of the expert assessment show that five key types have potential as a tool of identifying ferns diversity. Based on the effectiveness of key use and student assessment, numerical keys are the type that has the least potential, while short parallel keys have the best potential as a tool of identification. However, the five key types that have been developed can be used in learning to train students' identification skills.

PENGARUH AIR REBUSAN DAUN SEMANGGI AIR (Marsilea crenata) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH MENCIT (Mus musculus) HIPERGLIKEMIA

Hyperglycemia is a marker of diabetes mellitus which is generally caused by damaged pancreatic ? cells which interferes with insulin secretion, causing the amount of blood glucose in the body to be uncontrolled. Marsilea crenata is known to contain several phytochemical compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids and steroids which have a positive effect on treating metabolic disorders. This study aims to determine the effect of Marsilea crenata cooking water on blood glucose levels in Mus musculus. The method used to check blood glucose levels is the POCT method. The results obtained in this study indicate that there is a difference in the average blood glucose examination in the treatment group and the control group. The average blood glucose before treatment was found to be 186.1 mg/dl, while measurements at the 4th and 7th hours after therapy with Marsilea crenata boiled water showed results of 166 mg/dl and 155.2 mg/dl. Statistical tests indicated that there was a significant difference or the effect of giving Marsilea crenata boiled water on decreasing blood glucose levels. Keywords : Marsilea crenata, Mus musculus, Blood glucose level, Hyperglycemia

Phytoremediation of a Combination of Water Clover (Marsilea crenata) and Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus) for Fecal Wastewater

The Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant (IPLT) is a wastewater treatment system that aims to treat fecal waste so it does not pollute the environment. One of the fecal waste water treatment processes at IPLT Supit Urang uses a phytoremediation process. This study aims to determine the phytoremediation ability of the combination of Water clover (Marsilea crenata) and Java fern (Microsorum pteropus) on fecal waste water in the Fecal Waste Treatment Plant. This research is an experimental research method using 3 repetitions and observed 5 times within 5 weeks with the tested parameters being total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrivc conductivity (EC), and total suspended solids (TSS). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the ability of the combination of Microsorum pteropus and Marsilea crenata to reduce faecal waste between weeks of observation. The results showed that in general the combination of the two plant species was less effective in reducing TDS, EC and TSS content. There were significant differences in the content of the three physical parameters of water quality between weeks of observation.Keywords: Phytoremediation, Fecal waste treatment, Water Clover (Marsilea crenata), Java ferns (Microsorum pteropus)

Effect of a Combination of Water Clover (Marsilea Crenata) Ethanol Extract and Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera) Ethanol Extract on Follicle and Oocyte Diameter of Goat: In Vitro Study

Water clover (Marsilea crenata) and moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are types of herbal plants that are widely used in various alternative medicines. Pharmacologically, both have active compounds such as flavonoids which have cellular activities such as antioxidants and estrogenic. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a combination of water clover ethanol extract and Moringa leaf ethanol extract with different treatment groups with the same concentration on follicle and oocyte growth based on follicle diameter and oocyte diameter after six days of culture. This experimental study used 24 antral follicles (2.5-3.2 mm) which were isolated, and randomly divided into four treatment groups namely K (control) without supplementation of water clover ethanol extract and moringa leaf ethanol extract, group D1 with water clover ethanol extract, group D2 with supplementation of moringa leaf ethanol extract, and group D3 with supplementation of a combination of water clover ethanol extract and moringa leaf

Standardization of Semanggi (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) Leaves from Benowo District, Surabaya for Standardized Herbal Raw Material

Semanggi (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) is a unique plant that grows in East Java, Indonesia. Its leaves are widely used as ingredients for traditional food. Semanggi leaves contain phytoestrogen compounds that can be used for their antineuroinflammatory, antiosteoporosis, and antioxidant properties. This effect is believed to be caused by kaempferol as an active marker. This study aims to determine the specific and non-specific parameters of semanggi leaves from Benowo District of Surabaya. The standardization results for specific parameters revealed the macroscopic characteristics of the leaves in radius ± 2 cm, pale green to yellowish-green color, smooth surface, obdeltoid shape, and four leaves. The microscopic features are stomata on the epidermis, crystal sand calcium oxalate, bone leaves with vascular bundle, and no space between the epidermis. The organoleptic characteristics are yellowish-green color, tasteless, astringent smell. The physicochemical of water-soluble content result was 7.4566 ± 0.1173% and soluble ethanol was 7.7466 ± 0.4083%. The phytochemical positive test results for the identification of alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Based on UHPLC-HRMS analysis, semanggi leaves contain 0,41% kaempferol with a retention time of 6.88 ± 0.2 minute. The results for non-specific parameters indicated that the content of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, moisture, and drying shrinkage content was 0.8136 ± 0.0171%; 7.9700 ± 0.1044%; 6.2547 ± 0.2864%; and 9.0936 ± 0.1305% respectively. The results indicate that the semanggi leaves sample have been assessed and found to meet the established standards.

Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Clover (Marsilea crenata) Powder Infusion with the Addition of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Clover (Marsilea crenata) has the potential to be used as powder infusion products because its benefits to health. The disadvantage of clover leaf is it produce an unpleasant aroma that requires the addition of spices. This study aims to study the effect of clover powder formulations and red ginger (Zingiber officinale) spice on the chemical and sensory characteristics of herbal infusion. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD), namely the comparison of Clover leaf powder and red ginger powder, namely (95%:5%), (90%:10%), (85%:15%) and (80%:20%). The analysis included moisture content, ash content, antioxidant activity, water soluble extract content as well as sensory quality tests and hedonic tests. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and continued with DNMRT at the 5% level. The addition of red ginger powder had a significant effect on moisture content, ash content, antioxidant activity (IC50), water soluble extract content, and descriptive and hedonic sensory assessment and overall assessment. The selected formula based on the final result is the addition of 80% clover powder and 20% red ginger powder with a water content of 16.68%; ash content 4.71%; antioxidant activity 207.745 ppm; and water-soluble essence content of 19.02%. The sensory quality test of the selected products obtained a brownish-green color, not unpleasant, and a bit spicy. The results of the hedonic test showed that the color, aroma, and taste of powder infusion were preferred by the panellists.

Effect of Phytoremediation of Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Marsilea crenata C. Persl on Reduction of Phosphate Levels in Laundry Waste

Detergent serves as the most widely used cleaner, one of the ingredients for detergent is phosphate. Excessive phosphate in the waters will cause eutrophication and endanger the aquatic biota in it. Therefore, a solution is needed to reduce phosphate in the waters; one such way is by using Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Marsilea crenata C. Presl. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plant species and phytoremediation time on phosphate levels in laundry waste. The variables studied were variations in plant species and phytoremediation time. In the plant variety, water hyacinth, water clover, and a combination of the two are used. In the variation of time used 0, 48 and 96 hours. The waste used is waste from a laundry business in Wonokromo, Surabaya. Parameters tested include phosphate, DO, BOD, pH, temperature, and turbidity. The exploration stage is in the form of acclimatisation and range finding tests to determine the concentration of wastewater used in the experimental stage. The results showed that plant species and phytoremediation time affected the decrease in phosphate levels. The correlation between phytoremediation time on parameters of phosphate levels, BOD, and pH will decrease with the duration of phytoremediation, but DO parameters will increase with the duration of phytoremediation.

The Potency of Water Clover (<I>Marsilea crenata</I> C. Presl.) Leaves as Anticholesterolemic Functional Foods Through <I>In Silico</I> Study

Highlight Research 1. There were 26 active compounds from water clover leaf extract that were identified using GC-MS 2. In silico approach was used to screen potential anticholesterolemic compounds from water clover leaf extract 3. Anticholesterolemic compounds from water clover leaf extract were interacted with HMG-CoA reductase receptors and compared to native ligand and medicine 4. There were 6 potential anticholesterolemic compounds identified from water clover leaf extract Abstract Water clover (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) is a widely available plant in Indonesia and often utilized as a traditional food ingredient. This plant is also traditionally believed to contain compounds that can decrease blood cholesterol. This study aimed to determine the compounds in water clover which have the potential to decrease blood cholesterol through inhibition of the HMG-CoA enzyme using in silico approach. This research was done in several steps, i.e., extraction using ethyl acetate solvent, identification of chemical compounds using GC-MS, and screening of compounds with potential to be anticholesterolemic agent through in silico using PyRx 0.8 (AutoDockVina and Open Babel GUI version 2.4.1), Discovery Studio Visualizer 2021, and PyMOL™ 1.7.4.5 software. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract of water clover contained 26 compounds, 6 of which were potential to be anticholesterolemic agent, i.e., phytol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,4-di- tert-butylphenol, diethyl phthalate, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, and dipentene. Binding affinity values of those six compounds were lower than the native ligand of the HMG-CoA reductase, although still higher compared to pravastatin. The binding affinity value of pravastatin was -7.13 kcal/mol and the binding affinity value of 3-methyl glutaric acid as a native ligand was -5.33 kcal/mol, meanwhile, the lowest binding affinity value of compounds in water clover was phytol (-6.37 kcal/mol) and the highest was dipentene (-5.40 kcal/mol). Through in silico study, there were six compounds from water clover leaf’s ethyl acetate extract that could inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase. Therefore, water clover leaf has the potential to become an anticholesterolemic functional food ingredient.

THE FORMULATION OF SELF-NANOEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Marsilea crenata C. Presl. LEAVES

Marsilea crenata C. Presl. contains phytoestrogens, which have structures or activity similar to estrogen and could potentially be utilized as a neuroprotector in an estrogen deficiency disease. This study aims to utilize M. crenata in the formulation of SNEDDS as a neuroprotector. The dosage form chosen aims to maintain stability and effectiveness because of its multi-compound properties. M. crenata was extracted using ethanol, then formulated into four SNEDDS formulas, and then characterization was done, which included physical quality (organoleptic and pH), particle size, polydispersity index, transmittance percentage, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the four formulas produced a homogenous yellow color with a distinctive odor formulation; the values of the pH, particle size, polydispersity index, and transmittance percentage were still in the allowable range; and the SEM analysis showed that SNEDDS particles dominated with a spherical shape of particles. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves can be formulated into SNEDDS and the best SNEDDS formulation was formula B at 100 ppm extract concentration which had the smallest particle size, smallest polydispersity index, and the largest transmission percentage.

Antineuroinflammatory Properties of Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Marsilea crenata C. Presl. Against Toll-Like Receptor 2 (3A7B) In Silico

Parkinson's disease (PD) can be triggered by overactive TLR2 due to α-synuclein abnormalities and aggregation. Marsilea crenata C. Presl. leaves inhibit neuroinflammatory progression. This study aimed to predict the antineuroinflammatory activity of M. crenata leaves with TLR2 (ID 3A7B) in an in silico study. The list of chemicals was collected through metabolite profiling with UPLC-QToF MS/MS, then analyzed for physicochemical properties using SwissADME and toxicity using the ProTox II online program. This analysis confirmed the molecule's safety for therapeutic use. ChemDraw 12.0 was used to build metabolite-profiled compounds. Avogadro 1.2.0 was utilized to optimize geometry, while PyRx 0.8 was used for Autodock Vina molecular docking. Agonist-TLR2 interactions were examined using docking results from Biovia Discovery Studio 2021. Tethering is valid; the program can be used because the RMSD is less than 2. The results showed that 6 of the 84 metabolite-profiled compounds were antagonistic to 3A7B and shared similar pharmacophore distances and amino acid linkages with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a native ligand of 3A7B. By binding to TLR2, the compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of M. crenata leaves may potentially inhibit PD progression.

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Marsilea crenata Presley Leaves on Rotenone-Induced Zebrafish Locomotor Activity

Neurodegenerative diseases are mostly experienced by postmenopausal women and are often caused by estrogen deficiency, so it is necessary to replace the hormone estrogen in the form of phytoestrogens. One of the plants that contain phytoestrogens is Marsilea crenata. The objective of this study is to see if giving rotenone-induced zebrafish a 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves increases locomotor activity. This research was conducted by inducing 5 µg/L rotenone as a compound that will interfere with the locomotor activity of zebrafish. Next, treatment was given with 96% ethanol extract of clover in each group with a dose of 2.5; 5; 10; and 20 mg/mL to determine the effect of the extract on increasing locomotor activity of rotenone-induced zebrafish. Observations were made by looking at the quantity of zebrafish swimming every five minutes until day 28. The treatment of 96% ethanol extract of M. crenata leaves could significantly increase zebrafish motility at the optimum dose of 2.5 mg/mL, because every week the zebrafish locomotor activity increased compared to the negative control. M. crenata leaves extract is proven to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. However, further research needs to be done on the degenerative effects of rotenone every week.

Metabolite Profiling of the Environmental-Controlled Growth of Marsilea crenata Presl. and Its In Vitro and In Silico Antineuroinflammatory Properties

This study was aimed to evaluate the metabolite contents and antineuroinflammatory potential of Marsilea crenata Presl. grown under a controlled environmental condition. The antineuroinflammatory test has been carried out in vitro using ethanolic extract of M. crenata leaves on HMC3 microglia cells. An in silico approach was applied to predict the active compounds of the extract. The HMC3 microglia cells were induced with IFNγ to create prolonged inflammatory conditions and then treated with 96% ethanolic extract of the M. crenata leaves of 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/mL. The expression of MHC II was analyzed using the ICC method with the CLSM instrument. Metabolites of the extract were profiled using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS instrument and MassLynx 4.1 software. In silico evaluation was conducted with molecular docking on 3OLS protein using PyRx 0.8 software, and physicochemical properties of the compounds were analyzed using SwissADME webtool. The ethanolic extract of M. crenata leaves could reduce the MHC II expression in HMC3 microglia cells in all concentrations with the values 97.458, 139.574, and 82.128 AU. The result of metabolite profiling found 79 compounds in the extract. In silico evaluation showed that 19 compounds gave agonist interaction toward 3OLS, and three met all parameters of physicochemical analysis. The ethanolic extract of the environmental-controlled growth of M. crenata leaves antineuroinflammatory activity on HMC3 microglia cells. The extract was predicted to contain some phytoestrogen compounds which act as 3OLS agonists.

Computational study on the effectiveness of flavonoids from Marsilea crenata C. Presl as potent SIRT1 activators and NFκB Inhibitors

Ovarian aging is a natural process in females, and it occurs due to an elevated ROS-induced inflammation caused by oxidative stress. SIRT-1 is a metabolic sensor that tightly regulates oxidative and inflammatory responses. However, this regulative function is antagonized by NFκB. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the pathways involved in aging and identify the flavonoid compounds from Marsilea crenata that might be useful as SIRT1 activators and NFκB inhibitors. The screening began with exploring the protein-protein interaction in the experimental process using BioGrid, and the role of the flavonoid was evaluated using STITCH. The interaction between hyperoside, luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin against SIRT1 and NFκB was determined through molecular docking, while their toxicity was also evaluated. The present result demonstrated that seven proteins were similar to the SIRT1 and NFκB pathways. The STITCH result showed six proteins involved in aging, and quercetin was shown to interact with SIRT1. The molecular docking result demonstrated that hyperoside exhibited as a SIRT1 activator for dimeric, heterodimeric, and heterotrimeric chains and NFκB inhibitor for p52-RelB, p50-p65 complex, and IκK, as it had the best binding affinity compared to the other flavonoids. These flavonoids also potentially have at least one toxicity characteristic. In conclusion, flavonoids from M. crenata might be a promising activator of SIRT1 and inhibitors of NFκB.

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals by Consuming the Aquatic Plant Species Near an Electronic Waste Open Dumpsite in Thailand

Heavy metals from electronic waste (e-waste) accumulate in the environment and can affect human health. The purpose of this study was to determine As, Cd, Cr and Pb concentrations in water, sediment and three species of edible aquatic plants (Ottelia alismoides, Ipomoea aquatic and Marsilea crenata) near an e-waste open dumpsite. Samples were collected from six sampling points surrounding an e-waste open dumpsite and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were evaluated in the plants. The Pb concentration in the water samples exceeded the quality standard. The order of the heavy metal concentrations in the sediment was Pb>Cr>As >Cd, and these concentrations were within the limits of the quality standard. The order of the heavy metal concentrations in O. alismoides, I. aquatic and M. crenata was Cr>Pb>As>Cd, Pb>Cr>As>Cd and Pb>Cr>As>Cd, respectively. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr and Pb in O. alismoides and As, Cr and Pb in I. aquatic and M. crenata exceeded the quality standard of food consumption. Most of the BAF values of the heavy metals in O. alismoides were more than one, but in I. aquatic and M. crenata, they were less than one. The order of the EDI values in O. alismoides, I. aquatic and M. crenata was Cr>Pb>As>Cd, Pb>Cr>As>Cd and Cr>As>Pb >Cd, respectively. The HQ values were greater than one for As, Cd and Pb in O. alismoides; Pb in I. aquatic; and As and Pb in M. crenata. The HQ and CR values show that the consumption of edible plants from an e-waste open dumpsite is a human health risk.

The Effect Of Combination Of Technology Of Planting And Control Of Weeds On The Dominant Value Of Weeds And Rice Productivity

The problem currently arises in lowland rice cultivation is the presence of nuisance plants, namely weeds which can reduce crop yields by up to 90%. Therefore, it is necessary to find a way out by testing several weed control technologies that farmers can use. The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the effect of technology for planting methods, namely Tabela in arrays, evenly spaced tables, and evenly distributed tables, on the growth and production of lowland rice, (2) To determine the effect of weed control technology using herbicides with active ingredients metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4 -D on the growth and production of lowland rice and (3) To determine the effect of the Combination of planting technology and weed control technology on the growth and production of lowland rice. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) as the environmental design. The treatment design was a split-plot design: Main Plot, Planting Method Technology (T): T1 = Array Tables, T2 = Distance Tables, T3 = Tables Spread Evenly. Sub-plots, Weed Control Technology (G): G1 = Herbicide with active ingredient mtsulfuron methyl, G2 = Herbicide with active ingredient 2,4-D, G3 = Combination of mtsulfuron methyl and 2,4-D. Thus there were nine treatments, each treatment was repeated three times, so there were 27 experimental units. One experimental plot measuring 4 x 6 m. The placement of all treatments in the experimental plot was done randomly. The dominant weed species observed were Paspalum disticum, Fibristylis litoralis, Marsilea crenata, Cyperus iria and Echinochloa colonum. The dominant weed species in all treatment combinations observed at 21 DAP were Paspalum distichum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Marsilea crenata, Lersia hexandra and Fimbristylis litoralis. There was no difference in rice production in all treatment combinations. The difference in production only occurred in the average planting method, where the highest production occurred in the T1 treatment.

The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata presl. leaves in increasing osterix expression in hFOB 1.19 cells

Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves contain phytoestrogens that is suspected to play a role in increasing bone formation. Bone formation activity is defined by the expression of Osterix, a transcription factor that plays a key role in bone development. The aim of this study is to show that the ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves can increase bone formation process in hFOB 1.19 cells in a TNF-α dependent manner, by measurement of Osterix. The hFOB 1.19 cells were grown in 24-well microplates and treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 24 hours. The ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves were also added in concentrations of 62.5, 125, and 250 ppm. A positive control was employed, at a concentration of 2.5 g/L of genistein. The expression of osterix was examined using an immunocytochemistry technique with CLSM to assess bone forming activity. The results show that ethyl acetate fraction Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves can boost osterix expression in hFOB 1.19 cells, with optimal concentration was 250 ppm at p<0.005. The ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves can increase Osterix in osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell, indicating improved bone forming activity.