Marshall Mix Design Research Articles

Moisture damage resistance of hot-mix asphalt made with paper industry wastes as filler

Certain paper industry wastes display high recycling potential. In this investigation, the feasibility of using green liquor dregs and biomass fly ash from the paper industry as filler in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) for road pavement construction is analysed. Particularly, the moisture damage resistance (i.e., water sensitivity) of an AC 22 base B50/70 G has been studied using the Indirect Tensile Strength Test at the Marshall mix design optimum asphalt content. The most important filler properties have been determined to study water resistance: filler water content, grain size distribution using light scattering analysis techniques, morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), chemical and mineralogical composition using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, detrimental fines content using the methylene blue test and the stiffening effect of the filler in the mastic by determining the ring and ball (R&B) softening temperature and the bitumen penetration grade. Additionally, the Rolling Bottle method and Boiling Water tests have been conducted to analyse the asphalt-aggregate bond. A control filler (i.e., commercial limestone filler) was used to compare the results. Also the mechanical properties (stiffness and resistance to the permanent deformation) of the mixtures were studied. As a result, it can be concluded that dregs have poor water resistance. Additionally, fly ash displayed inadequate water resistance for HMA.

Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) on the Durability of Asphaltic Concrete

The Cantabro durability test is usually used for open graded asphalt mixtures and has seen little use with dense graded mixtures. This paper presents durability data from the Cantabro test for Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) modified dense graded asphaltic concrete AC 14. The nature and amount of filler in an asphaltic concrete mixes significantly affect its design and performance. POFA is an ash obtained from the burning of waste material generated from the production of crude palm oil which is of high quantity in Malaysia. A number of trial mixes were prepared using the Marshall Mix design procedure with 5% POFA and 1% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as filler materials to arrive at asphalt concrete mixtures that fulfil the Marshall criteria. Cantabro durability test was used to measure the durability of the asphaltic concrete. The results show that Marshall stability, flow, stiffness and cantabro loss values shows general improvement for the POFA modified asphalt compared to the control specimens.

Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Produced with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate

AbstractThis paper evaluates the replacement of natural aggregate coarse fraction for recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) concrete production, an area in which studies are recent and scarce. Crushed stone coarse aggregates (CSCA) were replaced by RCA with a 30 MPa compressive strength in the following percentages: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, and mixed with asphalt cement (AC) 50-70. Volumetric and mechanical properties resulting from the Marshall mix design method, along with permanent deformation and durability by the moisture-induced damage test (Lottman), were analyzed. The results indicate that, although RCA shows higher absorption, higher Los Angeles abrasion, and lower density than the crushed stone aggregates, the mixtures showed satisfactory results for use as an asphalt concrete surface layer on low-volume roads. Wheel tracking tests presented permanent deformations ranging between 4.4 and 9.3%. It was also perceived as an adhesiveness improvement in the RCA mixture. The resul...

Development of Design Gyration Levels for Airfield Asphalt Pavement

Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide guidance for adapting Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) procedures to design airfield asphalt mixes (specifically to select the design asphalt content) with comparable properties to Item P-401 protocol. Three methods were used for selecting the SGC design compactive effort: (1) evaluate in-place density in the general manner used during development of the Marshall mix design airfield procedure; (2) compare specimen bulk specific gravities compacted with the Marshall hammer and SGC; and (3) test airfield mixes using confined repeated load permanent deformation testing to determine the binder content at which the mixtures become unstable. The result of this analysis was a gyration level related to tire pressure.

Use of Ash in Hot Dense Mixtures

Bituminous ash produced by the oil industry is used in landfill in large quantities. Recycling ashes coming from the oil industry can have signifi-cant benefits for the environment and is an attractive option for highway construction because it saves material acquisition and disposal costs. An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the use of these ashes as a replacement for mineral filler in hot-mix asphalt concrete. Physical tests were performed on the bituminous ash to determine its gradation, specific gravity, and chemical composition. Two cases were considered for determining the ash proportion. To evaluate the effect of a reduction in asphalt binder, ash with a maximum particle size of 0.074 mm [i.e., passing the Number (No.) 200 sieve] was used as a replacement for the asphalt cement content at percentages of 0 (i.e., control mix), 5, 10, and 15 by total asphalt weight. Also, ash was used as a replacement of the fine aggregate at percentages of 0, 30, 50, and 70 by total aggregate weight. In both cases, the ash came from thermal desorption in the hydrocarbon processes. Mix design was accomplished according to the Marshall mix design method (ASTM D1559). The results of these studies showed that use of ash passing the No. 4 sieve improved asphalt concrete characteristics while it reduced the use of aggregates when the asphalt proportion was 4.5%. Likewise, use of 0.8% fine ash (i.e., finer than the No. 200 sieve) to reduce the asphalt content in the hot dense mixture also improved the performance of asphalt concrete.

The relationship of bitumen content, aggregate surface area, and extraction time using asphalt ignition furnace

Aggregates make up between 80% and 90% of total volume or 94% to 95% of the mass of hot mix asphalt (HMA). For this reason, aggregate properties are very important. It directly affects the workability of the HMA. One of the properties of aggregate is coated surface area. The main objective of this study was to search the relationship of the surface area of aggregate, bitumen content, and extraction time in order to find the coated surface area of aggregate to be correlative with the optimum bitumen content. Three types of aggregate grading including dense grading, open grading, and gap grading that designed as ACW14, PA, and SMA14 were tested in accordance with the JKR Specification. A total of 45 specimens were prepared using Marshall Mix design method with three types of grading: ACW14 (dense graded), SMA14 (gap graded), and PA (open graded) in order to determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC). The second phase was to determine the coated surface area of aggregate by using the surface area factor. 45 samples were prepared and subjected to extraction of the bitumen content using NCAT ignition furnace to determine the time to remove bitumen from the aggregate in different types of mixes. Based on the results, it was observed that the bitumen content was significantly affected by the aggregate surface area while the aggregate surface area was influenced by the fine aggregate. Moreover, all of the observed parameters fitted highly to the linear relationship. Thus, it can be concluded that the bitumen content, aggregate surface area and the characteristics of bitumen have an influence on the extraction time.

Asphalt Mixture for the First Asphalt Concrete Directly Fastened Track in Korea

The research has been initiated to develop the asphalt mixtures which are suitable for the surface of asphalt concrete directly fastened track (ADFT) system and evaluate the performance of the asphalt mixture. Three aggregate gradations which are upper (finer), medium, and below (coarser). The nominal maximum aggregate size of asphalt mixture was 10 mm. Asphalt mixture design was conducted at 3 percent air voids using Marshall mix design method. To make impermeable asphalt mixture surface, the laboratory permeability test was conducted for asphalt mixtures of three different aggregate gradations using asphalt mixture permeability tester. Moisture susceptibility test was conducted based on AASHTO T 283. The stripping percentage of asphalt mixtures was measured using a digital camera and analyzed based on image analysis techniques. Based on the limited research results, the finer aggregate gradation is the most suitable for asphalt mixture for ADFT system with the high TSR value and the low stripping percentage and permeable coefficient. Flow number and beam fatigue tests for finer aggregate asphalt mixture were conducted to characterize the performance of asphalt mixtures containing two modified asphalt binders: STE-10 which is styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer and ARMA which is Crum rubber modified asphalt. The performance tests indicate that the STE-10 shows the higher rutting life and fatigue life.

Performance Evaluation of Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixtures

Attention has been increasing towards the use of polymer modified asphalt, because conventional asphalt mixtures cannot resist the high axle loads and tire pressures. Several classes of modified binders have been used in asphalt pavements. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of adding several types of polymers on asphalt cement and asphalt mixtures. Experimental program involved two phases. The first phase was modifying the asphalt using six types of polymers then evaluating the properties of the modified asphalt. The second phase was evaluating the effect of binder modification on Marshall mix design and indirect tensile strength of the asphalt concrete mixtures. It was found that the optimum percentage of PVC, plastic bags and novolac was 4%, and the optimum percentage of HDPE was 5% by weight of asphalt. These percentages caused increase in kinematic viscosity, stability, and indirect tensile strength and caused reduction in penetration.

Utilisation of Rice Husk Ash in Asphaltic Concrete Pavement

This paper presents the experimental results on the utilisation of Rice Hush Ash (RHA) as a replacement for mineral filler in asphaltic concrete pavement in Malaysia. Asphaltic concrete mixes containing RHA at different amounts and control specimens were prepared in accordance to Marshall Mix design, and their performance on stability, flow and bulk density were evaluated. Optimum binder content (OBC) and voids analysis were also conducted to compare performance of RHA at different contents. Results reveal that all RHA mixes have satisfied the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) specification on wearing course in regard with Marshall Stability and Flow, especially RHA-75. This material is potentially to be used as partial or fully substitution of mineral filler (stone dust) in pavement construction.

INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE INDEX OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND ITS INFLUENCES ON PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES

Mineral aggregate constitutes approximately 95% of hot mix asphalt by weight. The present study includes the determination of particle index based on fractured faces counts of coarse aggregate i.e. less than 2, more than or equal to 2 and more than 3 and its influences on marshall and fatigue properties of hot mix asphalt mixtures. The different particle index values ranging from 9 to 16 for the coarser size (19-13.2mm) have been determined and the same are used in the marshall mix design. The important factor for minimizing fatigue property of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture are, the fractured face count for coarse aggregate. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of particle index value on aggregate properties. Asphalt mix with crushed particles produces higher stability values with the increase in particle index value. The study also found that an increase in the amount of crushed particles causes decrease in unit weight and an increase in voids in mineral aggregate and optimum asphalt content. As fractured faces counts increases, the stiffness ratio (TSR) also increases. More the particle index value better will be the resistance to fatigue (Permanent deformation of the pavement).

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS MIXES WITH RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) MATERIALS (CASE STUDY TUMKUR TO CHITRADURGA-NH4)

Recycling asphalt means adding the reclaimed asphalt to new asphalt mixes, with the aggregates and the old bitumen performing the same function as in their original application. Re-use asphalt means the utilization of reclaimed asphalt as foundation, fill or base course material, with the recovered aggregate and bitumen performing a lesser function than in the original application. Recycling of hot mix asphalt (HMA) material results in a reusable mixture of aggregate and asphalt binder known as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Recycling of asphalt pavements is a valuable approach for technical, economical, and environmental reasons. Using RAP has been favored over virgin materials in the light of the increasing cost of asphalt, the scarcity of quality aggregates, and the pressuring need to preserve the environment. The present laboratory investigation carried out on Bituminous Concrete (BC) mixes prepared with 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % RAP material obtained by scarifying existing distressed asphalt pavement, Surface new aggregate and bitumen such as VG-30 without using any rejuvenator. In this investigation RAP to new aggregate ratio has been adopted as 10:90, 20:80, 30:70and 40:60.Various laboratory tests such as Marshall mix design, static indirect tensile test, repeated load indirect tensile fatigue tests were carried out on RAP mix and the results were found. From the laboratory results it is observed that RAP mixes shows good Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength, and fatigue life similar to conventional asphalt mix.

Laboratory Mix Design of Asphalt Mixture Containing Reclaimed Material

This paper presents a study on the production of asphalt test specimens in the laboratory containing reclaimed asphalt. The mixtures considered were stone mastic asphalt concrete mixtures containing up to 30% of reclaimed asphalt. Specimens were compacted to the reference density obtained from the Marshall mix design. Gyration compaction method was used for preparing specimens for the experimental programme, while coring and cutting methods and X-ray computed tomography (CT) were used to investigate the change in properties within the specimens and to validate the selected methodology. The study concluded that gyratory compaction is suitable to produce homogeneous test specimens also for mixtures containing high amount of reclaimed asphalt. Nevertheless, preliminary trials for each material are mandatory, as well as final coring and trimming of the specimens due to side effects.

Effect of Using Polymers on Bituminous Mixtures Characteristics in Egypt

Attention has been increasing towards the use of polymer modified asphalt, because conventional asphalt mixtures cannot resist the high axle loads and tire pressures. Several classes of modified binders have been used in asphalt pavements. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of adding several types of polymers on asphalt cement and asphalt concrete mixtures. Experimental program involved two phases. The first phase was modifying the asphalt using six types of polymers then evaluating the properties of the modified asphalt. The second phase was evaluating the effect of binder modification on Marshall mix design characteristics and indirect tensile strength of the asphalt concrete mixtures. It was found that the optimum percentage of PVC, plastic bags and novolac was 4%, and the optimum percentage of HDPE was 5% by weight of asphalt. These percentages caused increase in kinematic viscosity, stability, and indirect tensile strength and caused reduction in penetration.

Performance Of Zycosoil– A Nano Material As An Additive With Bituminous Concrete Mix

Road sectors are the engines of growth for economy, employment and empowerment. Towns and cities have acted as focal points in the cultural landscape of India for nearlymillennia, though with some significant breaks in between. They continue to play a major role in India's emergence as a premier industrial and political power in the world. Owing to increases in household income, the demands for personalized vehicles have also increased. The booming trade in the commercial vehicle sector has changed the truck industry in India, and definitely for the betterment to meet the demands of industrial activities putting more pressure on VG 30 flexible roads, the effect is noted more significantly with variations in daily and seasonal temperatures contributing to high stresses affecting the flexible pavement. India is brimming with several bad roads be it the metro cities, the cities or the villages. Hence it is our major responsibility that the highway engineers and those associated to it can construct long-lasting roads. So that India can be at par with the developed countries of the world. In order to cope up with the increasing trend of highly laden vehicles, new innovative materials needs to be utilized for highway construction. The present paper thus enlightens theprocedure to find out optimum bitumen content by Marshall Mix design method for BC mix which attains maximum stability by using innovative nanotechchemical material. To 5.4 % optimum bitumen content for BC mix obtained in the laboratory investigations, required dosages of Zycosoil chemical in 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04% is added and changes in properties are recorded showing improved good results for the mix to be suggested for flexible pavement construction.

Utilization of Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures

Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is considered as one of the largest wastes in the entire world which is produced by demolishing concrete structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams. It is the intention of scientists and researchers, as well as people in authority, to explore waste material recycling for environmental and economic advantages. The current paper presents an experimental research on the feasibility of reusing RCA in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures as a partial replacement of coarse and fine aggregates. The engineering properties of SMA mixtures containing RCA have been evaluated for different percentages of binders based on the Marshall mix design method. The outcomes were statistically analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Test results revealed that the performance of SMA mixtures is affected by RCA due to higher porosity and absorption of RCA in comparison with virgin granite aggregates. However, the engineering properties of SMA mixtures containing a particular amount of RCA showed the acceptable trends and could satisfy the standard requirements. Moreover, to achieve desirable performance characteristics, more caution should be made on properties of SMA mixtures containing RCA.

Use of glass waste as mineral filler in hot mix asphalt

AbstractThe use of resources is increasing due to continuous increase in world population and rapid industrialization, while natural resources are being exhausted day by day. Usage of waste materials or by-products in highway construction has substantial environmental and economic benefits. In this study, the usage of cullet and waste glass bottle dust as mineral filler material in hot mix asphalt as an alternate to traditional crushed stone dust was investigated. Optimum bitumen content was determined by the Marshall mix design method by using six different bitumen contents (4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, and 6.5%). With the optimum bitumen content, three different mineral filler types (cullet, glass bottle waste, and stone dust) and six different filler ratios (4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9%) were used to prepare asphalt mixture samples. Samples were performed using the Marshall stability test, and the results were compared. It is concluded that cullet and glass bottle waste can be used in asphalt mixtures as a mineral filler alternate to crushed stone dust if the economic and environmental factors favor it.

Investigation into hot-mix asphalt moisture-induced damage under tropical climatic conditions

A major concern for highway industries in tropical climatic countries is the excessive moisture-induced damage to hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements as a result of frequent passes by heavy axle loads. Therefore, in this study, two different approaches, the Superpave and Marshall mix design methods, were used to design HMA mixes and a comparison was made to identify how susceptible these mixtures are to moisture damage. The Modified Lottman test and Simple Performance Test (SPT) were performed on unconditioned and conditioned specimens tailored to suit tropical climatic conditions, omitting freeze and thaw. The Modified Lottman test showed that the tensile strength values of Superpave-designed mixtures are higher than Marshall-designed mixtures. The tensile strength ratio (TSR) values decreased from unconditioned to conditioned specimens, suggesting that there is damage to the mixtures. The results also show good agreement between the TSR and ESR in the two tests, with a coefficient of determination value of 0.78. This relationship indicates that the SPT dynamic modulus test was effective and suitable to evaluate the lab-measured moisture susceptibility of HMA mixes. Since the dynamic modulus test provides a full characterisation of the mix over a broad range of temperatures and loading frequencies, this test is highly recommended for Superpave mixture characterisation in tropical climatic conditions.

Evaluation on Mix Design and Rutting Resistance of Dry Mixed Rubberised Asphalt Mixtures

This study presents a laboratory evaluation on the properties of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture using a dry process method in which the fine crumb rubber is added to substitute the aggregates portion and acts as elastic aggregates within the mix. The effect of crumb rubber in the mixture was investigated in terms of the volumetric properties using Marshall Mix Design and rutting performance using Wheel Tracking Test. The crumb rubber was added between 1 to 3% in steps of 1% by weight of aggregates to modify a dense graded mix, Asphaltic Concrete (AC14) and a gap graded mix, Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA14) according to the Malaysian mix design. Based on the result, it was observed that the performance of the asphalt mixtures was significantly affected with the addition of crumb rubber. Rubberised asphalt mixtures for AC14 were found to have a greater resistance on rutting deformation compared to the conventional mixture. However, the use of fine rubber in SMA14 mixture with 80/100 bitumen cannot provide enough binder modification to perform as good as conventional SMA14 mixture with polymer modified bitumen. Furthermore, based on detailed review, a set of procedures for producing dry mixed rubberised asphalt mixture was identified and recommended for future studies.

Laboratory Evaluation on Steel Slag as Aggregate Replacement in Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures

The stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture has been used in many developed countries with the addition of by-product to reduce the consumption of aggregates in road construction. Recently, the Malaysian Public Works Department (PWD) has launched the new specifications on specialty mixture and surface treatment, including SMA. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the use of steel slag as an aggregate replacement in Malaysian SMA. Two types of mixes; namely SMA14 and SMA20 were used in this study. The Marshall Mix design method with 50 compaction efforts was used for the design mix for both mixes, where all the standards were referred to the PWD specification (JKR/SPJ/2008-S4). The performance of SMA14- and SMA20- steel slag mixtures was evaluated in terms of the resilient modulus, rutting and creep deformations, conducted by means of a universal testing machine (UTM) and a Wessex wheel tracking. Except for the water absorption test, it was observed that the strength and shape of the steel slag aggregate meet the PWD specification. In addition, the results also show that the use of steel slag improves the strength and resistance to rutting compared to the control SMA samples.

The Effects of Temperature on the Stiffness Modulus of Dense Graded Asphalt Mixtures

This study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on stiffness modulus of asphaltic concrete. The asphaltic concrete mixture were prepared based on Marshall Mix Design method using two different types of bitumen, the 80/100 penetration grade bitumen (80/100 PGB) and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS), both with five percent bitumen content. Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) test of 1000 N loading was then performed at three different temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C). The results showed that stiffness modulus decreases with increases in temperature for both 80/100 PGB and SBS, which shows the important role of temperature to stiffness modulus of asphaltic concrete. Also, the results showed a higher stiffness modulus for SBS mixtures compare to that of 80/100 PGB mixtures.