Married Women's Participation Research Articles

MARITAL LIFE: A CHALLENGE FOR PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION BY WOMEN IN PAKISTAN

Misapprehensions of culture and religion are used for the early marriages of women in Pakistan, which generates few significant challenges for women to pursue their higher education. The present study identifies such challenges for married women in higher education. These challenges are relevant to women’s post-marriage lifespan in rural Pakistan. Building upon Fredrickson’s (2001) and Hobfoll’s (2001) theories focused on post marriages issues, the study has developed open-ended questions for collecting in-depth information. Therefore, 43 in-depth interviews with married women were conducted and through qualitative data analysis using NVIVO software, the study has highlighted that early marriages of girls have become a cultural norm, and education priorities of the girls are insignificant for parents to decide the marriage date. Married women pursuing education at marriage do not get any support from husbands and in-laws as the patriarchal norms prohibit women from stepping out from home. In these circumstances, women may get subject to the victim of many unlawful practices, including intimate partner violence (IPV). Thus, the present study findings imply that married women's participation in higher education is negligible due to weak legislation on women’s rights and strong illegitimate tribal practices.

남편의 지원이 기혼여성의 노동시장 참여에 미치는 영향

This paper analyzed the effect of husband's support on the labor supply of married women by using data from the KLIPS 17th (2014) survey and additional survey. In the analysis of labor supply, the employment status and working hours model were used, and then the factors of husband's participation in housework sharing were examined. The probit estimation was applied to the employment status model, and the tobit estimation method was applied to the working hours and husband's household share rate model because women's working hours and men's housework hours had the characteristics of left-censored data. As a result of the estimation, it was found that the couple's perception of the progressive gender role and the sharing of domestic labor among men had a positive effect on married women's participation in the labor market. On the other hand, the stronger men's perception of the fair sharing of household labor, the higher the participation rate of household labor. In order to increase Korean women's participation in the labor market, it seems necessary to improve men's perception of gender roles and to allow men to participate in housework sharing. In addition, it seems necessary to expand national childcare so that women can participate in the labor market without worrying about their children.

Analysis of the Low Acceptance of Male Family Planning in RT 003 RW 01 Kebagusan Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta

Family planning is an effort to help individuals or couples, among other things, to prevent unwanted births or vice versa for couples who want children, to regulate pregnancy intervals, to control the time of birth related to the age of the parents, to determine the number of children in the family. This study aims to analyze the low number of male family planning acceptors in RT 003 RW 01 Kebagusan Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling technique. With a total sample of 65 respondents. Data analysis was performed by Fisher's exact test. Shows that the value of p <0.05 means that there is a significant relationship between the dependent and independent variables, a value of p> 0.05 means that there is no significant relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Male family planning acceptors in Rt 002 Rw 01 Kebagusan Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, totaled 13 respondents (20%). Of the 65 respondents, knowledge of male family planning acceptors who knew about male contraceptives (95%), male family planning acceptors who did not know about male contraceptives (5%), education of male family planning acceptors respondents (12%), Middle school (54%), vocational school (31%), university (3%), male family planning acceptors who receive support from their wives (44.6%), male family planning acceptors who are correct (72.3%), age of male family planning acceptor respondents 20-35 years (44.6%), 36-50 years (49.2%), male family planning acceptor respondents who received support from health personnel (43.1%), family planning acceptor respondents men who received socio-cultural support (44.6%). Factors associated with low male acceptors of Family planning are education, wife's participation, perception, age, health worker participation, and socio-culture. From each of these variables, there is a significant relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable. The results of the research are expected to be a source of knowledge and information so that men of childbearing age who are already married participate in becoming male acceptors of Family planning

PARTISIPASI KERJA WANITA MENIKAH DI PROVINSI BANTEN TAHUN 2020

After marriage, women who already have children and who do not have children spend on average more time outside the workforce than women who are unmarried. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the labor force participation of married women in Banten province. By using the probit model, from this study it can be seen if the labor participation of married women in Banten province is influenced by the age of married women, the age squared of married women, the length of school for married women, the status of married women as head of household, household expenses, the number of household members, the number of boys aged 16 years and over, the number of girls aged between 5-15 years, the education of the married woman's husband and the factor of the location where the married woman lives.

حقِّ الزوجة في مال الزوج المكتسب بعد الزواج - دراسة فقهية

At present, there have been some calls for the wife to share the property acquired by the husband during the marriage period, claiming that these efforts are the result of the effort of both spouses, whether through the woman's work in the home, where that husband helped to work quietly outside the home, or through the couple's work outside the home. In this research, I discussed the evidence of the wife's participation in all the property acquired by the husband.
 In this research, it concluded that the spouses in matters of property, wealth, income and conduct are completely independent, that the marriage contract does not give rise to any right to the other's property or income other than Islamic rights,
 The financial dealings between spouses were governed by the Islamic provisions on financial transactions, and if the spouses disagreed in the ownership of something, each one must provide evidence of the validity of his claim.

Attitude of Men Folk towards Participation of Married Women in Public Sphere in Pakhtun Society

This paper aimed to investigate the attitude of men folk and participation of women in public sphere in Pukhtoon society. The study was quantitative in nature and a well thought interview schedule was used as a tool of data collection. The data was collected from the sample size of 384 respondents. The study found that the attitude of men folk significantly (Pd”0.05) associated with employed spouses share family expenses collectively, joblessness situation of husband influence his attitude towards his wife, husband shows authoritative behavior to control the status of wife, higher involvement of husbands in private sphere effects their relation, working wife is expected to be submissive, and clear roles have assigned to the husband and wife according to their culture. Furthermore, spurious relationship was found between women participation in public sphere and men folk on the basis of age, level of education and nature of job.

The Impact of Female Labor Participation on Household Savings Rate

The high savings of Chinese families is a widely concerned issue. This paper attempts to explain the high savings of Chinese families from the perspective of female labor participation. Firstly, the relationship between female labor participation and household savings rate is theoretically discussed, and then an empirical test is conducted using the 2017 China Household Financial Survey data. In order to overcome the endogenous influence, the labor participation rate of other married women in the same community and the same age group is used as a tool variable for labor participation of married women in the family, and the influence of labor participation of married women on household savings rate is empirically tested. The results of the study show that labor participation of married women significantly increases household savings rates. Heterogeneity analysis found that married women’s labor participation had a significant impact on the 20- to 30-year-old female family, university and higher education levels, and the savings rate of families who would like be with two children. Further research found that married women’s labor participation in promoting the increase in household savings rate is due to a significant increase in household income levels, while household consumption levels have not changed significantly. At the same time, the current female labor participation did not significantly reduce the family’s preventive saving motivation, but further increased the household savings rate. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding the high savings of Chinese families and can provide a reference for future policy development.

The impact of child births on female labor force participation in China

Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation. In particular, fertility policy adjustments have had a direct influence on the female labor force. This paper uses data from China Family Panel Studies in 2016 to test the impact that increases in the number of child births that have occurred as result of shifts in fertility level are having on women’s labor force participation. Our findings show that the influence of the number of children on the participation of married women in the labor force is shown by a “U-shaped” non-linear relationship dominated by substitution effect and income effect. The turning point of urban married women from the substitution effect to the income effect occurs earlier than it does for rural married women. This means that urban married women are more sensitive to the economic pressure that results from child births. Therefore, the Universal Two-Child policy, introduced at the beginning of 2016, inevitably has a direct negative effect on women’s labor force participation. Helping women to maintain work-family balance has become a problem that must be addressed at present.

The Effect of Career-Interrupted Married Women's Participation Motivation for Lifelong Education on Psychological Empowerment and Career Adjustment

본 연구는 경력단절 기혼여성의 평생교육참여동기가 심리적임파워먼트와 진로적응에 미치는 영향력을 밝히는데 목적을 갖고 경력단절 기혼여성 740명을 심층조사하였는데 그 결과를 보면 다음과 같다. 전체적으로 경력단절 기혼여성의 평생교육 참여동기에 있어 목표 지향적이며 대외활동과 학습욕구가 높을수록 심리적 임파워먼트에 의한 직무자율성이 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 주어진 직무에 대한 자기효능감이 임파워 될수록, 창의적이며 목표중심의 활동적인 높은 성과를 기대할 수 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 학습목표 지향적이며 활동적인 성향을 갖고 직무자율성을 보다 많이 배려 할 수 있는 조직에 부합한 동기를 갖고 재취업 할수록 진로적응에 보다 쉽게 정착할 수 있을 것으로 시사해 준 것으로 평가할 수 있다.This study is intended to look into the effect of career-interrupted married women s participation motivation for lifelong education on psychological empowerment and career adjustment. To achieve this, an in-depth survey was carried out to 740 career-interrupted married women on the list. The findings are as follows. Career-interrupted married women s participation motivation for lifelong education showed that their job autonomy by psychological empowerment had a positive effect on their goal-oriented outside activities and learning needs. This implies that the empowerment to self-efficacy of given job can be expected to improve creative and goal-oriented active performance. Consequently, career-interrupted married women will be able to settle for career adjustment more easily along with reemployment through the creation of organizational climate for more consideration of job autonomy with learning goal-oriented and active tendencies.

The evolution of female labour force participation in urban China

AbstractStarting from the late 1980s, despite rapid economic growth, female labour force participation in urban China has shown a general declining trend. Using repeated cross‐sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIP), this paper attempts to systematically relate the decrease in the labour force participation of married women to the socio‐economic changes happening in urban China during the same period of time. Adopting both linear and nonlinear decomposition techniques, the results indicate that the changes in married women's labour force participation during the periods 1995–2002 and 2007–2013 can be explained by the concurrent changes in the distribution of socio‐economic variables, while the changes during the periods 1988–1995 and 2002–2007 are mostly driven by the leftward shift of married women's participation function.

THE HETEROGENEOUS IMPACT OF CHILDREN ON THE PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE LABOR MARKET IN TAIWAN

This paper is an attempt to investigate how children affect married women’s decision to participate in the Taiwanese labor market. The effect of children on the female labor supply is usually negative for most married women; however, it might also be positive for some subpopulations. Thus, herein, we use a local likelihood logit regression to detect the heterogeneity in the effects of children on married female employment that cannot be detected by parametric (e.g. probit or logit models) or semiparametric estimation. Our empirical findings provide evidence of some heterogeneity in the response related to children on the participation of Taiwanese married women in the work force. Since, we find evidence of heterogeneous effects, we suggest that different government policy instruments should be precisely targeted at different specific subpopulations in order to effectively increase the participation of married women in the labor force. When comparing these average characteristics of married women with positive versus negative employment effects due to having children, we find that the average married woman’s educational attainment and the logarithm of the husband’s wage income differ significantly between women with positive effects of children and those with negative effects of children.

Factors Influencing the Labor Force Participation of Married Women in the United States

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">This paper examines the factors that influence the labor force participation of married women in the United States during 1975-2002, using multiple regressions with log specification. The results show that women earnings and life expectancy of women are not satisfactory indicators of whether married women should join the labor force. Nonetheless, there exist strong relationships between the decisions to work and men’s income, unemployment rate, consumer durable goods to GDP ratio, women’s schooling as well as divorce rate. </span></p>

Added Worker Effect Revisited: The “Aubry’s Law” in France as a Natural Experiment

<p>The Added Worker Effect (AWE) refers to an increase in the labor supply of secondary earners in a household in response to a decrease in the income of the primary earner. Most empirical research on the AWE has focused on increases in the labor force participation of married women when their husbands experience unemployment spells, but recent government-mandated decreases in standard hours in several European countries provide an alternative source of exogenous decreases in the work hours of married men. Empirical research in evaluating the effectiveness of such policy, mostly investigated the impact on the workers who were directly affected by the policy. A model of household decision making suggests that work hour restrictions without full wage compensation should have spillover effects on the labor supply of other household members, but little is known about this possible spillover effect. This is the first attempt which empirically investigates the existence of AWE using mandatory reduction in standard working hours in France (<em>Aubry’s Law 1998</em>) as a natural experiment. The results show that the exogenous reduction in standard work hours for husbands does not lead to any unemployment to employment transition of wives but increases the number of hours worked by wives who are already in the market and are not affected by the law themselves. It is also found that in terms of hours worked, AWE is more prominent in low income families and for families with more members as family size is positively correlated with the degree of credit constraint.</p>

Gender Roles and Medical Progress

The entry of married women into the labor force is one of the most notable economic phenomena of the twentieth century. We argue that medical progress played a critical role in this process. Improved maternal health alleviated the adverse effects of pregnancy and childbirth on women's ability to work, while the introduction of infant formula reduced mothers' comparative advantage in infant feeding. We construct economic measures of these two dimensions of medical progress and develop a quantitative model that aims to capture their impact. Our results suggests that these advances, by enabling women to reconcile work and motherhood, were essential for the rise in married women's participation and the evolution of their economic role.

Partial Identification of State Dependence

This paper is about the empirical measurement of state dependence in dynamic binary outcomes. I propose a nonparametric dynamic potential outcomes (DPO) model and develop an array of parameters and identifying assumptions that can be considered in this model. I show how to construct sharp identified sets in the DPO model by using a flexible linear programming procedure that is valid for any of these parameters under any combination of identifying assumptions. Confidence regions for these identified sets are obtained by applying recent results from the literature on partially identified moment condition models. I apply the analysis to study state dependence in the labor force participation of married women using a well-known extract from the 1986 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), and to study state dependence in unemployment for working age high school educated men using a new extract from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Using conservative, non-parametric assumptions, I estimate that state dependence accounts for at least 28.1% of the observed persistence in yearly non-employment for women in the PSID sample. In the SIPP data, I find that state dependence accounts for at least 33.1% of the four-month persistence in unemployment among high school educated men. This contrasts with the findings of recent experimental studies based on fictitious resumes, which have found no evidence of short-term state dependence.

Static Model of Labour Force Participation: Survey of Married Women in Zimbabwe

The study sought to ascertain and measure the determinants of labour force participation of married women in Zimbabwe. The focus was on the activeness of married women in paid, permanent work. The study utilized and collected data from a sample of 514 married women from varying socio-economic backgrounds. A binomial logit model was implemented as the regression model to test the probability of labour market participation by the target group. The results showed that age, education attainment, work experience, geographical location, religious denomination and the amount of non-labour income earned were significant determinants of the decision to work by married women. It was noted conclusively that none of the factors above influenced LFP strongly enough to warrant the low levels of formally and permanently employed married women. It was suggested that economy-wide policies to improve general employment levels be implemented. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p406

Socioeconomic Determinants of Divorce in Sweden, 1960–1965

During the 1960s in Sweden, socioeconomic differentials decreased sharply and both the labor force participation of married women and aggregate divorce rates increased more rapidly than during any other period of the twentieth century. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the socioeconomic composition of the couple influenced the probability of divorce during this period of rapid restructuring. The study uses a large data set covering the entire married population of Sweden in 1960 and applies a binary model whereby the couples are analyzed as units rather than separate individuals to model divorce during the period from 1960 to1965. The main results show that the equalization process between genders and social classes during this period contributed to the decrease in marital stability. Dual-provider families exhibit substantially higher probabilities of divorce as compared to traditional single-provider families. We also find that the socioeconomic gradient of divorce had become negative by the early 1960s and that couples with low socioeconomic status contributed more to the increase in divorce than did couples in the higher strata. A difference between the results reached in this study and those from divorce research covering later decades is that children do not reduce the probability of divorce when the wife's labor force participation is controlled for. The results indicate that the determinants of divorce have varied across different phases of the divorce transition during the twentieth century and that a historical perspective is necessary if we are to understand the long-term process that has produced current marital behavior.

Reconsidering Women's Labor Force Participation Rates in Eighteenth-Century Turin

This study presents initial estimates of women's labor force participation rates in preindustrial Turin. According to the population census of 1802, married women's participation rates were conspicuously low compared with the rates of unmarried women and widows and therefore deserve additional investigation. First, the study points out the value of a methodological approach based on the use of nonprincipal breadwinner-oriented sources, such as registers of applicants for poor relief. Here, all members of the family were encouraged to declare their occupations and activities in some detail in order to demonstrate concrete contribution to the survival of the family. Finally, the study discusses the occupational patterns of women employed as servants and as artisans and laborers in silk manufacturing. This highlights the crucial role played by migration flows and by women's access to skilled or low-qualified jobs in determining the extent of women's participation in preindustrial Turin's labor market.

The Influence of Living with Parents on Women's Decision-Making Participation in the Household: Evidence from the Southern Philippines

This article analyses the dynamics of women's participation in the decisions made in the household by looking at the effects of events that transpired in the recent period. Results suggest that the wife's participation status is positively affected by the presence of parents, either hers or the spouse's, in the household. Results also show that the wife's parents significantly affect participation in minor issues while the spouse's parents significantly affect the more relevant financial issues. The article also offers a cursory discussion on the role of household headship.

Decomposition of Changes in Labor Force Participation of Married Women: 1998-2007

Decomposition of Changes in Labor Force Participation of Married Women: 1998-2007