Marmara Region Research Articles

Identification of transtensional and transpressional features in the Sea of Marmara using onshore-offshore seismic and geodetic data

The scope of the study is to determine transtensional and transpressional features along the North Anatolian Fault beneath the Sea of Marmara, using seismic and geodetic data. For this purpose, focal mechanisms of small size NAF earthquakes, recorded by broadband stations and OBSs, have been derived and used as a tool to identify the transtensional and transpressional features. The focal mechanisms of: (1) small to moderate size events are obtained by the CMT inversion technique of Kuge (2003), using onshore waveform data from 2002?2015, (2) micro-earthquakes are obtained using the technique of Horiuchi (2015), using offshore waveform data recorded by 15 OBS stations from 2015?2016. Furthermore, published GPS velocities are used to determine the style of faulting and strain rates. The geodetic horizontal crustal strain rates are determined at equally spaced grid points by interpolating northing and easting components of the 112 GPS vectors from 1994?2013. The results indicate that extensional and strike-slip style deformation dominates the region, while contractional features are rare. Significant extension is observed in Çınarcık Basin and the area between Marmara Island and Central Basin. Yalova-Çınarcık region shows predominantly N-S extension while the Çınarcık Basin events show NE-SW extension. Compressional or transpressional features are derived to the west of Marmara Island and Ganos and in the Central segment extending from Central Basin toward Çınarcık Basin. The GPS strain rate results point out the highest values, 24 × 10?8/year, in Çınarcık Basin, while the lowest values, 11 × 10?8/year, are observed in Central Marmara. The highest strain rates in both edges of the fault segment in Çınarcık Basin can be indicative of a steadily creeping fault segment. In turn, lower strain rates in the Central Marmara region suggest that this segment of the NAF is locked.

Pest categorisation of Nipaecoccus viridis.

The EFSA Panelon Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Nipaecoccus viridis (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae), the spherical scale, for the EU. It is of Asian origin and occurs widely in southern Asia, Africa and tropical Australia. It has been introduced to a few countries in the Americas. In the Mediterranean basin it is found in Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Syria and Turkey, where it is limited to the Marmara region. It has not been reported within the EU. It is not listed in Annex II of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It reproduces sexually, has three generations each year in citrus orchards in South Africa, and all stages can overwinter. First instar nymphs may move to neighbouring plants by crawling or be passively dispersed by wind or hitchhiking on clothing, equipment or animals. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants in 115 genera and 46 families. It is an important pest of citrus (Citrus spp.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana) and stored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). It also feeds on a wide range of other fruit (apple Malus domestica, olive Olea europea, pear Pyrus communis and grape Vitis vinifera) and vegetable crops (tomato Solanum lycopersicum), and ornamental plants (roses, Rosa spp.) that are widely grown in the EU. Plants for planting, fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers are the main potential pathways for entry of N. viridis into the EU. Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern parts of the EU where there are few days of frost each year would likely allow this species to successfully establish and spread. Reductions in yield and quality of cultivated hosts including avocado, citrus, cotton and mango is anticipated if establishment occurs. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread. N. viridis meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

Effects of Innovation Capabilities on Organisational Sustainability: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

The role of businesses in sustainable development gained increasingly more importance, together with the increasing speed of technological advancements, in addition to the economic effects of climate change, pandemics, disasters, and wars. The capabilities of businesses allowing them to adapt to environmental conditions to use their resources and turn them into productive outputs efficiently are considered critical factors in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of businesses’ marketing, process, organisational, and product innovation capabilities on corporate sustainability. The data used in the present study, which has an explanatory research design, were collected from managers of 452 SMEs in an emerging economy (Turkey) using the non-random quota sampling method. During the data collection, a survey was carried out on the manufacturing firms operating in Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Yalova, and Bolu provinces in a region called TR42 in the Eastern Marmara region, which is an important industrial region in Turkey. During the data analysis, SPSS was used to obtain the descriptive statistics, and AMOS to obtain the inferential statistics. Within this context, covariance-based Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was utilised to test organisational sustainability’s causal relationships with variables constituting the innovation capabilities. The results achieved here suggest that marketing, process, corporate, and product innovation capabilities have an effect that increases organisational sustainability. Furthermore, the results indicate that marketing innovation capability had a higher impact on organisational sustainability than other capacities constituting the innovation capability. The present study offers important interpretations and conclusions for businesses which operate in an emerging economy at the level of SME to improve their sustainability objectives in terms of resource, capability, and environmental adaptation.

Spatial and temporal analyses of airborne particulate matter in South Marmara Region of Turkey

Spatial and temporal analyses of airborne particulate matter in South Marmara Region of Turkey

Bioactive compounds of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) genotypes grown in the East Black Sea and Marmara regions

The research was carried out to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (according to DPPH and FRAP assays) of 21 strawberry tree genotypes grown naturally in Piraziz (Giresun, East Black Sea) and Gebze (Kocaeli, Marmara regions) districts. A wide variation was determined between strawberry tree genotypes in terms of the properties investigated. In the strawberry tree genotypes examined, total phenolics was determined from 528 to 985 mg GAE 100 g-1, while total flavonoids was detected from 21 to 134 mg QE 100 g-1. According to DPPH and FRAP tests antioxidant activity was determined from 2.1 to 15.5 mmol TE 100 g-1 and 20.5 to 50.9 mmol TE 100 g-1, respectively. According to the principal component analysis result, the first two components explained 88.1% of the total variation. PC1 was related to total phenolics and antioxidant activity (both DPPH and FRAP), while PC2 was associated with total flavonoids. As a result, the G-14 genotype had remarkable results in terms of the properties investigated. This genotype, which stands out in terms of beneficial substances on human health, is thought can be used as genetic material in future breeding programs.

New and Additional Notes on the Aleocharinae Subfamily (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of Türkiye

In this study, new and additional records of 15 species of the Aleocharinae subfamily (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are presented from Türkiye. Among them, Dinusa cretica Assing, 2013 is the first record from Türkiye. Besides, Autalia longicornis Scheerpeltz, 1947 and Maurachelia roubali (Lohse, 1970) from the Marmara Region and Enalodroma hepatica (Erichson, 1839) from the Aegean Region are reported for the first time. In addition, new records are given for many provinces of Türkiye.

Effect of Flipped Classroom Methodology on Listening Comprehension Skills of 6th Grade Students

In this study, the effect of flipped classroom methodology on the listening comprehension skills of 6th grade students were analyzed. Pre-test and post-test control group model was used in the research. The data of the research were collected in 2018 and the required permissions were obtained for the research. The study group consisted of 28 6th graders of a middle school in Marmara region. Within the scope of the study, an 8-week application was performed as two lesson hours in a week. The listening education was designed according to the flipped classroom methodology and the control group was given listening education according to the instructions in the teacher's guide book. The data of the study were collected by using Narrative Text Achievement Test, Poetic Text Achievement Test and Informative Text Achievement Test. The data of the research were analyzed by using statistical program. As a result of the study, it was found that the listening achievement of both experimental group and control group was high, but this increase in the experimental group was higher than the control group and the difference was statistically significant in favor of the experimental group.

Türkiye’de Etkili Selefî Bir Şahıs: Ziyaeddin el-Kudsi ve Hakka Davet Cemaati

Salaf; the Prophet's companions refer to the first generation of Islam, which was formed by the tabi'un and the tabe-i tabi'un. Salafism, on the other hand, expresses the understanding of religion that is far from the discussions that emerged in this period. And it is a usage that expresses the Muslims who relate themselves to this generation. It was started to be used by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111). It is found as Salafiyya in the works of Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328). It emerged as a religious and political movement based in Arabia under the leadership of Muhammed bin Abdul Wahhab (d. 1206/1792). It has passed through various phases in the historical process. It has become the official sect of Saudi Arabia. Religion is divine, Sect is human. In structures that cannot evaluate this situation properly, religion and sect are intertwined. Attempts to convey Salafist ideas emerged from here. Salafism began to be exported out of Arabia as a result of developing relations with different countries for some reasons such as learning science. As a result of these activities, Salafism was also seen in Turkiye in the 1980s. Various Salafist structures have emerged in Turkiye. While their numbers were few in the beginning, there were different divisions over time. It has created new formations thanks to some individuals coming from abroad. One of these is the Invitation to Hakka Community led by Cemil Awwad, using the pseudonym Ziyaeddin al-Kudsi. The leader of the community, Cemil Awwad, who is of Palestinian origin and was born and raised in Jordan, came to Turkiye for medical education in the 1980s. It started to be structured around Salafi ideas, first in Istanbul and the Marmara region. It has also spread to other cities. At the end of the 1990s, the conjuncture in Turkiye changed. Awwad went abroad after nearly twenty years of activity. His followers continue to walk the path he opened. Today, there is a publishing house under the name of Hak Publishing. He continues to broadcast to disseminate the thoughts of Awwad. Invitation work continues with a website. Awwad, in his definition of faith based on Ibn Taymiyya's description of tawhid, considers rejecting taghut as the first condition of faith. It also explains ideas on political issues. In our study, we tried to clarify Awwad's thoughts within the framework of the works published by Hak Publishing, by complying with the principles of publication ethics.

THE EFFECT OF WORKPLACE OSTRACISM ON ORGANIZATIONAL SILENCE AND WORKPLACE LONELINESS A STUDY ON HEALTHCARE WORKERS

In the environment of changes in working life and competition, organizations employ their employees by interacting with different individuals. These employees contribute to their organizations by working with many colleagues and managers. This study aims to examine the mediating effect of workplace ostracism on workplace loneliness and organizational silence. Individuals working in health services in public institutions in the Marmara Region constitute the study group. The study data were collected using an online survey method. This study concluded that workplace ostracism has a positive effect on workplace loneliness. Workplace ostracism and workplace loneliness affect organizational silence positively. In addition, workplace loneliness has a mediating role in the effect of workplace ostracism on organizational silence.

Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of propolis from Marmara region, Turkey

This study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from Marmara region of Turkey. Total phenolic content (TPF), total flavonoid (TFC) values, condensed tannin content (CTC) and phenolic profiles of ethanolic extracts (70%) were analyzed. Antioxidant activities were tested using the Ferric (III) reduction/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. Phenolic profiles of the samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV) method. TPC, TFC and CTC values in the samples ranged from 52.9 to 203.5 mg GAE/g, 13.6 to 43.9 mg QUE/g, and 2.0 and 2.9 mg CTE/g, respectively. Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), chrysin, pinocembrin, rutin, and t-cinnamic acid were detected as the common phenolic components in all samples. In conclusion, Marmara region propolis is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids with antioxidant properties.

The Mediation Effect of Job Crafting on the Effect of Learning Orientation on Life Satisfaction: A Research on Bank Managers

Günümüzün yoğun rekabetçi iş ortamında yenilikçilik ve öğrenme odaklılık sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, yaşam tatmini düzeyleri yüksek olan bireyler hem kendilerini hem de çevrelerini daha olumlu değerlendirebilmektedirler. İş zanaatkârlığı ise işgörenlerin yaptıkları değişiklikler aracılığıyla hem bireye hem de örgüte yönelik olumlu sonuçlar elde etmek amacıyla sergilenebilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, öğrenme odaklılığın yaşam tatmini üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi ve bu etki üzerinde iş zanaatkârlığının rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma amacı çerçevesinde kolayda örnekleme yoluyla, Güney Marmara bölgesindeki Balıkesir, Bilecik, Bursa, Çanakkale ve Yalova illerinde kamu ve özel sektörde çalışan 480 banka yöneticisine anket uygulanarak veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, korelasyon analizi ve yapısal eşitlik modeli aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma bulguları kapsamında, öğrenme odaklılığın yaşam tatminini pozitif yönde ve anlamlı olarak etkilediği ve bu etkide iş zanaatkârlığının da kısmi aracılık etkisi tespit edilmiştir.

The Mediating Role of Burnout Syndrome in Toxic Leadership and Job Satisfaction in Organizations

AbstractToday, leaders who contribute positively to businesses, as well as leaders who contribute negatively to businesses are increasing day by day. This study was conducted to investigate the mediating effect of burnout syndrome (BS) on toxic leadership (TL) and job satisfaction (JS) in businesses. The results of the SEM analysis, using a sample of 412 participants working in public hospitals in the Marmara region of Turkey in İstanbul, show that toxic leadership (TL) has negative effects on burnout syndrome (BS) and job satisfaction (JS). Although there are studies investigating the direct effect of toxic leadership on job satisfaction, there are limited data testing the burnout syndrome subcomponents on the effect of toxic leadership on job satisfaction. This research is critical in showing the mediating role of personal achievement burnout (PRS_Scc) dimension in the effect of toxic leadership (TL) on job satisfaction (JS) sub-components.

The neglected Istanbul earthquakes in the North Anatolian Shear Zone: tectonic implications and broad-band ground motion simulations for a future moderate event

SUMMARYİstanbul (Marmara Region, NW Turkey) is one of the megacities in the world and suffered from destructive earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault, a member of the North Anatolian Shear Zone, throughout history. The 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce earthquakes emphasize the earthquake potential of the fault, crossing the Sea of Marmara, and the importance of seismic hazards in the region. The studies in the last 20 yr have concentrated on the main fault and its future destructive earthquake potential. In this study, unlike the previous ones, we focus on the two main topics about the earthquakes not interested previously in İstanbul: (1) Investigating recent earthquake activity masked by the blasts in the metropolitan area and its tectonic implications, (2) revealing their effects in İstanbul utilizing numerical ground motion simulations for a future moderate event (Mw 5). First, the 386 earthquakes from 2006 to 2016 are relocated with the double-difference method using the dense seismic network operated in the same period. The source mechanisms of the events (ML ≥ 3), including the most recent 2021 Kartal–İstanbul earthquake (ML 4.1), are determined. In addition to the analysis of the recent seismic activity, the location of the two moderate and pre-instrumental-period İstanbul earthquakes, which occurred in 1923 (Mw 5.5) and 1929 (Mw 5.1), are revised. Using the relocated epicentres outside of the principal deformation zone and the fault plane solutions, the roles of the earthquakes in the stress regime of the Marmara region are explained. The epicentres on the Cenozoic or Palaeozoic formation in the Istanbul–Zonguldak Zone are interpreted as the re-activation of the palaeo-structures under the recent tectonic stresses, and their fault plane solutions agree with the synthetic/antithetic shears of a transtensional regime corresponding to the right lateral strike-slip system with mainly N–S extension in the Marmara Region. In the second part, we investigate the effects of moderate scenario events (Mw 5) considering the current earthquake epicentres in the İstanbul metropolitan area, using characterized earthquake source model and 1-D velocity structure verified with the broad-band (0.1–10 Hz) numerical ground motion simulation of the 2021 Kartal–İstanbul earthquake. The simulated PGAs agree with the ground-motion prediction equations for short epicentral distances (<30 km). Furthermore, according to the empirical relation for Turkish earthquakes, the maximum PGA value of the synthetic models (∼0.3 g) corresponds to the felt intensity of MMI IX. The simulated spectral accelerations for the Mw 5 earthquake scenarios may exceed the design spectrum between 0.2 and 0.6 s given in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (2018). In addition, certain models also generate spectral accelerations close to the design-level spectrum between 0.4 and 1 s, leading to resonance phenomena. The results indicate that a moderate event (Mw 5) in the İstanbul metropolitan area is capable of damage potential for the mid-rise buildings (4–10 stories) because of the site condition with resonance phenomena and poor construction quality.

Assessment of the phylogenetic relationships within the spondylidine branch of Spondylidinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

Abstract Spondylidinae is a minor subfamily of Cerambycidae with around 100 species in 20 genera. The tribes Asemini and Spondylidini, both salient owing to vectors and invaders into the limelight of phytosanitary authorities, constitute the “spondylidine branch”. Although a few species of the branch were being included in some higher taxonomic level studies, the phylogenetic relationships within the taxa have never been evaluated from a molecular viewpoint. The present study identifies the phylogenetic relationships within the branch inferring from a single locus (COI) global dataset and two multi-locus local datasets, binary combinations of mitochondrial COI, 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA D1-D2, that sequences were obtained from the samples of the East of Marmara Region, Turkey. [(Spondylis+Neospondylis) + Megasemum] and [Tetropium+Asemum] groups were separated from the same node in the phylogenetic trees. The genus Cephalallus was stated on the basalmost of these two groups. Arhopalus split from all other genera and divided into two subgroups. There were discrepancies between morphology and COI barcode sequences, which might be a sign of hybridisation between A. rusticus and A. syriacus. Intraspecific distances of COI gene regions of S. buprestoides, As. striatum and T. cinnamopterum were up to 4.26%, 8.51%, and 6%, respectively, which might point out to cryptic speciation.

An examination of the effects of financial and process innovation on the sustainability of businesses under the influence of entrepreneurial leadership: a research in energy companies

PurposeCompanies must implement sustainability measures in order to survive due to the relationship between financial, social and environmental performances. These elements must be integrated into the business in a complementary manner in this regard. As a result, this study aims to investigate the effects of entrepreneurial leadership on sustainability, as well as financial and process innovation.Design/methodology/approachWithin the scope of the research, a survey was conducted with 295 white-collar employees working in energy companies. SPSS 25, the LISREL program, and SOBEL analysis were used to determine the relationships between the variables.FindingsIn the research, financial innovation perceptions and process innovation activities have a positive effect on business sustainability and entrepreneurial leadership. As both an independent and a mediating variable, entrepreneurial leadership has a positive impact on business sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsCompanies engaged in renewable energy production, operating in the Marmara region, constitute the sample mass. For this reason, it would be more accurate to evaluate the results obtained in this research only for companies producing renewable energy.Practical implicationsIt is concluded that energy companies should prioritize financial and process innovations and that entrepreneurial leadership is required to ensure the sector's long-term viability.Originality/valueThis paper is an innovative study in terms of the scope and content of the research as data are collected and analyzed from companies that produce renewable energy.

Kurumsal Hafıza ve Örgütsel Öğrenmenin Kurum Kültürü Aracılığıyla Firma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi

The main purpose of the study is to determine to what extent and in what direction corporate memory and organizational learning affect firm performance through corporate culture. Within the framework of the research model, the relationships between the sub-dimensions of corporate memory and organizational learning, which are the independent variables, and the sub-dimensions of firm performance, which is the dependent variable, are examined. Within the scope of the study, the mediating role of corporate culture in relations between variables is also questioned. The study is carried out with comprehensive research on Information and Technology companies operating in Istanbul. The survey method is chosen as the data collection method and 7-point Likert-type expressions are used in the scales. 635 questionnaires are collected from Information and Technology companies in the Marmara Region and the hypotheses in the research model are analyzed using the SPSS data processing statistics program. As a result of the analysis, it is determined that corporate culture, organizational learning and corporate memory have ssignificant effects on firm performance. However, it is determined that the mediation role of corporate culture has a partial effect on the effect of corporate memory and organizational learning on firm performance.

Traditional Practices in Relation to Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum Period, and Newborns in Turkey From an Interregional Perspective

AIMThe aim of this study was to identify the level of knowledge of students on traditional practices related to pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and the newborn in Turkey and present the geographical regions of Turkey where traditional practices are more common.METHODSThis cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 375 students enrolled at the Midwifery and Nursing Departments of the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university in the Marmara Region located in northwestern Turkey. The data were collected through a Personal Information Form and a Traditional Beliefs and Practices Form created by the researchers. Means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and percentages were utilized in the statistical analyses.RESULTSThe mean age of the participants was 20.51 ± 2.44 years, 44.5% of them lived in the Marmara Region of Turkey, and most of their parents were primary school graduates. In this study, it was found that most students were not familiar with traditional practices in relation to pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborns in Turkey. It was also ascertained that the beliefs held by the students about pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborns differed across regions. It was found that most students did not know the harmful traditional practices performed for making childbirth easier. Most students were knowledgeable about harmful traditional practices about postpartum. Some of the harmful traditional practices applied to the newborn were determined to be unknown to the students.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, in this study, it was identified that most students were not familiar with traditional practices related to pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and newborns in Turkey. Before student midwives and nurses have started their careers, they should be informed about traditional beliefs and practices of the society in which they live, and they should be capable of making holistic and comprehensive evaluations. Because of this study, it is recommended that traditional beliefs and practices be included in the curricula of midwifery and nursing schools with particular emphasis on the geographical regions of Turkey.

Evaluating BFASTMonitor Algorithm in Monitoring Deforestation Dynamics in Coniferous and Deciduous Forests with LANDSAT Time Series: A Case Study on Marmara Region, Turkey

Time series analysis combined with remote sensing data allows for the study of abrupt changes in the environment due to significant and severe disturbances such as deforestation, agricultural activities, fires, and urban expansion, as well as gradual changes such as climate variability and forest degradation in the ecosystem. The precision of any change detection analysis is highly dependent upon its ability to separate actual changes and fluctuations on a seasonal scale. One of the efficient methods in this context is using the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) set of algorithms. This study aims to perform a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of different Vis’ performance in forest degradation with the Landsat 8 images and BFASTMonitor approach. Through evaluation, the study also considers the potential effects of different forest types and deforestation scales in the Marmara region of Turkey. For this purpose, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) vegetation indices (VI) were selected for a comparative evaluation. The overall accuracy of VIs in deciduous forests was around 85% for NDVI, NDMI, and NBR, and 78.80% for EVI, while in coniferous forests, the overall accuracy demonstrated higher values of about 88% for NDVI, NDMI, and EVI, and 87.28% for NBR. Consequently, water-sensitive VIs that utilize shortwave infrared bands proved to be slightly more sensitive in detecting forest disturbances while chlorophyll-sensitive VIs represented lower accuracy for both forest types. Overall, all VIs faced an underestimation error in deforested area detection that was observable through negative BIAS. The results illuminate that BFASTMonitor can be considered as a tool in monitoring forest environments due to its acceptable deforestation determination capability in deciduous and coniferous forests, with slightly higher performance for small-scale deforestation patterned regions.

AN EXAMINATION OF WORK FROM HOME AND WORK - FAMILY LIFE BALANCE INTERACTION IN THE CONTEXT OF BURNOUT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The pandemic size of Covid-19 in a short time, necessitated new regulations in almost every area of social life. With the massive shift to work from home, employees have had to carry out their work responsibilities and home responsibilities in the same physical environment. With the opportunities provided by information and communication technologies, employees are accessible around the clock by their employers, colleagues or business partners who need to be in contact with each other. Working from home, along with the benefits, provides to employees, can also cause work-family life balance problems and burnout problem depending on the increased permeability between home and work lives. Personal variables such as the gender of the employee, having children and the age range of the children also affect the work-family life balance problem and the level of burnout. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of the compulsory work from home, which is carried out by the teachers working within the Ministry of National Education during the Covid-19 epidemic, on the work-family life balance and the existence of the burnout problem experienced in this context. The study also makes it possible to make a comparison between teachers working in public and private schools in terms of work-family life balance problems and burnout. In the study, descriptive research method was used. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 20 teachers working in public and private schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the Marmara Region and selected using the criterion sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed in the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis program and six main themes were revealed. These themes are; the effects of family life on the phenomenon of working from home, the effects of working from home on family life, the need for support and support mechanisms, The advantages and disadvantages of the home working system, views on working conditions in private/public schools, and teachers' views on the education system. According to the results of the research, in summary, teachers working in private schools experience more intense work-family life balance problems and burnout than their colleagues working in public schools during the work from home process. The underlying reasons for this situation can be explained by the factors such as the expectation of a more intense work pace and the lack of job security.

Investigation of Factors Affecting Per Capita Expenditure of Water and Sewerage Administrations in Turkey

The per capita expenditure of water and sewerage administrations (WSA) is an important indicator of the performance and characteristics of WSAs. In this context, the effects of different parameters on the per capita expenditure of WSAs were examined. Investigated parameters were selected as service time, region, population, and metropolitan municipality (MM) budget. There are 30 different WSAs investigated within the scope of the study. According to the results obtained, WSAs with higher service time and MM budgets have higher per capita expenditures. Moreover, according to the evaluation based on the region, it has been determined that Southeast Anatolia is the region with the lowest average WSA per capita expenditure, while Marmara region had the highest. A positive correlation has been detected between the population and per capita expenditures as well. Relative assessment of WSAs budgets to the MMs budgets has been performed to understand the region-specific budget allocation of MMs to the WSAs. It was found that except Black Sea and Central Anatolia, all other regions allocate similar ratios, around 40%, of the MM budget to the WSAs. Black Sea MMs allocate the highest percent and Central Anatolia MMs allocate the lowest percent budget to the WSAs. According to the results obtained in the study, it has been proposed for WSAs to prepare master plans that cover 30-40 years in order to optimize per capita expenditures and establish a balance between capital and operation and maintenance cost of the investments.