GDP Growth Research Articles

Theorising the effects of EU emigration for origin countries: win-win, dependency or agency?

ABSTRACT Theory on East-West migration and EU freedom of movement reveals a bias towards accounts from neoclassical economics predicting a win-win for destination and origin countries of migrants. To counter the bias, we juxtapose the neoclassical perspective with the dependency school and the state capacity literature. Empirically, we find that benefits of migration occur regarding the effects of remittances yet not for expectations on return and demography as well as GDP development and growth. The two alternative accounts explain better how emigration may aggravate a country's peripheral position in the EU or how countries manage to reverse and limit outmigration.

Examining public private partnership investment in energy towards achieving sustainable development goal 7 for ASEAN region

The gradual progress in aligning financial flows with the adoption of clean technologies reveals a persistent funding gap, signaling a global misallocation of capital. Addressing this challenge necessitates political leadership and robust policies to counteract the insecurities impeding the redirection of financial flows. This study investigates into the impact of energy-related public–private partnership investments (PPPIE) and macro-environmental variables on the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) across Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries from 1999 to 2021. Employing the Dynamac command technique, we conduct autoregressive distribution lag analysis and the Bounds Cointegration Test to evaluate ASEAN’s efforts in achieving SDG7. Results indicate that a ten-year exogenous shock to the GDP growth rate initially causes a temporary decline in both GDP and PPPIE, albeit not statistically significant. However, in the long run, the shock becomes statistically significant, correlating with a negative decline in the GDP growth rate. This underscores the negative impact of external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic growth of ASEAN member countries. Specifically, a percentage increase in PPPIE leads to an 8.3% reduction in the GDP growth rate, revealing a detrimental and unsustainable impact on the economy. This signifies that energy investments in the ASEAN region, are predominantly unsustainable and adversely impact economic growth. Moreover, these energy investments contribute to a significant 52.6% increase in greenhouse gas emissions, indicating a substantial setback in the region’s progress towards meeting SDG7’s clean energy objectives by 2030. This suggests the present state of PPPIE does not align with sustainable clean energy goals of the region. Therefore, recommendations should include diversifying energy sources and investment strategies to enhance sustainable clean energy. Also, policymakers and researchers should reassess the terms and conditions of PPPIE, refining frameworks for private sector involvement to align with long-term economic sustainability goals.

Factors influencing IMF assistance in the Sub-Saharan African region.

This study examines the determinants influencing the likelihood of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries seeking assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF, as a global institution, aims to promote sustainable growth and prosperity among its member countries by supporting economic strategies that foster financial stability and collaboration in monetary affairs. Utilising panel-probit regression, this study analyses data from thirty-nine SSA countries spanning from 2000 to 2022, focusing on twelve factors: Current Account Balance (CAB), inflation, corruption, General Government Net Lending and Borrowing (GGNLB), General Government Gross Debt (GGGD), Gross Domestic Product Growth (GDPG), United Nations Security Council (UNSC) involvement, regime types (Closed Autocracy, Electoral Democracy, Electoral Autocracy, Liberal Democracy) and China Loan. The results indicate that corruption and GDP growth rate have the most significant influence on the likelihood of SSA countries seeking IMF assistance. Conversely, factors such as CAB, UNSC involvement, LD and inflation show inconsequential effects. Notable, countries like Sudan, Burundi, and Guinea consistently rank high in seeking IMF assistance over various time frames within the observed period. Sudan emerges with a probability of more than 44% in seeking IMF assistance, holding the highest ranking. Study emphasises the importance of understanding SSA region rankings and the variability of variables for policymakers, investors, and international organisations to effectively address economic challenges and provide financial assistance.

The Trend in Environmental Load in the European Union during the Period of 2012–2022

The environmental burden is a global problem affecting the European Union. A comprehensive analysis of the environmental burden is essential for creating strategies supporting sustainable economic development. This study attempts to answer the question of why, despite the continuously decreasing energy consumption of the EU, the environmental burden of this region is not substantially decreasing. This study provides novel insights into this research area by integrating EU economic dynamics and environmental efficiency indicators. In this study, we used the IPAT method. Before the main analysis, the researcher conducted cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and Westerlund cointegration tests using the primary data. Based on the results, the EU member states were classified into clusters, and a linear trend model analysis was carried out. The results show that the total environmental load of the EU did not decrease significantly between 2012 and 2022. The fact that the environmental burden remained at the same level is explained by the fact that there were 16 member countries whose total environmental load increased but whose economic output was lower during this time period. This was offset by 11 member countries with high economic outputs, whose total environmental load decreased. This study proved that GDP growth was the main driving force maintaining the total environmental load at the same level. The EU should encourage member states to continue to implement environmental protection rules to limit and eliminate costly environmental burdens on their societies and economies. This study can be helpful to researchers, political decision-makers, and experts working on environmental public policies for the EU.

Automatic Code Generation for Android Applications Based on Improved Pix2code

With the expansion of the Internet market, the traditional software development method has been difficult to meet the market demand due to the problems of long development cycle, tedious work and difficult system maintenance. Therefore, to improve software development efficiency, this study uses residual networks and bidirectional long short-term memory networks to improve the Pix2code model. The experiment results show that after improving the visual module of the Pix2code model using residual networks, the accuracy of the training set improves from 0.92 to 0.96, and the convergence time is shortened from 3 hours to 2 hours. After using a bidirectional long short-term memory network to improve the language module and decoding layer, the accuracy and convergence speed of the model have also been improved. The accuracy of the training set grew from 0.88 to 0.92, and the convergence time was shortened by 0.5 hours. However, models improved by bidirectional long short-term memory networks might exhibit over-fitting, and thus this study uses Dropout and Xavier normal distribution to improve the memory network. The results validate that the training set accuracy of the optimized bidirectional long short-term memory network remains around 0.92, but the accuracy of the test set has improved to a maximum of 85%. Dropout and Xavier normal distributions can effectively improve the over-fitting problem of bidirectional long short-term memory networks. Although they can also decrease the model’s stability, their gain is higher. The training and testing accuracy of the Pix2code improved by residual network and bidirectional long short-term memory network are 0.95 and 0.82, respectively, while the code generation accuracy of the original Pix2code is only 0.77. The above data indicates that the improved Pix2code model has improved the accuracy and stability of code automatic generation.

Сучасні тенденції розвитку людського капіталу в глобальному середовищі.

The world’s development currently reflects the influence of globalization processes affecting the world economy, international relations, and human development. Therefore, it is relevant to study changes in human development under the impact of the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world. The objective of this article is to determine the impact of global processes on human development, as reflected by the global HDI. The novelty of the article is that it reveals trends in the development of human capital in a global environment under the influence of transnationalization processes, rising international migration, and the growth of global cities. The research relies on the methods of system analysis, scientific generalizations and comparisons, as well as economic and statistical analysis. The article postulates that multinational companies, which have spread in the process of globalization, contributed to the creation of millions of jobs throughout the world, stimulated the demand for highly qualified specialists and the rapid growth of all types of education, and promoted the introduction of new forms of production organization and control enhancing production culture and management. This caused the growth of employees’ incomes, boosted demand for consumer goods, thus stimulating a significant expansion of the range of supplied goods and services, the growth of national production and domestic market, and, finally, enhancing living standards and HDI indicators of the host countries. The rising importance of global demographic trends embraces a noticeable growth of the Earth’s population, which is uneven by country and region, the growth in the percentage of elderly people, especially in the developed countries. An important trend is the growth of international migration resulting from the liberalization of international relations, the development of communications, access to better education, the growth of well-being and expanding opportunities for education and self-realization abroad. The number of international migrants is growing faster than the global population, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. Urbanization and the growth of global cities have a significant impact on human development due to their high rates of employment, highly skilled labor, high professional and cultural level of workers, and high incomes. Such cities have become centers accumulating creative and intellectual capitals. The article exposes that investments in education, welfare, and health care in many countries had a positive long-term (over 30 consecutive years) effect on the growing values of the Human Development Index, as well as the global HDI, although the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted it in 2020. Meanwhile, HDI changes occur differently in different country groups, with OECD countries permanently holding the leading positions. The research adds new qualitative knowledge about human capital, trends in its development in the new conditions of globalization, which strengthens traditional views and enriches alternative approaches to the formation of conceptual understanding of human capital.

Bitcoin as a National Currency: A Case Study for the Czech Republic

In an era of changing financial landscapes, the position of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin as possible national currencies is worth investigating. This study investigates Bitcoin's adherence to currency criteria and its consequences for GDP development in a certain country. The mining industry plays a significant role in the GDP of many countries. The extraction of raw materials such as metals, minerals, and fossil fuels is essential for producing a wide range of goods and services. This generates jobs and tax revenues and supports economic growth. Understanding these processes is critical, given the ongoing debate about Bitcoin's place in modern economies. This research looks into Bitcoin's usefulness as a currency and its possible influence on a certain country's GDP. The results show that Bitcoin fits the requirements for money, acting as a means of exchange and a store of value, with features including mobility, divisibility, commensurability, and fungibility. When examining its influence on GDP, empirical data indicate that, while currency appreciation may provide the illusion of stronger GDP growth when denominated in foreign currency, it damages growth domestically. According to a neural network study, Bitcoin's large impact on GDP renders it unsuitable for use as a national currency in the Czech Republic. Despite matching currency criteria, Bitcoin's adoption confronts problems such as volatility, a lack of central authority, and its worldwide nature, which limit its usefulness in promoting national economic growth. This analysis emphasizes country selection and length restrictions, finding that Bitcoin's existing position as an investment instrument restricts its viability as a national currency.

The Impact of Oil Prices on the GDP of V4 Countries

This study is concerned with forecasts of GDP growth for the Visegrad countries (V4-hereafter) and oil prices simultaneously. The series for GDP and Oil prices are quarterly, covering the period from December 1, 2000, to October 1, 2023. Neural network techniques were performed to generate individual forecasts. The forecasts for oil prices maintain higher accuracy than the GDP ones due to autoregressive lags. In other words, current oil prices absorb significant influence from past prices. The GDP forecasts for the V4 group indicate tremendous shock and moving growth to a lower steady state. The lower growth observed by the end of the period under review can be attributed to two subsequent non-economic shocks: the Russia-Ukraine war and the COVID-19 pandemic. The V4 countries faced difficulties after the outbreak of COVID-19, mainly due to the stringency measures. In addition to accelerating inflation, the war also disrupted energy commodities within supply chains. These and other facts justify the low growth that awaits these countries until 2028. Ultimately, the oil price until 2028 is estimated to oscillate between $60 and $90 per barrel.

Brand Image and Consumer Perceived Values on Purchase Intention of Organic Food: A Conceptual Study

Organic food is quickly developing in China as consumer wealth and consumption levels have grown in recent years; the Chinese government's "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" promotes a balanced diet and works to raise the standard of agricultural output and food safety. Even though China has Asia's largest organic food market, organic food has a small market share and low consumer expenditure. As a result, decisive steps to boost the growth of China's organic food market are urgently needed. This study aims to explore the factors related to Chinese people’s purchase intention of organic food using the S-O-R model. Brand image and consumer perceived values are crucial because they influence customer purchase behavior. This study emphasizes brand image, perceived functional, emotional and social values on consumer purchase intention. Epistemic value and conditional value were excluded because they have detrimental impacts on consumer choice behavior. The contribution of this study is to enrich the existing literature by providing a deeper understanding of organic food consumer purchase intention in China through the application of brand image and consumer perceived values using the S-O-R model. It also provides Chinese policymakers and organic food suppliers with solutions to increase organic food sales to expand the Chinese organic food market.

Financial Feasibility Analysis of XYZ Company Market Expansion Plan to Kalimantan

XYZ Company, a B2B manufacturer of Songkok in Gresik, East Java, plans to expand its market by establishing a new distribution warehouse in Banjarmasin, Kalimantan. This strategy aims to leverage the growing demand for Songkok in Kalimantan, which has a significant Muslim population. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the financial feasibility of purchasing versus renting the new warehouse for this investment plan. The financial feasibility analysis was conducted in multiple stages. Pro forma financial statements were constructed for both scenarios, incorporating historical data of the company's financial statements, industry benchmarks, and growth assumptions from management interviews. Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) and terminal cash flows were calculated using the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). Capital budgeting techniques were then used to evaluate financial feasibility, including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Discounted Payback Period. Risk assessment was performed through sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that the renting scenario, with an initial investment of IDR 242 million, has a higher NPV and IRR than the purchase scenario, which requires an initial investment of IDR 944 million. The renting scenario also offers a faster-discounted payback period of 2 years and one month, making it more feasible. Risk assessment shows moderate risk, with an 83% probability of achieving a positive NPV. The financial feasibility analysis recommends renting the new warehouse in Banjarmasin. This option provides a quicker payback period, higher NPV and IRR, and positive risk assessment results. Investing in this project will enhance XYZ Company's market presence in Kalimantan, cater to the growing demand for Songkok, and achieve sustainable growth and profitability.

Beyond convenience: understanding the nexus of food biosafety, service quality, and brand image in online food delivery services

ABSTRACT This study aims to present an integrative model assessing the impact of Food Biosafety Measures (FBM), e-Service Quality (e-SQ), and Product Quality (PQ) on Online Food Delivery Service (OFDS) brand image, e-consumer satisfaction (e-CS), and e-loyalty (e-LO), grounded in Expectation-Disconfirmation Theory (EDT). Employing a cross-sectional survey design, the study analyzed responses from 911 users in Bogotá and Medellín through structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A multigroup analysis assessed differences across these two cities. The study found that FBM significantly enhances e-CS but does not directly impact brand image, suggesting other factors, such as e-SQ and PQ, play essential roles. E-SQ and PQ robustly influence brand image, which modestly affects both e-CS and e-LO. The study confirms that e-CS significantly fosters e-LO, with FBM indirectly influencing e-LO via e-CS. For OFDS managers and policymakers, emphasizing food biosecurity, service, and product quality is vital for enhancing consumer satisfaction and fostering loyalty. Geographical nuances revealed through multigroup analysis indicate the importance of region-specific strategies for service quality and market expansion. This research fills a gap in the OFDS literature by empirically validating non-food quality attributes in generating e-CS and, indirectly, e-LO. It highlights the complexity of brand image construction and provides a framework for OFDS brands to augment consumer satisfaction and loyalty in a dynamically evolving sector.

Exploring the impact of auditor industry specialization on income smoothing

Since the late 1970s’ reform and opening-up, China’s economy has achieved remarkable success, maintaining an average annual GDP growth of 9.7% from 1978 to 2006. In 2007, China achieved a GDP of 3.38 trillion USD, surpassing Germany to become the world’s third-largest economy, and by the second quarter of 2010, it had become the second-largest economy globally. These developments have attracted international investors’ attention to Chinese equities. However, China’s poor reputation for corporate governance may deter investors, despite their positive outlook on China’s economy. Corporate managers in China are known to engage in income smoothing, taking actions to dampen fluctuations in their firms’ publicly reported net income. In 2004, the OECD proposed that a strong disclosure regime promoting real transparency can help attract capital and maintain confidence in the capital market, with income smoothing being a key concern for both institutional and individual investors. This study investigates how auditor industry specialization (AIS) affects income smoothing behavior in Chinese listed companies. Using a sample of 27,208 firm-year observations from 2006 to 2018 collected from the Taiwan Economic Journal Database, the results indicate that AIS is negatively related to managers’ income smoothing behavior, underscoring the importance of industry expertise in mitigating such practices. Additionally, an independent t-test highlights the difference between Big Four and non-Big Four auditors in influencing client companies’ income smoothing behaviors. The study further demonstrates the significant moderating effect of Big Four auditors on the relationship between accounting firms with top industry expertise and client companies’ income smoothing, reflecting the unique characteristics of the Chinese market. This study verifies the suppressive effect of AIS on firms’ income smoothing and indirectly suggests that governments (or the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants, CICPA) should regularly disclose accounting firms/auditors with industry expertise publicly. This regime can help global investors make informed investment decisions.

Examining the long-run relationship between stock market development and Nigerian economic growth

Purpose This paper aims to examine the long-run relationship between stock market development and Nigerian economic growth from 1980 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach Market capitalization, number of listed companies, total value traded ratio and turnover ratio are used. An autoregressive distributed lag model is used for the analysis. Findings The market capitalization ratio and turnover ratio have positively significant links with economic growth. The number of listed companies has a negative and non-significant impact on economic growth. Total value traded ratio has a negatively significant link with economic growth in the short run. The positive but insignificant relationship between traded value ratio and turnover ratio in the long run growth means that the Nigerian stock market is growth inducing and on the right track as stock market liquidity drives growth. Research limitations/implications The government and Security Exchange Commission should increase the market liquidity level by improving the trading infrastructure. The government and regulatory authorities should improve and effectively implement the existing policies that would ensure stock market growth. This facilitates the investors’ speed to purchase and sell shares. The Securities and Exchange Commission should reduce transaction costs to encourage active trading activities. The market should be diversified with investment instruments such as derivatives, futures and swap options which would limit the adverse effect of listed companies in the market. To increase the stock market liquidity, the Security and Exchange Commission should apply moral suasion to bring private companies that have met certain financial thresholds to convert to public companies. Government should improve on the legislation to encourage more private companies to list on the stock exchange. Originality/value The study findings add value in that stock market development has a positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria.

The emergent community of esports fans in Japan: an analysis of motivations and preferences

ABSTRACT Purpose/Rationale This study examines esports players’ and viewers’ motivations in Japan to inform market segmentation and strategy for industry stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach Employing purposive sampling, data from 500 Japanese esports participants were collected through an online survey including behavioural, motivational, and demographic factors. Cluster analysis was applied to identify distinct groups. Findings Results revealed three unique clusters each for players (all-rounder players, immersive fun seekers, and skill-based players) and viewers (casual viewers, entertainment-excitement seekers and skill appreciation seekers), with each exhibiting distinct motivations and preferences. Socio-economic factors did not significantly differentiate clusters, but fan behavioural patterns were useful in characterising them. Practical Implications Our study provides insights into Japan’s market preferences for console gaming and skill development and guides stakeholders in targeted strategy development for market engagement and growth. Research Contribution By applying the Uses and Gratifications theory within the Japanese context, this study enhances esports online community research by revealing distinct segment characteristics in a culturally unique setting and enriches esports interaction understanding. Originality/value This study sheds light on the motivations and preferences of esports players and viewers in Japan’s emerging market, offering valuable insights for stakeholders to better understand and engage their audience.

The emergent community of esports fans in Japan: an analysis of motivations and preferences

ABSTRACT Purpose/Rationale This study examines esports players’ and viewers’ motivations in Japan to inform market segmentation and strategy for industry stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach Employing purposive sampling, data from 500 Japanese esports participants were collected through an online survey including behavioural, motivational, and demographic factors. Cluster analysis was applied to identify distinct groups. Findings Results revealed three unique clusters each for players (all-rounder players, immersive fun seekers, and skill-based players) and viewers (casual viewers, entertainment-excitement seekers and skill appreciation seekers), with each exhibiting distinct motivations and preferences. Socio-economic factors did not significantly differentiate clusters, but fan behavioural patterns were useful in characterising them. Practical Implications Our study provides insights into Japan’s market preferences for console gaming and skill development and guides stakeholders in targeted strategy development for market engagement and growth. Research Contribution By applying the Uses and Gratifications theory within the Japanese context, this study enhances esports online community research by revealing distinct segment characteristics in a culturally unique setting and enriches esports interaction understanding. Originality/value This study sheds light on the motivations and preferences of esports players and viewers in Japan’s emerging market, offering valuable insights for stakeholders to better understand and engage their audience.

Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Laju Pertumbuhan PDRB Per Kapita dan Upah Minimum Provinsi Terhadap Persentase Penduduk Miskin di Indonesia pada Tahun 2021-2023

Poverty is a problem faced by Indonesia that affects social and economic welfare. This research aims to analyze the influence of the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), Human Development Index (HDI), GDP Growth Rate per capita, and Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) on the percentage poor population in Indonesia in 2021-2023. The data used is secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) which covers 34 provinces in Indonesia. The research method uses the Common Effects Model (CEM), Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and Random Effects Model (REM) estimation models, with the Chow test and Hausman test to determine the best model. The research results show that TPT and UMP have a significant influence on the percentage of poor people, while HDI and GDP growth rate per capita are not significant. Rate and provincial minimum wages play an important role in poverty reduction efforts in Indonesia. The results of this research provide useful insights for policy makers in formulating effective strategies to improve community welfare

Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Laju Pertumbuhan PDRB Per Kapita dan Upah Minimum Provinsi Terhadap Persentase Penduduk Miskin di Indonesia pada Tahun 2021-2023

Poverty is a problem faced by Indonesia that affects social and economic welfare. This research aims to analyze the influence of the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), Human Development Index (HDI), GDP Growth Rate per capita, and Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) on the percentage poor population in Indonesia in 2021-2023. The data used is secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) which covers 34 provinces in Indonesia. The research method uses the Common Effects Model (CEM), Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and Random Effects Model (REM) estimation models, with the Chow test and Hausman test to determine the best model. The research results show that TPT and UMP have a significant influence on the percentage of poor people, while HDI and GDP growth rate per capita are not significant. Rate and provincial minimum wages play an important role in poverty reduction efforts in Indonesia. The results of this research provide useful insights for policy makers in formulating effective strategies to improve community welfare

INTERCONNECTIONS AND INTERDEPENDENCIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SHADOW BANKING SECTOR IN DEVELOPING AND TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES

The research objective is defined as the identification and confirmation of empirical relationships between shadow banking activities and economic development in developing and transitional economies to establish a theoretical basis for minimizing potential risks associated with shadow banking. The methodological design is based on a quantitative approach, implemented through correlation-regression analysis and ARIMA forecasting methods. The research findings confirm Hypothesis 1: China’s shadow banking is closely interconnected with the country’s economic development. However, Hypothesis 2 (the reduction of shadow banking in China contributes to per capita GDP growth) is only supported for specific structural elements of shadow banking that contribute to economic overheating. In contrast, for other structural elements, such as entrusted loans, a strong direct correlation exists, promoting a positive impact of shadow banking on the country’s economic development. This highlights the need for a highly balanced state policy to minimize shadow banking risks. The research results can be valuable for professionals in public administration and academic researchers, particularly in terms of shaping future research directions.

Dynamics of economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries: a panel ARDL approach

This research explores economic growth dynamics in five ASEAN countries (1980–2020), analyzing the short and long-term impact of financial development (FD), oil prices, investment (INV), and inflation on GDP growth. Panel ARDL analysis reveals a transient positive link between FD and long-term GDP growth, necessitating a holistic approach for short-term stability. Similarly, oil prices exhibit long-term volatility, urging diversification strategies. In contrast, consistent and significant relationships exist between INV and GDP growth in both time frames, underscoring investment's pivotal role. The study emphasizes managing inflation for sustained growth, offering vital insights for policymakers, economists, and analysts in fostering ASEAN's economic stability.

Role of Institutions in Transition Economy: Case of Nepal

The Paper highlights role of institutions in transition economy. Obviously, the author confirms that Nepal is still in the transition stage where institutional and ethical norms are yet to establish though many political changes occurred in a short span of time. Nepal adopted liberal market economy for speedy economic growth enticed with robust human development. The study attempts to take measure the outcome of new political-economic regime. The objectives of the study are-(i) to assess role of government institutions on economic growth and development in Nepal and (ii) to evaluate institutional performance of Nepal in comparison to other South Asian countries. The secondary data is used for the analysis which captured the period from 2014 to 2022. The data is analysed descriptively. The deductive method is used for the generalization. The study concludes that the average inflation GDP per capita, GDP growth, and doing business are 6.12 percent, 9968.22 USD, 3.36 percent, and 60.11 respectively. Control of corruption performance of Nepal is almost negative throughout the period. Transparency coefficient is medium i.e. 3 out of 6. In the same way, voice and accountability coefficient is also very poor throughout the time Relative analysis suggests that economic variables are sound in Maldives and Bhutan and development variables are sound in Bhutan. In aggregate, Bhutan has done marvellous performance. In both parameters, economic and development, Nepal's position is not encouraging. It is recommended to the government and political parties that they need to understand the urgency of matter and reform government as well as political institutions at the earliest.