Market Square Research Articles

We are all here: Facing History In Lithuania

We Are All Here:Facing History in Lithuania Ellen Cassedy (bio) Abstract The author of this essay reports on Holocaust education initiatives in present-day Lithuania. She interviews Lithuanian officials, teachers, and activists who are engaging with the Jewish past in an effort to build tolerance, understand the role of bystanders, honor "righteous gentiles," and foster reconciliation. The essay includes interviews with Irena Veisaite of the Open Society Fund-Lithuania and the House of Memory; Ruta Puisyte and Viktoria Sakaite of the Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum; staff of the International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes (an organization founded by Lithuania's President Valdas Adamkus); and information about the Tuskulenai "Park of Quiet" in Vilnius. The author also describes her experience as a student at the Vilnius Yiddish Institute. Click for larger view View full resolution A tfile iz yeder shteyn, a nigun yede vant... Each stone is a prayer; a hymn every wall… MOYSHE KULBAK, in the poem "Vilna" Vilna: before the war, the narrow lanes of this age-old city pulsed with a vibrant Jewish life. Vilna was the Jerusalem of the North, the capital of Yiddishland. It was that bygone world I was after when I enrolled in a summer program in Yiddish in the city now known as Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. I roomed in a flat that was located within [End Page 77] the boundaries of the old Vilna ghetto and filled my eyes with the elegant balconies and the gently curving streets, and over it all, the long summer light of the Baltic sky. In class, the instructors guided us students through the grammatical thickets and the precious texts of mame-loshn, our mother tongue. The last Yiddish speakers of Lithuania—with their memories full of joy and sorrow —came to lead us through the city, pointing out the sites of schools, theaters, and synagogues that flourished here before the destruction. On weekends, I traveled to the countryside. I visited the village of Vilkoliai, where my great-grandmother Asne had raised nine children while simultaneously supervising the production of milk, butter, and cheese on a dairy farm. In the town of Rokiskis, I located the street where my great-grandfather Dovid-Mikhl had spent his days bent over holy books in a wooden studyhouse. It was from this town that my grandfather Jacob had run away to America in 1911 to escape the Czarist draft. I went, too, to the site of the ghetto in Siauliai (the Jews called it Shavl), where my great-uncle Will had survived the Holocaust. As I pursued the sounds and textures of the nearly vanished world of my ancestors, I learned that Lithuania as a nation was engaged in a journey into the past. And when I sought out the leaders of this Lithuanian effort to unearth the truths of the mid-20th century, I learned that the land of my ancestors had something to teach about binding up the wounds of the past and moving forward. Jews arrived in Lithuania in the 14th century. On the brink of World War II, Jews made up one-third of Lithuania's urban population and about half of the residents of every town. During the war, with a swiftness and thoroughness notorious even for that terrible time, more than 90% of Lithuania's 240,000 Jews were killed. While it was usually the German occupiers who issued the orders, in most cases Lithuanians themselves pulled the trigger. Nearly every town has its pit in the forest, not far from the market square, where Jews were assembled, shot, and hastily buried in mass graves. Nor did the war's end bring peace to Lithuania. In 1940, Soviet troops had moved into the country, and now, with Germany's defeat, Lithuania became a part of the USSR. The transition was marked by economic upheaval and a fierce guerrilla struggle. Tens of thousands of Lithuanians were exiled to Siberia. The deportees included Nazi sympathizers who had participated in killing Jews during the war, as well as a wide range of opponents of the Soviet government, including some Jews. Historians...

Preface: phys. stat. sol. (c) 4/8

AbstractThis issue of physica status solidi – Proceedings contains papers presented as oral and poster contribu‐tions at the International Conference on Extended Defects in Semiconductors (EDS 2006) held in Halle, Germany, on 17–22 September 2006. The event was organized by the Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle–Wittenberg, the Max‐Planck‐Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik Halle, and the Fraunhofer‐Institut für Werkstoffmechanik Halle. The EDS conference series was inaugurated in Hünfeld (Germany) and followed by conferences in Poland, France, Great Britain, Germany, and Russia. The EDS 2006 is the direct follower of the conferences of 2002 held in Bologna (Italy) and 2004 in Chernogolovka (Russia). Although there were some difficulties in numbering the EDS conferences, we followed the scheme in‐troduced at the conference in Brighton 2000 and define our meeting as EDS13. In order to appreciate the 1200th anniversary of the city of Halle in 2006, we selected the famous five towers of the market square as the conference logo. The dislocation expert, however, will recognize a dislocation line, pinned by glide obstacles.The aim of the conference was to provide a forum on the current state of art of investigation and modeling of extended defects in semiconductors in order to achieve a deeper understanding of lattice imperfections, their interaction, and their role in the development of semiconductor technology. The following main topics were covered: Structure of defects, defect imaging, structure modelling, electronic structure of extended defects, mechanical properties and dislocation dynamics, interaction between different kinds of defects, structure of strained layers, compliant substrates, wafer bonding, defects in thin films and interfaces, interface structures, role of extended defects in devices, utilizing of defects for devices, wide band gap materials (SiC, diamond, ZnO, III–V nitrides), defects in solar cell materials and photovoltaic devices, embedded semiconductor nanoparticles, and quantum‐dot‐like “extended defects”.As a new topic, we introduced a crossover between extended defects and nanostructures in semiconductors. We think that the comparison of experiments and the theoretical description of extended defects and nanostructures in semiconductors may give exciting new insights into the understanding of dimensionally confined systems in general. This approach will certainly be extended in the next EDS conference to be held in Poitiers, France, in 2008.We dedicate this proceedings volume to our friend and colleague Jürgen Schreiber, who suddenly passed away during the preparation of this conference. His cathodoluminescence studies on dislocations in semiconductors will be a lasting contribution to the defect community.Halle, January 2007

Mobile mission bases in the countryside: a caravan in the market square

In large urban situations young people tend to gather on evenings at street corners, but in small market towns the market place tends to fulfil this role. This article is an examination of an experiment of Christian outreach to such young people in a small market town and provides an assessment of whether the project was successful, both from the point of view of the young people who came, and the church people who volunteered their services. It also offers pointers to how this method of mobile outreach can be effective in similar small market town situations.

Illness and Death in the Era of Neoabsolutism: New Perspectives on Liberal-Catholic Conflict from 1850s Upper Austria

On 8 March 1849, Upper Austria's first liberal governor, Alois Fischer, stood on the balcony of the Rathaus in Linz's market square and proclaimed the closing of the democratically elected Austrian Reichstag in Kremsier. The newly crowned emperor, Francis Joseph, had written in the proclamation that Fischer now read to the crowd that the Reichstag delegates took too long in their deliberations, wasting time on “dangerous theoretical discussions.” Their labors had become redundant, and the emperor would decree his own constitution. After reciting the imperial proclamation, Fischer retired to the side and let his assistant read out the new constitution. Named after its principal architect, Minister of the Interior Franz Stadion, the new “Stadion” constitution was mildly liberal, although, unlike its unfinished predecessor, it was wholly unambiguous when it came to the monarch: his powers were immense and—the document made sure to point out—derived from God, not from the people. In practice, the constitution was mostly ignored. Fittingly perhaps, those assembled in front of the Rathaus that day could barely make out what was being said. As one participant described the scene, the wind was so strong “that our neighbors disappeared in the dust.” The return of absolutist government thus came to Linz unintelligibly, wrapped in a dense cloud of dust.

Was Roland a Nazi?: <em>Victims, Perpetrators, and Silences during the Restoration of Civic Identity in Postwar Bremen</em>

Drawing on newspaper articles, contemporary architectural writings, diaries and archival records, this essay examines National Socialism's afterlife in the early Federal Republic in a local context. Focusing on debates that shaped the postwar reconstruction of Bremen's historic market square and its monuments, it shows how complicated the recovery of local history proved to be. The interplay of silence on issues of guilt, narratives of victimization and stories of reconstruction explains why postwar efforts to reestablish a historically grounded sense of Heimat furthered the acceptance of the Federal Republic but retained a tentative, provisional feel a decade after the war's end.

A colorful relativity problem

Borchers comments: The image on the Physics Today cover depicts the geometric distortion only, so it is not what one would actually see when falling at 90% the speed of light. In addition to the shift in colors due to the Doppler effect, the appearance would be dominated by the searchlight effect. When looking in the direction of motion at 90%, the wavelengths would be shorter by a factor of 4.35, while the intensity would increase by a factor of more than 1500 (Doppler factor to the fifth power); the exact value depends on the spectral distribution in the infrared. To accurately render the color distortion, we would need the spectral distribution of the scene in the infrared. Unfortunately, we don’t know this distribution for the market square.© 2006 American Institute of Physics.

A colorful relativity problem

The cover of the January 2005 issue of Physics Today is supposed to depict what the market square at Tübingen would look like if you were approaching it at 90% the speed of light. Offhand, I’m not sure this is what the square would look like at that speed, but I am sure the colors would be different. All wavelengths would be shorter by more than a factor of two. So, unless that little octagonal pond is actually red, you’ve got a problem with your relativity. Editor’s note: We invited Marc Borchers, who supplied the cover image, to comment. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.

The Making of the “March Fallen”: March 4, 1919 and the Subversive Potential of Occupation

For more than eighty-five years, Sudeten German communities have gathered together to commemorate the so-called “March Fourth Massacre.” On this date in 1919, Czechoslovak troops opened fire on crowds of Germans who were demonstrating for national self-determination in thirty-five towns across Czechoslovakia's western frontier. By day's end, the violence in seven towns across the border region had claimed a total of fifty-four lives and had left hundreds wounded. The bloodiest altercation took place in the northwestern Bohemian town of Kadaň (Kaaden), which left twenty-two dead and ninety wounded. On that fateful day in Kadaň, this violence was precipitated by an altercation between unruly German students and anxious Czechoslovak guardsmen, who were stationed in front of the town hall. This altercation triggered two minutes of sustained and indiscriminate gunfire upon the crowd of nearly 10,000, who found themselves trapped by Czechoslovak machine gun nests at opposing ends of the market square.

Shrewsbury Market Place and Hall

Shrewsbury's late sixteenth-century Old Market Hall—recently restored and returned to public use—is among the most prominent buildings in the town centre and, or so it would seem, a reminder of the town's pre-eminence as a marketing centre in the central Marches in the early modern period. Combining documentary evidence, archaeology, and the evidence of the building itself, this inter-disciplinary study sets out to examine the real reasons for the Hall's construction, how it was built, and the way in which it functioned. The paper also looks backwards to the growth of marketing in this part of Shrewsbury in the thirteenth century, and its promotion by considerable civic investment in the 1260s when a new market square was created from what was previously a wet wasteland. Looking forward, it tells the story of the Hall's use in the post- medieval period, and of past attempts to deal with inherent structural defects in the original design.

Dresden: 1945 / 2003

At the beginning of February 1945 there were 800,000, perhaps one million people in Dresden, 640,000 of them civilians, the rest refugees. In the air attack of February 13/14, 1945, both groups together lost 40,000, next to Hamburg, the highest human loss in a German city during the air war. – Joerg Friedrich, Der Brand 1. Sheep graze by a mound of debris from which two tall stone fingers point at the sky: they're blackened from smoke, dust, and years of pointing out how history is marked by sacked cities. Didn't I learn this at school: Troy, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Rome, Stalingrad, Coventry, Hiroshima . . . I hold a postcard with the archive photo – you can buy it at the local stores – how the shepherd stands patiently by his flock, while under his feet there must be cobblestones of a street and the nearby market square. Before the city crumbled he might have been a mason or soldier – [End Page 154] he looks stubbly and gray enough – but now he's leaning on a stick feeling the ground below him, and the sheep seem happy with the weeds or just indifferent. I look up to see the same place now, what's rising here out of the ground: the old Baroque cathedral, two thirds of it gleaming in cream-colored sandstone, eight slender columns linked by walls with high windows in between, only the huge dome over the building's center is still hidden under scaffolding. Two black fingers fuse with corners in the wall, which, like a freckled face, is speckled where the stone remains blackened: with a glance you see what's salvaged from before and what's newly finished. Now the giant crane moves forward to lift a single stone through the air, turning and lowering it, slowly guided by hands into the waiting gap. The mind has learned to wait like that. 2. A nose plucked from its face – slender ridge flaring into nostrils almost breathing under glass on black velvet, just as that elbow next to it curved so convincingly into the lower arm, reaching out somewhere ready to touch, even if handless, and, separately, fingers in twos and threes, a whole hand gesturing, toes, a foot, two specimens of the male sex, their shades of marble matching gods and mortals posed high on their pedestals. Such lively fragments in the sculpture hall of the Albertinum – were they what was left of figures never completely unearthed? [End Page 155] Then I read about the craftsmen – some famous, like Balthazar Permoser – who had carved these pieces for the king's antique collection, to refit what centuries of war and erosion had spoiled, or carelessness much later while being hauled across the Alps. Snuggly fitted, these prostheses mimicked wholeness to please the Saxon court, until a later age no longer tolerated such pretense or distortion of perfection, and took them off again: amputations by scholars and stone masons, castrations expertly performed to free a space that once was blemish, but now crucial absence carved in air. I stood wondering if both efforts served the same wish: to undo damage – no matter how the mind was given to see, mending what it saw fit to mend. 3. There's fish market today on the Altmarkt: booths spread out over cobblestones, men in bloody aprons slapping limp bodies onto planks, a catch shipped down from Hamburg, promptly gutted and filleted, and someone shouts out names and numbers where people line up with shopping bags before the reconstructed church off to the side, where the hour strikes – It must have struck ten times that February night, minutes before the Master Bomber marked the targets with his flares, floating down as silently as snowflakes. Here under arcades, sheltering windows of fashion manikins and frosted pastries, that photo keeps flashing up behind the eye: there, where the fish booths are a pyre covered this open space and reached up to the second floor of...

Letters

Letters

Ringkøbing i middelalderen

Ringkøbing i middelalderen

Quincy's Market: a Boston landmark

A bustling commercial center and favorite tourist attraction on Boston's historic waterfront, Quincy Market, the popular name for Faneuil Hall Marketplace, draws throngs of visitors to the magnificent granite buildings and cobblestone concourses that house the area's specialty shops, restaurants, boutiques, pushcarts, and food stalls. Yet few are aware of the rich heritage of this legendary public place and its importance in the history of Boston and the nation. In this elegantly written and lavishly illustrated work, John Quincy, Jr., tells the absorbing story of the Market's unique evolution over the centuries. Beginning with John Winthrop's landing at the Great Cove on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630, Quincy weaves together a remarkable tapestry of the district's rise, fall, and rebirth. He describes how the site was transformed from open field courts that supplied food stuffs to the early settlers in the town of Boston, to a maze of haphazard wharves, alleys, and buildings, to the permanent market house and town hall generously donated by Peter Faneuil in 1742. By the end of the eighteenth century, the area had lapsed into decay and Boston's means of provisioning its rapidly growing population was in a state of chaos. In the 1820s, visionary Josiah Quincy, Boston's second mayor and the author's descendant, proposed the unprecedented and highly controversial redevelopment of the dilapidated, congested, and noisome Market Square. Drawing on a treasure trove of historical, architectural, and anecdotal material from family papers, the author chronicles in lively detail how Mayor Quincy successfully spearheaded the massive project, a masterpiece of civic design and accomplishment that served as Boston's chief wholesale food distribution center for the next 125 years. By the early 1950s, Quincy Market had once again deteriorated, spurring plans for demolition. The book concludes with an account of how civic leaders reversed their thinking about the preservation of historic structures, and describes how a coalition of federal, state, city, and private agencies restored the market buildings and nearby streets to their nineteenth century grandeur, re-opening the new Faneuil Hall Marketplace in the late-1970s. Boston residents, tourists, and historians will delight in this engaging portrait of a beloved American landmark.

Welcome to San Antonio

The Microscopy Society of America, the Microbeam Analysis Society, the International Metallographic Society and the Congress of InterAmerican Societies of Electron Microscopy invite you to Microscopy and Microanalysis 2003, which is also the VII InterAmerican Congress on Electron Microscopy/VII Congreso InterAmericano de Microscopía Electrónica.The city of San Antonio with its location, history, and culture is an ideal host for this Pan American meeting. The Convention Center and three of the participating hotels are located downtown on the amazing River Walk. Many restaurants and shops are clustered around the River Walk as is La Villita, an arts village and a National Register Historical District. A few blocks from the River Walk is Market Square, which is a center of the Mexican culture featuring patio restaurants, a farmers market, and El Mercado, the largest Mexican marketplace outside of Mexico. You will find that downtown San Antonio is a very convenient, interesting, and unique venue for our meeting. For transportation information, maps, visitor's guides, and much more, see http://www.sanantoniovisit.com/.

City and Nation: Rethinking Place and Identity

This compendium offers a textured historical and comparative examination of the significance of locality or place, and the role of urban representations and spatial practices in defining national identities. Drawing upon a wide range of disciplines - from literature to architecture and planning, sociology, and history - these essays problematize the dynamic between the local and the national, the cultural and the material, revealing the complex interplay of social forces by which place is constituted and contributes to the social construction of national identity in Asia, Latin America, and the United States. These essays explore the dialogue between past and present, local and national identities in the making of modern places. Contributions range from an assessment of historical discourses on the relationship between modernity and heritage in turn-of-the-century Suzhou to the social construction of San Antonio's Market Square as a contested presencing of the city's Mexican past. Case studies of the socio-spatial restructuring of Penang and Jakarta show how place-making from above by modernizing states is articulated with a claims-making politics of class and ethnic difference from below. An examination of nineteenth-century Central America reveals a case of local grassroots formation not only of national identity but national institutions. Finally, a close examination of Latin American literature at the end of the nineteenth century reveals the importance of a fantastic reversal of Balzac's dystopian vision of Parisian cosmo-politanism in defining the place of Latin America and the possibilities of importing urban modernity.

Sports and celebrations in English market towns, 1660–1750*

Abstract This article explores the recreational uses of streets and squares in the early modern market town. Late seventeenth-century financial accounts reveal civic authorities spending small sums on plebeian recreations—bonfires and bull-baitings—usually located in the market square. However, they also reveal a steady decline in municipal support for such recreations in the century following the Restoration. The author uses this evidence to argue that the early modern market place was an important communal space with a cultural significance as well as practical commercial value, and that the century following the Restoration saw the beginning of moves to clear plebeian sports and celebrations out of the public streets and confine the market place to traffic and trading.

A political approach to relationship marketing: case study of the Storsjöyran festival

AbstractThis study is concerned with interorganisational aspects of relationship marketing, which, in turn, has led to a focus on political aspects, i.e. on interests, conflicts and power in a project network consisting of actors marketing a festival. A metaphor of a project network, the political market square (PSQ), is introduced and used in the analysis of a case study of the Storsjöyran Festival in Sweden. In order to understand the politics and the dynamics in the PSQ, actors' access is discussed. Moreover, interactions between actors, which are to be regarded as cooperative or characterised by power games, and the degree of change dynamics, contribute to understanding dynamic political processes. Identified political processes were gatekeeping, negotiations, coalition building, building of trust and identify building. These processes, and actors' entries and exits between the PSQ and a wider network, caused turbulence and changed the power structure of the PSQ. The turbulence fostered change and innovations that resulted in product development. However, actors' shared identities and a stable, positive image of the festival moderated the turbulence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sustainable Rural Development Based on Cultural Heritage

In China today, 70% of the population still live in rural and mountainous areas where poverty and economic underdevelopment are widespread. Shaxi Valley, which is located at the foothills of the Himalaya in Yunnan province and remains one of the last strongholds of the Bai minority, is not only an example of an economically impoverished area in Central China but boasts the historic market square of Shaxi, which was selected on the list of the 100 most endangered World Heritage Sites by the World Monument Fonds (WMF) in 2001. The Shaxi Rehabilitation and Development Project focuses on the sustainable development of a rural commune by generating a framework for ecological, economic, and social issues which balance development and conservation in the long run. Tourism will not be the sole vehicle for the viability of the Shaxi Valley communities but only one of four tiers—alongside a well-maintained structural environment, improved infrastructure, and economic diversification. The comprehensive regional planning includes a zoning and transportation plan, a plan for sustainable basic infrastructure, a tourism development plan, a protection and development plan for historic sites, and an investment plan.

Konstanze Musketa. Musikgeschichte der Stadt Halle. Führer durch die Ausstellung des Händel-Hauses. Halle an der Saale: Händel-Haus, 1998. 113 pp. ISBN 3-910019-13-7 (paperback)

Konstanze Musketa. Musikgeschichte der Stadt Halle. Führer durch die Ausstellung des Händel-Hauses. Halle an der Saale: Händel-Haus, 1998. 113 pp. ISBN 3-910019-13-7 (paperback). Un article de la revue Canadian University Music Review / Revue de musique des universités canadiennes (Volume 22, numéro 2, 2002, p. 1-149) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

Portraits of the Translator as an Artist

Portraits of the Translator as an Artist