Market-led Approach Research Articles

The evolution of EU–US cybersecurity law and policy: on drivers of convergence

ABSTRACT The digitalisation of the economy increases the vulnerability of both economies in the EU and the US, as does its transborder dimension. Cyber policy has evolved over time on both sides of the Atlantic. The EU began initially to emphasise cybercrime regulation but its focus upon cybersecurity now dominates, similar to the US. The internal market has evolved as a rationale for regulation in the EU and to similar effect a market-led approach dominates in the US. While in the EU a comprehensive cybersecurity law has been adopted, the US lacks a uniform federal cybersecurity law. Despite many domestic divergences, there is considerable similarity between the US and the EU. Substantively, these divergences have not inhibited convergence. Geopolitical considerations as to cyber have accelerated an ongoing process, driven by the transborder nature of cyber security and the global leadership of the EU and the US.

Open Banking goes to Washington: Lessons from the EU on regulatory-driven data sharing regimes

After representing the main country embracing a market-led approach to Open Banking, the U.S. is on the verge of switching to a regulatory-driven regime by mandating the sharing of financial data. Relying on the Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has, indeed, recently proposed a rulemaking on “Personal Financial Data Rights.” As the U.S. is, therefore, apparently following the EU, which has been at the forefront of the government-led Open Banking movement, the paper aims at analyzing the CFPB's proposal by taking stock of the EU experience. The review of the EU regulatory framework and its UK implementation provides useful insights about the functioning and challenging trade-offs of Open Banking, thus ultimately enabling us to assess whether the CFPB's proposal would provide significant added value for innovation and competition or would rather represent an unnecessary regulatory burden.

The Role of Marketing Research in Managerial Decision–making: A case study of Harare-based Food–Manufacturing Organisations in Zimbabwe

In recent years, a market oriented organisational culture has increasingly been considered a key element of superior organisational performance. Marketing research has an integrative marketing function of helping ensure that all departments in an organisation work together towards consumer satisfaction. The study sought to investigate the role of marketing research in managerial decision-making in Harare-based food manufacturing organisations. The investigation employed a quantitative research design. The research population comprised all marketing managers in Harare-based Food–manufacturing organisations. The population had a total of 19 organisations, 6 of which did not have marketing managers in post. This reduced the population to 13. Using a simple random sampling procedure, 10 marketing managers were randomly selected to participate in the research. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire with both open-ended and closed-ended questions, in which marketing managers indicated their views on the key roles of marketing research in managerial decision-making in Harare-based Food–manufacturing organisations. Marketing managers perceived and were in agreement that the role of providing information that can be used in facilitating making informed, quality marketing decisions was central to marketing research. Findings revealed that key roles of marketing research in managerial decision-making included roles in aiding satisfaction of consumer needs and wants; market segmentation; targeting and positioning; identifying and assessing threats from environmental forces. Given the central role of marketing and marketing research in managerial decision-making, organisations in the food-manufacturing industry are urged to adopt a market-led approach and achieve market leadership through superiority in aiding satisfaction of customer needs and wants through a co-ordinated set of activities that enhance attainment of organisational goals and strategic objectives.

Reconfiguring Farming Systems of Smallholders with Market-Led Approach: A Case Study in Northeast Thailand

Agricultural research and development organizations are under pressure to shift from increasing productivity of crops to increasing the profitability and competitiveness of smallholders and linking small-scale farmers to profitable markets. This paper discusses the efforts to assist small-scale farmers to become more sustainable and market oriented. Data were taken from a 5-year participatory action project in a village in Northeast Thailand during 2014–2018. We found that a market-led extension approach can enable farmers to optimize their returns from farming by selecting farm enterprises based on market opportunities for both existing and new products. Farmers need to apply post-harvesting management, including processing, grading, standardization of produce, value adding, packaging, branding, and certification in the process. Collaboration and long-term commitments on the part of scientists, local stakeholders, policymakers, and funding organizations need to be furthered strengthened.

The Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures must engage widely and justify its market-led approach.

The Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures must engage widely and justify its market-led approach.

Public Enterprises in the Era of New Technologies: A Market-Led Approach to Innovation

Public Enterprises in the Era of New Technologies: A Market-Led Approach to Innovation

The Urgency of Agrarian Reform Policy: A Study of the Impact of Land Access on Farmer Household Welfare

Abstract: Inequality of land ownership is caused by unequal access to land. This study examined the impact of land access on total farmer's household expenditure. The Agrarian reform policy assumed open and expand access to land for groups of landless or near landless farmer households. Through state-led and market-led approaches, this research provided a categorization of access to land in two ways, which are access opening and access expansion variables with each sample coverage. Using the two periods difference-in-difference (DID) method, this study analyzed the impact of opening and expanding access to the total expenditure of farmer households using IFLS 2007 and 2014 data. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the total expenditures of farmer households due to the opening and expansion of access referring to the land distribution scheme (state-led approach), and there is no significant difference through the market-led approach. Therefore, agrarian reform policies need to be carried out by emphasizing the role of the state in implementing land redistribution to landless and small farmers. Keywords: Agrarian reform, state-led approach, market-led approach, impact of land access, total farmer household expenditure

Factors influencing the level of vegetable value chain participation and implications on smallholder farmers in Swayimane KwaZulu-Natal

Governments in less developed countries have identified the need to support smallholder farmers and intervene to alleviate poverty and positively contribute to household food security. In Africa, there has been a growing emphasis on value chain development so that smallholder farmers can benefit from participation in agricultural value chains. Smallholder farmers are however still faced with constraints that negatively influence their participation decisions and the level of participation in agricultural value chains. This study, therefore, investigated the factors that influence the level of value chain participation and implications on smallholder farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, Swayimane area. Primary data was collected from farming households selected through a purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and the nehurdle model. Results from the nehurdle model showed that the age of the respondent, marital status, farm income, household size, cooperative, market information, radio, extension officer, and formal education significantly influenced the participation decisions of smallholder farmers in agricultural value chains. The results further showed that off-farm income, marital status, cooperatives, access to credit, access to irrigation scheme, radio, extension officer, contact with non-government organizations, and formal education significantly influenced the level of value chain participation of the smallholder farmers. It can be concluded that the level of endowment in the physical, financial, and human resources influence participation. Further, the farmer's connectivity with the external world outside the village improves the outcomes and level of success. It is recommended that a market-led approach to farmer development be adopted to improve the commercial prospects of farmers whilst bolstering food security.

Festivals, public space and cultural inclusion: public policy insights

This paper investigates if and how cities conceive of festivals staged in outdoor public space as a means of achieving cultural inclusion policy objectives. The inclusion of culture in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) creates an imperative for cities to scrutinize their approaches to making their cities inclusive. Festivals offer potential in this regard and this study examines the ways that Barcelona, Dublin, Glasgow, Gothenburg and London incorporate festivals into cultural inclusion policies. It relies on secondary research to critically analyse a range of current policy documents, informed by Ball’s ideas about policy contexts: (a) of influence, (b) of policy text production, and (c) of practice. Findings confirm existing assessments of the festival landscape as being complex. They show that while the cities studied have a long history of strategizing about festivals, this has not yet led to dedicated policy attention. Overall, in line with work by Whitford, Phi and Dredge, a market-led approach to festivals dominates, although evidence of a policy rhetoric linking festivals to cultural inclusion is present. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that policy thinking about how festivals can achieve cultural inclusion is neither sufficiently comprehensible nor “joined up” across relevant policy domains.

Further education in the UK: lessons from the governance of colleges in Scotland

ABSTRACTFurther education policy across the UK has diverged significantly over the last decade. While in both countries colleges have been subject to a programme of restructuring and rationalisation, Scotland now has a largely ‘nationalised’ sector while England has adopted a more market-led approach which has been characterised in some quarters as a ‘free for all’. However, there are some signs that England is starting to turn away from this stance and it is, therefore, instructive to examine the influence of policy on the Scottish sector, particularly as England embarks on a programme of devolution to the regions. This paper draws on policy documents and interviews with key policy actors to examine the ‘Scottish Approach’ to policy and the effects of this on the performance of the sector. While this has undoubtedly resulted in a more coherent system it is argued that colleges have paid a price for this, foregoing much of their previous autonomy. Moreover, it is not clear that the approach has addressed the ‘skills gap’ as currently perceived. It is concluded that much can be learned by greater engagement across the border, informed by a clearer understanding of how policy contexts impact on the leadership and governance of colleges.

Understanding governance of public land sales: an experiment from Hong Kong

ABSTRACTFor centuries, many governments in the Asia-Pacific region have owned all the land resources, and government land auctions were deployed as an essential channel to supply public land. While the government-led approach to land supply is often criticized for lacking sensitivity to changing market conditions, experiments have been conducted to remedy this defect by means of a market-led approach that relies on developers to reveal their demand for public land. However, under the market-led approach, public land would not be put on sale until a developer committed an irrevocable bid to initiate a land auction. This market-led mechanism, namely the land application list system (ALS) in Hong Kong, China, has typically created a problem of freeriding among developers and has led to the unintended consequence of an undersupply of land. By considering such land sales reform in Hong Kong, this study uses a simultaneous equation model to demonstrate that the ALS has caused a significant undersupply of land. Moreover, an ordinal generalized linear discrete-choice econometric model is used to confirm that developers are more likely to coordinate with each other in order to internalize freeriding problems. A transaction costs framework is then developed to explain that market- and government-led approaches are not mutually exclusive and should complement each other. A dual approach that integrates both mechanisms is discussed as a new policy option.

Book review: Coles, A., Gray, L. and Momsen, J., editors, 2015: The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Development

Coles, A., Gray, L. and Momsen, J., editors, 2015: The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Development. London/New York, NY: Routledge. 594 pp. £190. ISBN: 9780415829083 (Hardcover).

Deregulation: the effect of market-led approach to Nigerian universities management

This paper examines the effects of market-led approach Nigeria universities management concept deregulation from a market-led point of view to evaluate its effect on the management of university education in Nigeria. From many debates and argument put forward on the discussion of deregulation, it is very clear that deregulation policy was introduced for the purpose of enhancing productivities of public sectors or government-owned establishment. The establishment of deregulation policy has created opportunities for different individuals and groups to participate or take ownership of some public sectors in the quest for providing better services and making profits. However, widens the gap in knowledge about whether or not taking ownership of public sector business has generated profit or not. This paper is desk research and intends to review issues unturned in the past literature on how deregulation has now suddenly become a market-led approach to the Nigerian Universities Management. The paper revealed that Nigerians are keen on getting the best quality education irrespective of how the education systems are put up to be achieved. Likewise, the government has not been able to deregulate any of the public universities they owned rather university provisions have been commercialized and extended to private individuals.

Deregulation: The Effect of Market-led Approach to Nigerian Universities Management

This paper examines the effects of market-led approach Nigeria universities management concept deregulation from a market-led point of view to evaluate its effect on the management of university education in Nigeria. From many debates and argument put forward on the discussion of deregulation, it is very clear that deregulation policy was introduced for the purpose of enhancing productivities of public sectors or government-owned establishment. The establishment of deregulation policy has created opportunities for different individuals and groups to participate or take ownership of some public sectors in the quest for providing better services and making profits.  However, widens the gap in knowledge about whether or not taking ownership of public sector business has generated profit or not. This paper is desk research and intends to review issues unturned in the past literature on how deregulation has now suddenly become a market-led approach to the Nigerian Universities Management. The paper revealed that Nigerians are keen on getting the best quality education irrespective of how the education systems are put up to be achieved. Likewise, the government has not been able to deregulate any of the public universities they owned rather university provisions have been commercialized and extended to private individuals.

Finance for All: The Success of the Market-Led Approach to Financial Development in the Developing World

Economists have long argued that inclusive and well-developed financial systems play a critical role in fostering economic growth and development. However, the question of what is the best means of achieving financial development has long remained a puzzle in the development finance literature. In this paper, I show that some of the greatest examples of financial development in modern times have not come from countries that have pursued a more top-down or state-led approach to financial development, which has been the dominant mode of promoting financial inclusion and development in the postwar era. Instead, they’ve come from countries that have taken a bottom-up or market-oriented approach. This hands-off approach has succeeded because it gives entrepreneurs the ability to utilize their knowledge of their local economy to discover innovative ways to access financially excluded segments of the population. Perhaps the greatest modern day example of market-led financial development is the mobile money revolution that has swept across Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the past decade. In this paper, I argue that the key predictor of whether a country will reap the benefits of these transformative innovations is whether its government embraces a hands off, or “enabling,” regulatory environment that promotes entrepreneurship and experimentation.

Spatial scale, time and process in mega-events: The complexity of host community perspectives on neighbourhood change

A focus on the ‘mega’ aspect of hallmark events can divert attention from the micro – those local communities who are most impacted by the event. Similarly, attention to the ‘event’ aspect underplays the long process of bidding and preparation before any putative legacy of urban transformation for local people. This paper uses qualitative data to unpack the complex and multi-layered views of local residents, living in a deprived neighbourhood beside the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games site in Scotland. They reflect on five years of intensive urban regeneration, evaluate the experience of ‘lockdown’ at Games time, and consider their hopes and fears for the future of the community. Interviewing a mixture of lifelong, established, new and returning residents, we found considerable common ground across the different groups in terms of hopes for a new, mixed community in the area. However, findings also highlight concerns around urban governance practices and the limitations of a market-led approach to regeneration.

Stakeholder perspectives of the future of accessible tourism in New Zealand

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to put forward the argument that New Zealand’s tourism industry generally fails to acknowledge the importance of the access market. Despite anecdotal evidence of the market’s value and strong legislation, New Zealand’s access market arguably remains underserviced and misunderstood. The current research sought to explore social and business rationales to support a future for accessible tourism in New Zealand, from the perspectives of its key stakeholders. It sought to uncover contemporary issues in the tourism industry, to examine the capacity and context for which issues can be addressed and overcome, to achieve a future for accessible tourism in New Zealand.Design/methodology/approachUnder the interpretive paradigm, original, exploratory research was conducted. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with ten key New Zealand tourism industry stakeholders who agreed to participate in the research. Qualitative data were thematically analysed. The following five key themes inductively emerged from the data: “Accessibility as a human right: Developing a culture of accessibility”; “Accessible tourism: Good for business?”; “Bottom-up, market-led approach”; “Leadership from the top: Moving from apathy to action”; and “Meeting somewhere in the middle”. The five themes correspond to themes evidenced in the wider literature and present propositions for the future development of accessible tourism in New Zealand.FindingsFindings revealed stakeholder opinions of an industry exemplifying minimal awareness and consideration for accessibility. Accessibility was perceived to be an issue of social change, requiring the achievement of a cultural shift where accessibility is envisioned as a cultural norm necessary for the future. Whilst top-down leadership and support were deemed pertinent, ownership and accountability were seen to be crucial at the lower, operational levels of the industry. A “meeting in the middle” was reported necessary to see the leveraging of a greater push towards accessibility and emphasising more prominently, what has been and can be done, moving forward into the future.Originality/valueThis paper provides original insights into the current and future scope of accessible tourism in New Zealand from the perspectives of its stakeholders. The key themes derived from the research assist knowledge for aligning the industry on a pathway towards achieving the necessary awareness and collaboration required in order to offer accessible tourism experiences to all.

Managing the tensions between maintaining academic standards and the commercial imperative in a UK private sector higher education institution

In a changing landscape of higher education, universities have been moving towards a market-led approach to strategic management. This paper examines the case of a UK private sector education provider that gained degree-awarding powers following changes made in 2004 by the UK Government to the accreditation criteria for recognised degree-awarding bodies. The management team, driven by the need to be seen as a legitimate organisation within the sector, made changes to the academic infrastructure to align more closely with those of the existing players in the market. This isomorphic pressure to become similar for reasons of legitimacy created tensions between maintaining academic standards and business objectives. The management of these tensions resulted in a reconciliation of the dual objectives – not a rationalisation or satisficing, but a realisation in action that the academic and business aims were in fact compatible rather than competing.

An Integrated Model of Flexible Design Process for Taiwanese Housing Developments

This paper proposes a human-centered design approach to provide a model of flexible design process for private housing development in Taiwan. By integrating concepts of “Open Building” and “Open Source Building”, this paper suggests the scope for the ongoing customization of individual units within housing developments that intends to facilitate real-world, sustainable development for the Taiwanese housing market. Also, it argues that the current market-led design approach creates inherent problems for the Taiwanese housing developments. However, in Taiwan’s housing sectors are coupled with entrenched, unsustainable decision-making from housing developers and particularly the intractable communication gap between developers, architects and homebuyers. The current circumstance is that architects often lack professional integrity and serve the interests of developers before those of home occupants as well as the wider community. Noticeably, growing global awareness of sustainable development has recast housing as an intrinsic component of the urban environment and successful communities. In Taiwan, short-term profitability rather than long-term sustainability drives private housing. As a result, by employing a series of exploration to current design process and the principle of design management, this paper will 1) analyze the flawed relationships between Taiwanese developers, architects, interior designers and homebuyers, explaining how these lead to inferior housing design and the waste of significant human, material and financial resources; and 2) then concludes a model of flexible design process integrated the concepts of human-centered design approach, Open Building and customization of Taiwanese townhouse developments. Consequently, such approach can significantly improve the flexibility of the present design process in terms of better meeting end-user requirements, the demands of sustainability, whilst ensuring the continued commercial viability of housing developments.

Lead Users and Early Adoptors of Bioplastics: A Market-Led Approach to Innovative Food Packaging Films

Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, ThailandFood quality and safety are major concerns in the food industry and bioplastics constitute an emerg-ing and innovative industrial segment which helps address these concerns. The bioplastics industryis characterized by new synergies and collaborations in the chemical, biotechnological and agricul-tural sectors, with antimicrobial packaging being one emerging technology that signi“cantly improvesfood safety. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the perceptions of stakeholders and leadusers of the adoption of innovative antimicrobial PLA “lms, the researchers conducted in-depthinterviews and used questionnaires. The target group for the study was the experts in the bio-basedmaterials and food industry. The effects of climate change mean that it is becoming increasinglyimportant for individuals to reduce their carbon footprints. Combining the concepts of bio-basedplastics with active packaging properties results an innovative product which is not only environ-mentally friendly, but also is attractive to consumers. Consequently, consumers may push for theuse of bio-based packaging materials as an alternative to materials produced from non-renewablesources. In this paper, we report on the factors that in”uence the commercialization of bioplastics bydescribing the use of innovative food packaging “lms in the processed meat industry as an exam-ple. Research on the role of stakeholders in the value chain, consumer demand for bioproducts,barriers to commercialization, supplier customer linkages, technology transfer, government policyand the acceptance of product premiums are all summarized herein.