Maritime Programmes Research Articles

FACTORS INFLUENCING INTENTION TO JOIN MARITIME INDUSTRY AMONG FEMALE MARITIME STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA

Female students have always had a hardworking and valiant character, with high self-confidence and a powerful spirit in the university culture. The fact that there is a global gender bias in the workforce in various industries, including maritime industries cannot be denied. However, the increase in the number of female students attending maritime programmes in the universities and colleges in Malaysia, shows that the younger generation nowadays is becoming more aware of the changing perceptions of women at sea. Even though the SOR theory was highly used to predict individual future behaviour in various contexts, however, there are lack of literature employing the S-O-R theory in the maritime context's studies. Thus, to fill these gaps, by adopting the S-O-R theory, this study attempts to identify what are the factors influencing the intention to join the maritime industry among female students who studying maritime-related courses in higher institutions in Malaysia. Employing a purposive sampling method, the link to the questionnaire was distributed online, and a total of 302 respondents were gathered. The analysis with structural equation modelling with Smart PLS found that career reputation and salary expectation have a positive relationship with job image and personnel interest, and job image and personnel interest have a positive influence on intention to join the maritime industry. The findings of the study will provide insightful information which is useful for the higher institutions and employers in the maritime industry to craft better policy and recruitment strategies to attract and increase the participation of women in the maritime industry.

Study on Cadet Satisfaction towards E-Marketing Promotion in Private Maritime University (Study with reference to rural cadets, Chennai)

Purpose: With the use of marketing strategies, particularly internet marketing, this study seeks to shed light on how rural cadets are growing more concerned with choosing private universities. Design/Methodology/approach: As respondents, 412 rural marine engineering cadets from private maritime universities took part in the survey. This study demonstrates the importance of e-marketing in promoting private maritime colleges to rural cadets of maritime programmes. The significance of the finding was examined using the Descriptive and Chi-Square Analysis. As a result, the current study was limited to students at Chennai's private maritime universities. Findings: The research reveals that online retailers' emails, promotions of their admittance policies, visits to their websites, and encouragement to enrol via email all constitute forms of electronic marketing. Cadets are persuaded to enrol by reading emails supplied by online businesses. Practical Implications: Overall, all respondent groups agreed that more e-marketing should be conducted to gain admission for private marine universities. Originality/Value: The study emphasises that the cadets' distribution of e-marketing appears to be successful; it is seen that for the factor of "email sent by online companies", the cadets recorded the greatest degree of satisfaction for all chosen marketing activities. Type of Paper: Case Study.

Source characterization guidelines for noise mapping of port areas

Maritime transport for both passengers and freight is continuously increasing and, consequently, the global attention toward its sustainability is growing. Ships offer advantages in terms of environmental impact compared to other transportation systems but the increasing traffic volume is expected to increase pollutants. Noise produced in port areas has been neglected for too long, until the INTERREG Maritime programme Italy-France 2014–2020 has brought to light how citizen complaints are emerging for some of the main ports in the Mediterranean. However, port noise prevention and management is difficult as knowledge on specific sources is very limited in the literature. Furthermore, on field measurements are difficult to be performed given the complexity of the port area, where multiple types of sound emitters mix and confuse each other.Noise maps represent the first important step in order to align ports to the requirements set by the Environmental Noise Directive to the transportation infrastructures. Once computed, they are an excellent tool supporting port management towards the reduction of citizens’ noise exposure while ensuring traffic growth.The present paper reports a guideline for the characterization of noise sources needed as inputs for the noise maps, as developed in the framework of the INTERREG Maritime programme Italy-France 2014–2020. On the basis of the current state of the art, a procedure has been elaborated for different categories of noise sources acting in port, ranging from stationary to moving ships, from mooring operations to loading/unloading operations, from industrial activities to road and railway traffic.

Port Noise and Complaints in the North Tyrrhenian Sea and Framework for Remediation

Compared to the other relevant noise sources such as railways, roads, and airplanes, the regulation regarding port noise is lagging behind. The absence of specific laws is likely one of the main causes of the increasingly high number of complaints reported by the citizens living nearby the ports. At the same time, scientific literature concerning the impact of port noise and its mitigation is not so widespread and only a few studies are available at the moment. However, the volume of maritime traffic has increased in the last years and consequently, Port Authorities are required to assess the impact of port operations on the city soundscape without using specific directives or guidelines. In this context, the INTERREG Maritime programme projects RUMBLE, MON ACUMEN, and REPORT aim to fill this gap, by investigating the state-of-the-art of port noise in the north Tyrrhenian sea and developing helpful instruments. Data were collected via a survey sent to the Port Authorities, local environmental protection agencies and universities involved in the projects. The survey was focused on monitoring systems, previous measurement campaigns, noise maps, and citizens’ complaints already taken. The results confirmed both a lack of awareness among residents and authorities and the absence of actions aimed at reducing port noise. In this framework, the difficulties encountered by the Port Authorities in managing the ports sustainably are highlighted. An underestimation of citizens’ exposure to noise in port areas could be expected.

Exploring policy direction through profiles and expectations of students enrolled in maritime programmes in Durban, South Africa

Exploring policy direction through profiles and expectations of students enrolled in maritime programmes in Durban, South Africa

Love of Wide Open Waters. The Polish Maritime Programme according to the Baltic and Western Institutes in the Aftermath of the Second World War (1945–ca. 1950)

This article analyses the Polish maritime programme after the Second World War, as expressed in scholarship of two main Polish research institutions: the Baltic Institute and the Western Institute. Given the considerable border changes at the end of the war, which incorporated a long coastline and three major ports on the Baltic Sea (Danzig/Gdańsk, Stettin/Szczecin and Gdynia) into post-war Poland, the maritime programmes gained a new basis for operations in comparison to the interwar period, and thus had to be adapted accordingly. They contained both continuities and modifications: in ideological terms they were based on the prewar premises of Poland’s origins as a Baltic Sea country, and had a strong anti-German dimension. On the other hand, they were more pragmatic and concentrated on the organization of the maritime economy and education. Similarly as in the interwar period, they were also seen as a modernizing project: the maritime economy and education were supposed to connect the Polish nation with the whole world, and thus assure its equal status as part of the Western world.

Pursuing maritime education: an empirical study of students’ profiles, motivations and expectations

This study reveals the profiles, motivations, and expectations of students pursuing undergraduate maritime programmes. Although a number of tertiary institutions offer maritime programmes, the characteristics and structures of the demands for such programmes remain under-researched. This paper illustrates and discusses the results of a survey completed by students pursuing undergraduate programmes in maritime business and management at three universities in Asia and Europe, and compares them with the findings of a database examining similar issues towards postgraduate students within the same institutions. Research highlights include the tendency of undergraduate students to combine studies and work, considering real-world experiences as a vital contributor to career prospects. Shipping (notably tankers, dry bulks and containers) stands out as the ideal professional paths within the maritime industries. Another key finding is that the current marketing strategies of the institutions are rather irrelevant. This paper provides a solid foundation for understanding the profile students pursuing maritime programmes and contributes to the effective planning and management of maritime programmes, thus to the overall professional quality of the maritime industries.

Unreliable alcohol testing in a shipping safety programme

Background Within a maritime alcohol and drug testing programme, a case showing an unphysiological urine ethanol concentration (235 mmol/L, 10.8 g/L) was found. The sample contained low levels of the ethanol metabolites ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) which confirmed prior drinking, but also tested positive for the fermenting yeast Candida albicans which suggested post-sampling ethanol formation. This and other questionable cases prompted investigation of the suitability of urine alcohol testing for the intended application. Methods Besides the routine measurements of ethanol, illicit drugs and creatinine, randomly selected ethanol-positive and ethanol-negative urines collected within the maritime programme were checked for the presence of EtG and EtS and for fungal and bacterial growth. Data on sample handling and storage was also gathered. Results Ten of 15 (67%) ethanol-positive and 4 of 9 (44%) ethanol-negative urines contained yeast and/or bacteria. Among the ethanol-positive cases, 4 (27%) were obviously false positives because EtG and EtS were not detected. Microbial action as the reason for false-high ethanol concentrations was indicated in other cases. When 17 bacteria-infected but fungi-negative urines were supplemented with glucose and stored for 1 week at 21 °C, ethanol was formed in 2 specimens containing Escherichia coli and E. coli plus P. aeruginosa. In these samples, EtG was also formed on storage while EtS was not. Conclusions The routines employed for urine collection and handling within this substance abuse programme caused many false-positive identifications of alcohol use with unintended medico-legal consequences. Unpreserved urines stored without cooling should not be used for alcohol testing, given the high risk for microbial interference.

The role of the Federal Government in US marine transportation

The United States meets the world shipping crisis of the 1970s with a high-cost merchant fleet and a national maritime policy which needs clearer articulation. This paper examines the objectives, rationale and methods of implementation of the Us maritime programme with attention, finally, to the question of governmental reorganization.

OUTLOOK FOR MINERAL RAW MATERIALS

No better summary of the outlook for the mineral raw materials industry during the next two decades can be offered than the oft‐repeated aphorism, “The more things change, the more they remain the same”. Each mineral commodity will pursue its own individual course, but overall, the growth and increasing sophistication of the world population will double consumption and narrow such gaps as exist between supply and demand. Sources of supply will be found over a widening geographic range and will cross an increasing number of political boundaries. Although the need for an international mineral policy is obvious, confrontation between the industrial nations of the West and the anti‐colonialism and nationalism of Third World countries offers little hope of anything better than ad hoc solutions in the form of bilateral agreements or cartelization of specific commodities involving several producing nations with common interests. Japan has shown the efficacy of bilateral agreements; the International Tin Council and OPEC are examples of cartelization. Although its mineral resources make the USSR all but self‐sufficient, analysis of its military and maritime programmes indicates that one of its aims is to fill the vacuum created by the lack of an international mineral policy. It is following closely a modernized formula for world domination set forth by Sir Halford Mackinder in 1904. Success would enable it to impose a mineral “policy” on the rest of the world, which will be well advised to ponder this possibility.