Maritime Perspective Research Articles

Making a Case for Trade: Shi Shipiao’s Map of the Eastern and Southern Oceans

Abstract In the early eighteenth century, the Kangxi emperor was presented with two maps in Chinese, one each from the officials Gioro Mamboo and Shi Shipiao. The maps showed southern China and Southeast Asia and were based on Dutch charts. The officials presented the maps at a time when the emperor had recently issued a law restricting Chinese trade in Southeast Asia. The map presented by Shi Shipiao adds information about sailing routes and export goods that were subject to the trade restrictions imposed by the emperor. This article argues that rather than being intended to provide a representation of seafaring knowledge, Shi aimed to use the map he presented to convince the emperor to lift the restrictions he had imposed on trade. This therefore provides an example of how maps could be used for political ends. In contrast to many other Chinese maps influenced by European sciences, these two maps show no Jesuit involvement but resemble the Selden Map as well as Japanese and Buginese charts, representing a maritime perspective in the history of knowledge exchange.

항만 선택 및 경쟁 모형

Port competition is a complex phenomenon that is inextricably linked to the port selection decisions of hinterland and maritime port users. To effectively analyze port competition and formulate strategies, it is essential to adopt a holistic perspective that considers the entire port system through a supply chain lens. Existing research on port competition has largely focused on constructing separate port choice models for hinterland and seaward considerations, or developing unified port choice models that do not distinguish between user groups. However, these approaches fail to account for the interdependent relationship between the port choice behaviors and port competitiveness of hinterland and seaward port users within a single port. In this study, we address this gap in the literature by proposing an integrated model that leverages port choice models of hinterland and maritime port users, along with their respective port preferences, within a multicriteria decision analysis-non-cooperative game theory framework. This integrated model enables a comprehensive examination of port selection and inter-port competition from a unified perspective. In addition, we construct a two-player, three-strategy non-cooperative game theory model in which hinterland and maritime perspectives are considered distinct game participants. Applying the proposed integrated multi-criteria decision-making port competition theory model to container ports, we find that Busan Port exhibits the highest overall competitiveness, followed closely by Yeosu Gwangyang Port and Incheon Port. The Nash equilibrium solution for all participants in both simultaneous and sequential games is confirmed to be the choice of Busan Port for both hinterland and maritime considerations. These findings suggest that Incheon Port and Yeosu Gwangyang Port, which benchmark the Nash equilibrium solution, should prioritize the enhancement of port selection factors according to their relative importance, particularly those where they fall short compared to Busan Port. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of port selection and a game theory-based port competition framework from the perspective of port users in the context of container ports. The findings of this study can support the strategy formulation of port authorities and port operators. However, future research could build more realistic models that categorize inland shippers by region and ocean carriers by route to obtain more practical outcomes

Law and politics from the sea

AbstractRecent scholarship in law and society has engaged in novel ways with maritime spaces, articulating how they inform legal theory more broadly. This essay builds on such scholarship, and on a broad-brushed survey of maritime history, to make two basic arguments. First, a look at political and legal processes regarding maritime spaces reveals that law is transnational ‘all the way down’. Legal theorists often assume that transnational legal processes are an added layer beyond domestic and international law. But the maritime perspective reveals that transnationalism comes first, both analytically and historically, as a constant negotiation of the relationship between what is ‘inside’ and what is ‘outside’ a polity. Second, the maritime space begins, at least in dominant legal traditions, as an absolute exteriority – imagined as outside or beyond polities and jurisdictions. But with the climate crisis and the emergence of the Anthropocene we may observe an inversion, the sea now appears as a record of harmful human activity; a mirror showing a troublesome collective portrait of humanity. The inversion from a maritime exteriority to the intimacy of ubiquitous environmental harm defines the parameters of law and politics today. The essay concludes with reflections on how the maritime perspective may best be engaged today in responding to that image through political action. It conceptualizes what I call the ‘commonist lifeboat’ – a model of bottom-up universalism for tumultuous times.

A Poetic History of the Oceans. Literature and Maritime Modernity. SørenFrankAmsterdam: Brill, 2022, 447 pp.

A Poetic History of the Oceans. Literature and Maritime Modernity. SørenFrankAmsterdam: Brill, 2022, 447 pp.

Before the Storm: A Transrealm History of the Decades Leading Up to the First Mongol Invasion of Japan

Abstract: The Mongol invasions of Japan (1274 and 1281) are among the most widely studied events in thirteenth-century East Asian maritime history. Less attention, however, has been paid to the lengthy negotiations that took place prior to the first invasion and involved Khubilai Khan (1215–1294), his Chinese advisers, the Koryŏ king, the Kamakura shogunate, and the Japanese imperial court. Based on primary sources from the Mongols, Koreans, and Japanese, this article demonstrates that merely focusing on the invasions themselves is insufficient to describe their complexity. Moreover, the diverse strategies that different regimes utilized in dealing with the Mongol Empire demonstrate new possibilities for interpreting the medieval maritime world in ways that go beyond the conventional historical narrative, which treats Mongolian expansion as the overarching framework. Adopting a transrealm and maritime perspective that enables the integration of Japanese history within a broader geographic context, this article investigates the actions and reactions of different parties to the negotiations. It thus attempts to move beyond the conceptual limitations we run up against when we apply contemporary boundaries and identities associated with modern nation-states in studying this important episode in East Asian and world history.

Cyprus, Sardinia and Sicily: A Maritime Perspective on Interaction, Connectivity and Imagination in Mediterranean Prehistory

In this study, we outline a maritime perspective on interaction in the Late Bronze/early Iron Age Mediterranean. In response to what has elsewhere been termed the ‘maximalist’ approach, which foregrounds direct, long-distance trading connections between distant Mediterranean regions as a key feature of Late Bronze Age exchange systems, we propose a more nuanced, ‘minimalist’ and argue that notions of contact, connectivity and mobility need to be carefully distinguished if we wish to discuss both the material and social dimensions of maritime mobility. In particular, we critique the prominently proposed, allegedly direct trade route between Sardinia and Cyprus. The network we suggest hinges on multiply connected nodes, where a variety of social actors take part in the creation and maintenance of maritime connections. By unpacking several such nodes between Sardinia and Cyprus, we demonstrate that simply asserting the dominance of Sardinian, Cypriot or Aegean mariners falls short of the complex archaeological evidence and eschews possible social interpretations. In conclusion, we submit that maritime connectivity is an inherently social activity, and that a culturally diverse prehistoric Mediterranean was connected by multiple interlocking and overlapping networks.

Politička i ekonomska saradnja Kine i Italije - perspektive i izazovi

The purpose of this article is to examine Sino-Italian political and economic cooperation. The first part of the paper reviews the still ongoing process of China`s ambitions to present itself as a 'non-Other' to the international society by carrying out economic development and political opening and offering the Belt and Road Initiative to international partners. However, Beijing still faces (un)justified accusation that it affects the implementation of the already established norms, principles and procedures of the international law, sustainable development, geopolitical order, and geoeconomic distribution of wealth. For the purpose of this research, our focus will be on Italian understanding of the maritime perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative. The second part examines tools that the two countries use for overcoming obstacles to political and economic cooperation, whilst striving not just to widen and strengthen mutual trust, sincerity, and pragmatism, but to protect national interests as well.

Revisiting the Legal Framework for Private Military and Security Contractors: Maritime Perspective

The paper aims to analyse legal lacunas and suggest possible solutions for the acts and wrongdoings of Private Military and Security Companies within the lens of maritime activities. The paper has been divided into three parts. Part I deals with the necessity and role of Private Military and Security Companies in the present times. Part II discusses the legal status of Private Military and Security Companies and ways of ensuring responsibility for their acts. Part III examines the legal framework for the acts of Private Maritime Security Companies. An assessment of the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL), state responsibility, applicability of the Montreux document and efforts such as GUARDCON have been discussed to highlight the inadequacy of the laws on Private Maritime Security Companies. There has been an upsurge in the employment of Private Maritime Security Companies since 2008 to cope with a myriad of problems at sea including piracy and robbery. However, an umbrella of rules including employment procedures, agreements, training techniques, responsibility in peacetime as well as in times of conflict and the guidelines of IHL must be restructured or enhanced in order to be made applicable to Private Maritime Security Companies.

Transportation time reliability appraisal in maritime context

Transportation time information plays an important role in transportation and logistics. Variability in transportation time is obvious in any mode of transport due to unpredictable system parameters and their dynamic behavior. Significant work has been done in transportation on road and rail modes but the area is still open and hot for maritime being less explored so far. This paper, in maritime perspective, defines the transportation time as time taken for all the activities from loading at source harbor till it’s unloading at the destination and so the return path. As uncertainties can be handled effectively by statistical methods, it is used for transportation time appraisal. The paper presents the methodology for maritime transportation reliability assessment and illustrates the same with an application to a case of Stena Baltica ferry operation in Europe. This paper uniquely combines quality and reliability tools in maritime studies and the obtained results are validated through the simulation. Further a leading link is taken to resolve the problem reducing the uncertainty level in the voyage by bringing process capability study into the investigation. Appropriate investigation and analyses with respect to transportation time variance reduction is also carried out in the paper.

Late Bronze Age Metal Exploitation and Trade: Sardinia and Cyprus

ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, extensive archeological studies have provided us with knowledge about the multifaceted relations between Nuragic Sardinia and Bronze Age Cyprus. During the winter of 2019, Nuragic tableware of Sardinian origin was discovered at the harbor site of Hala Sultan Tekke, on the south-eastern coast of Cyprus, providing the opportunity to return to the question of the reasons behind this presence. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the characteristics and role of Sardinian maritime “enterprises” in the long-distance metal trade in the Mediterranean and beyond, including continental Europe. An array of new provenance studies demonstrates the complexity of the Bronze Age metal trade and, taking a maritime perspective, provides the opportunity to reveal how strategically positioned actors such as Nuragic Sardinia managed to dominate sea-borne routes, and gained a prominent and independent international position.

Finding New Regional Mandalas: Indonesia Maritime Strategy Between India And China

This paper aims to analyse Indonesia’s dilemmas and prospects in engaging maritime strategic partner between China and India while pursuing its maritime reorientation. The expanding presence of China in Indian Ocean and its aggressiveness in maritime territorial dispute in East Asia has triggered India to transform Rao’s “Look East policy” to Modi’s “Act East policy”. Modi’s ambitious foreign policy increased eastward focus and his commitment in pursuing economic growth has been combined with India’s strategy in balancing against China’s Silk Road strategy. Both emerging powers, China and India, see Indonesia potential as strategic maritime partner in their strategic vision. Utilizing New Maritime Silk Road strategy or One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative in 2013, China engages ASEAN, including Indonesia, in infrastructure construction mega-project to enhance connectivity. While India, began in 1996 as dialogue partner in ASEAN Regional Partner (ARF), gets more involved in as ASEAN partner by joining ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM+) in 2010 and Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF) in 2015. India and Indonesia have shared the common view of culture, colonial history, and political sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, and independent foreign policy. Theyhave been also originated from the same ancient polity that habituate them to cooperate even under anarchy situation. However, this mandala-inspired cultural legacy would also drive them toward potential conflict as the two countries try to structure their spatial process centripetally using maritime strategy. In this regards, the paper will also discuss the continuity and dissonance of maritime perspective in Indonesia and India experience. Jakarta’s will to strengthen its maritime posture marks its leitmotif to play its role as center within Southeast Asia mandala will be contested by India and China strategic interests in the sea. In the cultural memory of region, exerting power on the sea and ownership of huge armada symbolically marks and legitimates a country’s supremacy within heterarchy or regional hierarchy that tends to be equal. Using both contemporary and classical literature, this research intends to reveal how the contending emerging powers seek to aspire regional leadership using maritime tradition. While embarking from leadership-generational change and historical experience, this paper will shed the light why maritime strategy acts as guiding principles for national security in the global geopolitical shift and regional geo-strategy.

Revisiting urban hierarchy and specialization from a maritime perspective

ABSTRACTPort–city relationships have attracted paramount attention from a variety of scientific disciplines for several decades, such as geography, history, planning, regional science, sociology, and economics to name but a few. Yet, the extent to which maritime traffic specialization obeys the same spatial distribution than other economic activities remains underexplored today. This article tackles these lacunae head-on by proposing an empirical analysis of the way vessel tonnage per main categories of flows (e.g. containers, bulks, passengers) coincides with the demographic size of the world’s coastal and inland city-regions, using novel data on global inter-port vessel movements and harmonized population data over the period 1977–2008. Our main results confirm that such traffic is far from being randomly distributed, as its volume, value, and diversity concentrate at the top of the urban hierarchy. This research motivates the need to further integrate physical connectivity into the study of cities and their development mechanisms.

Å tenke med havet: Et maritimt perspektiv på jernalderlandskapet mellom Buksnesfjorden og Borg på Vestvågøy i Lofoten

The sea as a point of view: A maritime approach to the Iron Age landscape in Vestvågøy, Norway. Vestvågøy, an island in the Lofoten archipelago, is well known in Scandinavian archaeology due to two massive Iron Age buildings at the Borg farm. Borg has been a popular subject for Iron Age research. Research has mainly focused on agricultural aspects of the Iron Age society on Vestvågøy. Nevertheless, a large number of Iron Age graves are located on islets and headlands. These are not often considered in earlier contributions. In this paper, I explore how a maritime perspective can contribute to a new understanding of Iron Age Vestvågøy. The main premise is that the presence of the sea affects how people structure their landscapes. I view the Iron Age sites and the landscape from the sea: the main transport route in prehistoric coastal Norway. Although interpreted as a central place, Borg is located by a hidden bay north on the island, excluded from maritime communication lines. While some researchers suggest that the Buksnesfjord area was the location for another central place, the layout of the Buksnesfjord area differs from Borg. Through a GIS-based quantitative spatial study of Iron Age graves, I outline an alternative view of the Iron Age landscape.

The Maritime Dimension to Scotland's “Highland Problem”, ca. 1540–1630

The relationship of the Gaidhealtachd with the rest of Scotland and with Britain was transformed in the period 1540–1630. Having been relatively autonomous, Scottish Gaelic chiefs were now drawn deeper into the orbit of the Scottish and then British crown, particularly during the adult reign of James VI (and I) (1587–1625). Scholarly study of the Highlands and Islands during the period has tended to concentrate on crown-clan relationships and the way in which the centre imposed reform on the peripheral Gaidhealtachd (Highlands and Islands). Indigenous (Highland/Hebridean) and maritime perspectives have been less well developed in these narratives. Gaelic Scots and visiting Lowland fishermen had different approaches to the exploitation of marine resources. The approaches of both parties, of Gaelic Scots, as well as Lowland fishermen and merchants, to the maritime environment are examined here: a study which can bring new insights into older debates on crown—clan relations if not plantation, state formation, and colonial approaches to resource appropriation and exploitation.

Power and Profit at Sea: The Rise of the West in the Making of the International System

The making of the international system from c. 1500 reflected distinctively maritime dynamics, especially “gunboat diplomacy,” or the use of naval force for commercial gain. Comparisons between civilizations and across time show, first, that gunboat diplomacy was peculiarly European and, second, that it evolved through stages. For the majority of the modern era, violence was central to the commercial strategies of European state, private, and hybrid actors alike in the wider world. In contrast, large and small non-Western polities almost never sought to advance mercantile aims through naval coercion. European exceptionalism reflected a structural trade deficit, regional systemic dynamics favoring armed trade, and mercantilist beliefs. Changes in international norms later restricted the practice of gunboat diplomacy to states, as private navies became illegitimate. More generally, a maritime perspective suggests the need for a reappraisal of fundamental conceptual divisions and shows how the capital- and technology-intensive nature of naval war allowed relatively small European powers to be global players. It also explains how European expansion and the creation of the first global international system was built on dominance at sea centuries before Europeans’ general military superiority on land.

Mobility and Memory: Maritime Crossings of the Storyteller in Marie-Célie Agnant’sLe livre d’EmmaGabriella Ghermandi’sRegina di fiori e di perle

This article offers a comparative reading of Marie-Célie Agnant’sLe livre d’Emmaand Gabriella Ghermandi’sRegina di fiori e di perle. Acknowledging the distinct geographical and temporal contexts of the Francophone Caribbean and the Mediterranean, I argue that the authors’ employment of frame narratives and (ch)orality as a mode of collective remembrance and cultural transmission can be read as interventions in the debates on maritime perspectives and the figuration of the sea in contemporary literary studies. This argument is grounded in the mobility, fluidity, and dynamism of oral storytelling and the frame narrative’s pre-novelistic transnational path historically and in the present works, examining the authors’ stylistic and thematic practices as linked to the sea. By putting Agnant and Ghermandi in conversation, this article explores a maritime practice of reading and its potential application to other texts.

The origins of the Kula Ring: Archaeological and maritime perspectives from the southern Massim and Mailu areas of Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACTThis paper is focused on the archaeology of Massim exchange and the development of the Kula Ring. It establishes an ethnographic baseline for the European contact period, and summarises fieldwork in the southern Massim. It provides a first description of the prehistoric pottery sequence and draws together previous information from the northern Massim and the Mailu area into a study of the archaeological origins of the Kula Ring. In the last centuries of prehistory the Massim became isolated from the PNG mainland by warfare and, at the same time, islands of the Massim became more connected. The geographical configuration of the Kula was influenced by seasonal winds and the sailing performance of nagega canoes. Some islands were advantaged in their location, but others lay upwind from the Kula islands and outside the Ring. Among the Kula islands, exchanges resolved into a gyre and concepts of Kula magic and ritual spread across the open borders of adjacent communities. In late prehistory the small southern island of Tubetube became a dominant centre when it established a direct connection with the trade in industrial stone from Woodlark Island. Finally, when the Massim was pacified by the colonial government the ethnographic Kula was free to sail, and sea lanes to the mainland opened again.

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN KEKUATAN MARITIM INDONESIA UNTUK MENGHADAPI TANTANGAN TAHUN 2020

<p><em>Problems of Indonesian maritime force development planning is inseparable from the role of government to support the development of maritime forces. In accordance with geography constellation as the largest archipelago in the world according to UNCLOS 1982, Indonesian economic development currently the largest in Southeast Asia and number 16 in the world with 6.4% gross domestic product (year on year). In this sense, it is time for implementing maritime force development based on maritime perspective and state defense as a whole integrated. Regardless of budget required by the military to implement its vision and mission of defense, the state has to be able to fulfill it and is able to offset foreign policy of the so-called Indo-pacific region in 2020. </em><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Defense, Maritime Defense, Military Reformation, Military Innovation.</em></p>

International Conference on Frontier of Science and Society (ICFSS-2017): Maritime Perspectives to Public Discourse

PROFILE OFINDONESIAN LECTURER FORUM (ILF)Indonesian Lecturer Forum (ILF) has been established for about five years after long discussion among Indonesian lecturers across the nation in a facebook group, known as Dosen Indonesia. It is interesting that a cyberspace discussion group turned into a real time working group uniting thousands of lecturers across the nation having one vision to promote Indonesian education. Officially the ILF was declared on August, 24th, 2013 in Bandung, West Java and was notarized on January 8th, 2014.List of About Conference, Thema, Background, Keynote Speaker, International Advisory Board, Scientific Committee and Organizing Commitee are available in this PDF.

Maritime Content in Indonesian History Education: The Development and Alternative Solution

For a long time ago, Indonesia was identified as maritime country. The collective memory remembered from several islands in Indonesia shows that Indonesia is a large maritime space. The original name of the country was Nusantara, (called archipelago in English). From historical data in some location, there are some evidences about the glorious of the maritime kingdom in the continent. However, maritime perspective is not to be ‘important issue” in the mind of Indonesian people nowadays. History education makes an important rule at the moment. Indonesian independence needs history education based on political perspective, especially to enhance nationalism. The orientation is continued until the New Order, and it is especially focused on the rule of Indonesia military. Reformation since 1998 should make democratization in Indonesian history teaching, but the reality, the tradition of writer in history education, was still stagnant. The content of maritime history in Indonesian History Education still become a big problem. This paper aims to analyze the development of the maritime content in Indonesian History education at school and to give the new alternative in teaching history based on maritime content. The alternative curriculum based on local competitiveness in maritime history related with regional and global region, is the best solution for it.