Maritime Dimension Research Articles

Future Prospects and Scope of China Pakistan Economic Corridor in Modern Maritime Silk Road

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stands as a master project within the broader framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), envisioning connectivity and economic cooperation across the Eurasian landmass. With a focus on the maritime dimension, this study explores the future prospects and scope of CPEC within the context of the Modern Maritime Silk Road (MSR). By examining key infrastructure projects, policy frameworks, and geopolitical dynamics, it assesses the potential impacts and opportunities arising from enhanced maritime connectivity between China and Pakistan. The analysis begins by demarcation the strategic importance of maritime routes in economic development and facilitating trade, mainly in the framework of global maritime trade patterns. Additionally, the study explores the consequences of CPEC for regional dynamics, mainly in the Indian Ocean region, where geopolitical competition and maritime security concerns intersect. It examines the potential for transshipment opportunities, economic integration and the growth of regional supply chains helped by CPEC-linked maritime infrastructure.

Beware of the Low-Hanging Fruit – Autonomous Vehicles in the Maritime Dimension

Beware of the Low-Hanging Fruit – Autonomous Vehicles in the Maritime Dimension

Maritime dimension of Modi’s foreign policy: Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation and its implications for Pakistan

Owing to its geostrategic significance, the Indian Ocean is central to global maritime competition. Aimed at establishing its dominance over the Indian Ocean, India is an important player in this global power struggle. The current paper focuses on a crucial sub-region of the Indian Ocean, i.e., the Persian Gulf. Indian maritime security strategy (2015) mentioned the region as central to its interests. The study aims to uncover the maritime dimension of PM Modi’s foreign policy, the strategic significance of the Persian Gulf region for India, and the enhanced maritime Indo-Gulf interaction since Modi took office in 2014. A significant focus of the research is to analyse the possible implications of enriched Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation for Pakistan's foreign and defence policies. For probing the issue, a qualitative research method has been utilised. Primary sources included official documents and reports by the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Defence of the Indian government. Books, newspapers, and research articles were consulted as secondary data. The Paper concludes that the gradual increase in the maritime interaction between India and Gulf states is seriously challenging Pakistan’s historical standing in the area. Pakistan needs to pursue a proactive strategy for securing its interests.

Model Penilaian Strategi Pertahanan Matra Laut Negara Kepulauan Berbasis System Dynamic

The mar itime dimension defense strategy model is a part of the Archipelago Marine Defense Strategy, referring to the dynamics or developments in the strategic environment and the capabilities of available national resources. In carrying out an assessment of the defense strategy of the archipelagic nation's sea dimension, it is determined by the influence and interaction of interrelationships between balancing aspects of Naval Forces and Integrated Fleet Weapons Systems (SSAT) with Threat aspects as a complex system, so an analysis is needed to get a value on the assessment defense strategy of the maritime dimension of the archipelagic state, which consists of aspects of developing the strength of the Navy and aspects of Potential Threats. So it needs to be compiled in a dynamic model that can represent a value in the assessment of the marine defense dimension of the archipelagic nation which is projected based on the time dimension up to the next 15 years. In this research, the researchers compiled a system dynamic model approach to obtain an assessment of the value of each variable and sub-variable. The results of the formulation and simulation model on the assessment of the sea dimension defense strategy, obtained values based on the following strategic scenarios: (1) Fleet In Being defense strategy at an index value of 5.72, (2) Blockade defense scenario 5.72, (3) Defense scenario Decesive Battle 5.73, (4) combined scenario between fleet in being and blockade 5.72, (5) combined scenario of fleet in being and decesive battle 5.78, (6) combination scenario of blocakde and decesive battle 5.73 and value sea defense based on current SSAT capabilities in the 15th year of 5.9, included in the alert category/quite safe.

Europe and the South: the Maritime Dimension

La périphérie « sud » de l’Europe, dont les limites varient selon les cadres géopolitiques et institutionnels considérés, revêt une importance critique pour cette dernière d’un point de vue aussi bien économique que géopolitique. Le sud de l’Europe reste affecté par un arc d’instabilité, allant des côtes atlantiques de l’Afrique aux franges orientales du Moyen-Orient, englobant différents espaces maritimes. C’est pourquoi l’UE a toujours abordé son voisinage méridional sous l’angle de la sécurité maritime. À l’heure où tous les États européens surveillent avec anxiété les évolutions sur leur flanc oriental et cherchent des alternatives aux ressources naturelles russes, il convient de ne pas perdre de vue la façon dont l’Europe relève les défis de sécurité que pose le Sud et d’évaluer la capacité de cette dernière à s’imposer comme un acteur maritime crédible dans ces vastes régions.

Continuity and change in the maritime dimension of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

This article concerns the maritime dimension of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It presents an analysis of NATO’s past naval experience and key maritime achievements to gauge the extent to which they have contributed to the organization’s longevity, and to question whether strengthening its maritime dimension would affect the organization’s durability. The main findings of the research underscore the importance of the Alliance’s maritime safety efforts.

Realignments and evolving nuclear capabilities in the Indian Ocean: effects on security environment

ABSTRACT The strategic maritime environment of the Indian Ocean exhibits growing geopolitical tussle between the U.S. and China and have regional implications. In an attempt to contain the rising influence of China, U.S. strengthens its collaboration with India to elevate its status as a ‘net security provider’ in the region by offering it access to highly sophisticated defence related equipment. This paper is an attempt to contextualise the regional dimension of superpower rivalry. It offers analysis of India’s evolving maritime strategy and primarily focuses on two significant trends that directly undermine regional stability. These include: first, introduction of ‘Indo-Pacific’ as a regional construct that enables India to enhance its naval capabilities and use maritime diplomacy to forge strategic relationships in its pursuit of dominating the Ocean and secondly, the maritime dimension of South Asian strategic environment where India’s pursuit of sea-based nuclear forces further adds to New Delhi’s aggressive nuclear posture and directly undermines deterrence stability vis-à-vis Pakistan.

MODEL SELECTION OF KRI CHANGE OF DEVELOPMENT TO SUPPORT THE MAIN TASKS OF THIRD FLEET USING THE MCDM INTEGRATION METHOD

Third Fleet is the Main Command of the Indonesian Navy as Operation City which is tasked with carrying out defense and security operations of the maritime dimension by securing the territorial waters of eastern Indonesia. The operation in these waters is faced with the vulnerability of frequent violations, geological conditions consisting of thousands of islands and shallow straits, extreme weather and also with limited state defense budget conditions. Therefore, it is very necessary to have a KRI that is right and ready to face these challenges and obstacles so that the goals of the organization can be achieved. The purpose of this study was to analyze the criteria and determine the type of KRI needed in accordance with the conditions in Third Fleet. This study uses an integration between the Delphi method and the AHP method. The results of this study are expected to be input and consideration for the leadership of the Indonesian Navy. The next 299 are fast boats with a weight value of 0.149 then Amfibious ships with a weight value of 0.154 then Bantu ships with a weight value of 0.131 then Mine ships with a weight value of 0.119 and Submarines with a value of 0.114. The results of this study are expected to be input and consideration for the leadership of the Indonesian Navy.
 
 Keywords: Third Fleet, Delphi, AHP

A INSEGURANÇA MARÍTIMA NA ÁFRICA SUBSARIANA E OS SEUS REFLEXOS NA ECONOMIA DOS ESTADOS

It seems clear that African leaders are not aware of the maritime dimension of their states, which has led to a subordination of maritime affairs compared to land issues, as it is essential that African states begin to take concrete steps in order to establish, on the continent, a true maritime security and defense architecture, with the aim of making the best use of the opportunities offered by the oceans, in the name of the interests of these States. The approach was possible, using a bibliographic and documentary review, through a qualitative methodology, following a deductive reasoning.

Роль та особливості портових адміністрацій

The article emphasizes that there is a need to review the role of port authorities, identify trends in port management and assess the economic impact of port management reform. Conceptually, port administrations can experience a "renaissance" to face the many pressures of stakeholders, address socio-economic changes in the port landscape and improve the competitiveness of their ports. They can do this by acting as a facilitator or entrepreneur. Port authorities can generate more demand for a port product by reducing the overall cost of transporting cargo or passengers through the port. The traditional functions of port authorities have undergone significant changes. In larger multi-functional ports, the actual function of the operator, at least where cargo handling services are concerned, has been shifted towards aspects of the functions of lessor and regulator. Now the main feature of the operator's role is the granting and supervision of concessions. The function of the lessor and the regulator have become the two main functions and thus correspond to the general definition of the lessor's port model. A number of typical conflict situations that may exist in relation to port development are identified, including environmental protection, urban planning, working conditions, residents' interests and general economic development. It is necessary to make changes in management, even within the existing (formal) structures. The competitive position of the port will be determined not so much by the system of operation (for example, the landlord or the service port), but by the commercial attitude, mentality and entrepreneurial culture. It is necessary to develop leadership qualities in port management at the local and regional level, expanding competencies beyond the purely maritime dimension, and including competencies and know-how in the field of real estate management, environmental management. Port authorities have four main functions that can be performed at the local, regional and global levels. We can combine these functions and levels into a so-called "renaissance matrix". Several combinations are possible in this matrix, but a review of the above-mentioned existential variants. It is possible to derive a hypothetical typology, which consists of three main types: "conservative", "facilitator" and "entrepreneur". The conservation port focuses on having a good economy, and essentially adheres to the passive and mechanistic implementation of the three traditional functions of the author's port at the local level. The facilitator's port is a mediator and partner between economic and social interests. The Entrepreneurial Port will be the most complete port of resurgence management, combining the main features of a facilitator with a more outspoken commercial attitude as an investor, supplier, sender and consultant at all three geographical levels.

Maritime Theory Approach for Functional Effectiveness in the Indo-Pacific

The Indo-Pacific region is a centre of gravity for the world’s economic, political and strategic interests. It is a home of world’s most densely inhabited states, different forms of governance and includes over half of the world’s population. It is also a theatre of great power politics, competition and rivalry. Piracy in the vital choke points, dispute on the South China Sea and rising China factor in the Indian Ocean are some of the challenges faced in this region. As the maritime domain is unique, cooperation among nations is necessary to ensure peace in the region. Therefore, a maritime theory approach is needed to study good order at sea. Having laid down the emerging mandate of economic interaction across the global, regional and subregional canvas, there is a need for evolving functional mechanisms to ensure interoperability and progressing the overarching mandate. This will further ensure a cooperative solution in the maritime dimension. It also becomes a vital bridge between the apex policymaking and the basic execution of a decisive transaction. The Indo-Pacific region needs mutual cooperation for economic development and threat management. India is rightly positioned to be the facilitator through existing initiatives and harness potential opportunities. This article examines the aspect of functional mechanisms under the maritime theory approach in the Indo-Pacific. Nations can be encouraged to connect through efforts such as Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) and Project Mausam to collaborate and bring complementarity. With the region growing significant each day, the development of mutual partnership is of utmost importance. Keeping three principles of workable options, harmonising individual strength and taking all along, the Indo-Pacific nations can build lasting peace and stability in the region.

Trabalhadores no mundo: marinheiros indianos, c. de 1870-1940

A expansão da marinha mercante britânica na era do vapor foi estimulada pelo emprego de tripulações do subcontinente indiano. Entre os mais mal pagos do mercado, os marinheiros indianos eram os trabalhadores internacionais pioneiros que compunham quase um terço da força de trabalho na marinha britânica em 1937. Rotulados genericamente como “lascars”, seu emprego em regimes semelhantes a contratos firmados reforçou o status de “coolies”, promoveu a desoneração/desqualificação do trabalho marítimo e instituiu hierarquias racializadas no trabalho na marinha mercante, que perduram até hoje dentro e fora do setor. Este artigo apresenta um breve relato das condições de vida e de trabalho dos marinheiros subcontinentais, explora a atitude dos sindicatos britânicos em relação ao emprego dessas tripulações e destaca sua crucial contribuição para a expansão da navegação imperial britânica e, de maneira mais geral, para a dimensão marítima do poder imperial britânico.

Appunti per lo studio dell’impatto delle attività di navigazione sulla diffusione degli elementi culturali nel Mediterraneo Occidentale dell’età del Bronzo

The maritime dimension of the different cultures which archaeological research has defined over the years on the shores of the Mediterranean is often considered one of the most interesting elements for understanding how people moved around the Mediterranean basin during ancient times. Particularly for prehistory the need for a better investigation of the naval and nautical dimension of ancient peoples appears nowadays to be extremely urgent due to a lack of information about the Western Mediterranean that determined the birth of a diffusionist theory in accordance with the now surpassed ex oriente lux-theory. The recent development of naval archaeology as a proper discipline, and not just as a branch of maritime archaeology or commercial history, allows us to adopt a new paradigm. The possibility to examine a good number of wrecks as well as the naval iconography of the Mediterranean in the light of the knowledge we have about ancient naval technology is the base of our capability to propose a new interpretation of both the origins and the development of the ancient maritime networks that linked all peoples living around the Mediterranean coasts during the Bronze Age. On the one hand, the study of ancient ships and naval structures permits us to recognise different local traditions that originated in different places as well as to follow their development over the centuries. Further, by tracing their key elements we are able to recognise how and when some of these different traditions started to overlap or disappeared. On the other hand, the analysis of the nautical dimension of the different “cultures” of the Mediterranean, including their maritime commercial activities, nautical technology and wider relationship with the sea, permits us to recognise how, when and why we can start speaking about Levantine and Aegean maritime supremacy in the West. Far from proposing a complete interpretation of these phenomena, this paper will point to the role naval archaeology can play in the study of cultural interactions in the Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. The main aim is to pose some new questions in order to surpass the utilitaristic misuse of the naval dimension of ancient Mediterranean peoples that lived around the Mediterranean shores. This is often at the base of many misinterpretations of the naval role of the great eastern realms as well as of the small local communities of the West.

Maritime history: Contexts and perspectives

This short paper considers ‘maritime history’ as a sub-discipline of history. It examines its origins and defines maritime history as the study of humankind’s relationship with the sea. It reviews that relationship and stresses the economic dimension and the need for an understanding of the business of shipping. The relevance of maritime history is examined in the contexts of the world today and historiography. In the former, the paper views the maritime dimension as crucial. On the historiographical aspect the concept of globalisation is considered in terms of a process and an outcome. In both cases, an understanding of maritime history is seen as vital.

The Maritime Dimension to Plantation in Ulster, ca. 1550–ca. 1600

Plantation by the English in Ireland, and Ulster in particular, has received considerable scholarly attention, and it continues to do so. While plantation as a policy developed out of efforts to secure the coastal region from the continuous arrival of Highland Scots, most studies examine how the English plantations developed. Less attention is paid to the Scottish settlement in Ulster and their efforts to utilize the land for their own purposes. At the same time, few studies examine the wider maritime context. Both the English and the Scots in Ulster had to traverse the North Channel to reach Ulster, and this article seeks to examine the wider maritime context that either facilitated or obstructed the efforts of both the Scots and the English in Ulster.

The Maritime Dimension to Scotland's “Highland Problem”, ca. 1540–1630

The relationship of the Gaidhealtachd with the rest of Scotland and with Britain was transformed in the period 1540–1630. Having been relatively autonomous, Scottish Gaelic chiefs were now drawn deeper into the orbit of the Scottish and then British crown, particularly during the adult reign of James VI (and I) (1587–1625). Scholarly study of the Highlands and Islands during the period has tended to concentrate on crown-clan relationships and the way in which the centre imposed reform on the peripheral Gaidhealtachd (Highlands and Islands). Indigenous (Highland/Hebridean) and maritime perspectives have been less well developed in these narratives. Gaelic Scots and visiting Lowland fishermen had different approaches to the exploitation of marine resources. The approaches of both parties, of Gaelic Scots, as well as Lowland fishermen and merchants, to the maritime environment are examined here: a study which can bring new insights into older debates on crown—clan relations if not plantation, state formation, and colonial approaches to resource appropriation and exploitation.

By Land and by Sea: The Role of the Maritime Sphere in the Expansion of O'Donnell Power ca. 1380–1500

Over the course of the late 14th century and throughout the 15th century, the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell established themselves as one of the most powerful aristocratic dynasties in Ireland. By the early 16th century, the authority of the lords of Tyrconnell extended across most of the northern half of Ireland. Their rise to prominence has received a considerable amount of scholarly attention. Much of this has focused on the expansion of O'Donnell power within Ulster—namely the ability of successive O'Donnell chieftains to raise considerable military forces within the lordship of Tyrconnell, which they then used to impose their overlordship upon large areas of Ulster. O'Donnell power and prestige, however, extended well beyond Ulster, and much of their strength derived from their ability to create and uphold a broad web of dynastic alliances stretching across the island of Ireland—a topic which has received very little attention within the historiography of late Medieval Ireland. Moreover, a strong maritime dimension underpinned many of their alliances. The O'Donnells' capacity to raise fleets from among their MacSweeny urrithe (sub-kings, or vassals) within Tyrconnell and their ability to create alliances with powerful maritime kindreds such as the O'Malleys and Burkes of Mayo in Connacht gave them a major tactical and strategic advantage over their traditional rivals, the O'Neills of Tyrone. Drawing upon a broad range of material from within the wider Gaelic world (including Ireland and Scotland) as well as English and Scottish governmental material, this essay explores the maritime dimension underpinning the O'Donnells' rise to prominence during the later Middle Ages, charts the development of the O'Donnell lordship within its maritime context, and demonstrates the importance of maritime power within Gaelic Irish politics during this period.

Central Asia's Maritime Dimension? The Historical Position and Role of the Aral-Caspian Basin in the Modern Shaping of the Region

Central Asia is hardly associated with the sea and with maritime issues, even though its physical geography contains two major maritime surfaces, namely the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. This article looks into the position and role of these water surfaces and their respective littorals in the region's integration and social transformation in the tsarist empire. It explores whether they were part of a maritime consciousness and the notion of overseas vis-à-vis Central Asia, before looking into a number of developments and shifts, the outcomes or at least traces of which are still prevalent and visible today. More concretely, these include: the patterns of maritime accessibility over the Caspian and Aral Seas that came into being and functioned; the existence of seashore-shaped cultures and livelihoods; and the establishment of new territorialities which served as spaces for double-edged economic modernization, blueprints of modern national individualities, and a peculiar pattern of urban development.

Climate change and maritime security

Climate change has been recognised as a major issue for coastal populations. Under this context, the potential socio-economic, environmental and health impacts at local, regional and global scales have received considerable attention by scientists. The knowledge gained feed official strategic documents, which aim to increase awareness but also propose and apply management and mitigation measures towards reducing risks for human beings and the natural environment. Dependencies between human security, social vulnerability of coastal communities and the occurrence of maritime crime have also been studied. There is a consensus on the need to deepen the understanding of the links between climate change effects and threats to maritime security, but it remains to be seen if existing knowledge on the interplay between climate change and maritime security has been translated into policy. This article offers a synthesis on recent evidence and knowledge gained to elaborate the nexus between climate change impacts, social vulnerabilities and the occurrence of maritime criminality. We further explore the extent to which official documents account for the maritime dimension of climate change security. Despite the existence of an embryonic official discourse linking climate change and maritime security, our analysis reveals significant gaps between the concerns raised by the academic community and what is acknowledged in national and regional official strategic documents. Informing decision-makers and stakeholders about the possible dependencies between climate change and maritime security is thus a crucial step towards improving global ocean governance.

China-India Rivalry at Sea: Capability, trends and challenges

ABSTRACTThe Sino-Indian rivalry features an increasingly prominent maritime dimension amidst the countries’ naval buildups and deployments in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and Western Pacific. This study finds that the patterns of naval buildup and nature of the seas as an ambiguous, international medium do not necessarily shape mutual perceptions between China and India as pure security seekers. India’s concerns about China’s IOR forays revolve around its expanding bluewater naval capabilities, especially submarines, and port access. Beijing is wary of New Delhi’s reach into the Western Pacific and role within a perceived US-led containment scheme that allows it to leverage on partners’ bluewater assets. While war remains a remote prospect, this Sino-Indian rivalry at sea – extending from unresolved terrestrial political problems – looks set to persist.