Marital Discord Research Articles

Perceived partner responsiveness alters the association between marital distress and well-being in dementia spousal caregivers

Caregivers for spouses with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) experience drastic changes in the marital relationship that may put them at risk for worsening well-being. Perceived partner responsiveness, or feeling cared for, understood, and appreciated by one's spouse, may help mitigate these effects. In this study, we investigated the associations between marital distress, perceived partner responsiveness, and psychological and physiological well-being indicators among ADRD spousal caregivers. MethodA sample of 161 caregivers provided blood samples and completed self-report measures of marital distress, perceived partner responsiveness, and depressive symptoms. We tested hypotheses in our sample cross-sectionally based on two theoretical frameworks. ResultsTesting the marital discord model of depression, caregivers who reported greater marital distress also reported more depressive symptoms, and this association was stronger as participants reported lower perceived partner responsiveness. Caregivers who reported greater marital distress exhibited elevated proinflammatory cytokine production by in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes at low levels of perceived partner responsiveness, but not mean or high levels. Testing the vulnerability-stress-adaptation model, caregivers who reported more depressive symptoms also reported greater marital distress. Further, caregivers who exhibited elevated LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production reported greater marital distress at mean and high levels of perceived partner responsiveness, but not low levels. These patterns of results held even when accounting for the dementia stage and reported hours of caregiving per day. DiscussionThis study's findings contribute to the body of research examining interpersonal factors that shape health and well-being among the caregiver population.

Psychological autopsy study of suicides in farmers: Study from Kerala

Background: Though agricultural farming is considered a peaceful and healthy industry it has a high rate of mortality especially suicide. In India, 11.2% of suicides are reported in the farming sector. Aim: To identify the role of psychosocial factors leading to farmer’s suicide in a farmer’s dominant district of Kerala. Material and Method: One hundred and sixty-six successive suicides in Wayanad district and age, sex, marital status, and financial status matched normal controls residing in the same locality were evaluated and compared on psycho-social demographic variables, life events, and details of suicide. Results: Significantly a greater number of victims were living separately, living in rented homes, had no own land for cultivation, migrated, had marital discord, and strained relationships with relatives. They had loans from private financial enterprises and single money persons, had past attempts, a family history of alcoholism, and highly stressful life events. The most frequent psychiatric diagnosis was alcohol dependence/abuse followed by depression. The majority committed suicide by hanging followed by insecticide poisoning. Intention to commit suicide was expressed by 38.5% and 30.2% were intoxicated at the time of attempt. The venue for the attempt was the own house in 75.7% of cases. Conclusion: This study suggests the following remedial measures to prevent farmers’ suicides. Expert advice to manage financial constraints like availing loans, crop insurance, etc. Guidance from the agricultural department for cost-effective cultivation. Early identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Marital Discord and Pursuit of Gender Equality in Manju Kapur’s Custody Novel

The landscape of Indian literature has never been found to be equal in contribution from both the genders. It has always been dominated by male writers. It is very fair to say that the aspirations and expectations of Indian women have been largely confined to the ambit of moral and social commitments prevailing in our country. By and large, the Indian women writers in English have come from higher social strata and they do not have felt experience regarding reality of life in India. Despite it, they have started questioning the wisdom of prominent old patriarchal domination and they are no longer willing to play a subservient role to men. They have proved their mettle in literature both qualitative and quantitative wise. In the modern English fiction, the emergence of women centred or feminist approaches have been major developments. For establishing their identity, several Indian women writers have been delving deep into female subjectivity. The image portrayed by these writers regarding women has undergone a complete change. It is due to a paradigm shift in the attitude of the Indian women writers in portraying women as self -sacrificing persons to strong individuals trying to establish their identity. Among the prominent Indian women writers, Manju Kapur has carved a niche for herself by highlighting issues pertaining to patriarchy, family bonding, male –female bonding, inter religious marriage and co -existence of past and present. In 20th century, the works of Indian women writers have been considered as powerful equipment for making modernist and feminist statements. Feminism in India became an accepted doctrine and it was able to gradually set aside the male supremacy prevailing in the society. In fact, the history of feminism in India can be considered in three different phases. The first phase started when the British initiated steps against evil Sati practice. The next co-related with Quit India movement and the third took place after independence when there was a clamour for fair treatment from feminine gender after marriage. This article explains the part played by feminine gender at the domestic front and their willingness to be economically and socially independent and the challenges faced by them in attaining independence in a male dominated society.

Psychosocial correlates in cases of marital discord: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundMarital discord is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes not just for the couple but also for their children. Identifying psychosocial risk factors can help devise targeted interventions. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial correlates of marital discord through a cross-sectional design. MethodsFifty married couples presenting with marital discord were recruited through purposive sampling. Self-reported data were gathered using standardized questionnaires on marital adjustment, intimacy, psychological distress, alcohol abuse, and internet addiction. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine correlations between these psychosocial variables and the degree of marital discord. ResultsA higher number of females (90%) compared to men (72%) had poor marital adjustment. Couples valued emotional and recreational intimacy the most. There was a negative correlation between marital adjustment with psychological distress and alcohol abuse. ConclusionThe findings that highlight intimacy in all domains is essential for marital satisfaction, and a significantly positive correlation exists between the experience of intimacy and marital satisfaction. Clinicians need to screen for these psychosocial variables and address them through targeted marital counseling programs focusing on improving intimacy, addressing psychological distress, and dealing with alcohol abuse among discordant couples.

Kompleksitas Perceraian Akibat Murtad: Analisis Peran Pengadilan Agama dalam Konteks Hukum Islam

Divorce on grounds of apostasy is a complex research topic within Islamic law. This study explores the legal provisions of apostasy within the context of Islamic marriage law, with a focus on the role of the Religious Courts as dispute resolution institutions. The aim of this research is to investigate whether apostasy can constitute a valid basis for divorce according to the applicable law in the Religious Courts. The research method employed is a normative juridical approach to analyze the legal framework governing divorce cases involving apostasy. The research findings indicate that although apostasy can annul a marriage in religious terms, the Religious Courts do not always grant divorce without evidence of marital discord related to apostasy. This highlights the complexity of applying Islamic law in the context of divorce within the Religious Courts. Analysis of Article 116 (h) of the Compilation of Islamic Law regarding apostasy as a basis for divorce reveals that divorce is determined not only by religious conversion but also by the occurrence of marital discord resulting from apostasy. The implications of this discovery underscore the importance of a comprehensive understanding of Islamic law and contextual considerations in the process of resolving divorce disputes in the Religious Courts.

Spectrum of poisoning in Bundelkhand region

Background: In Bundelkhand region, 15–18% patients who are attended in the emergency setting comprises poisoning and 60–70% of which are agriculture-based poisons due to its easy accessibility. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to see spectrum of poisoning in Bundelkhand region. Materials and Methods: The prospective non-randomized study was done in Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, between December 2020 and October 2022, including 500 patients applied for treatment of different poisoning. Results: In our study, total 500 cases of poisoning were taken. As per found data, majority of patients were found in 17–30 years of age group 202 (40.4%) followed by 31–40 years of age group 157 (31.4%). Minimum 19 (3.8%) cases were found in 61–70 years of age group and 0 case in >70 years of age group. Majority of patients were found male, i.e., 281 (56.2%) and the rest 219 (43.8%) were females. According to finding of our study, maximum mortality rate was found due to Stone hair dye, i.e., 100% followed byCelphos 35.54%, Insecticidal 26.92%, and Alcoholic intoxication 22.22%. As per our study, major cause of taking poison, maximum number of patients were found in marital discord 108 (21.6%) followed by family problems, i.e., 75 (15%), which is similar to separation/death of family member, that is, 74 (14.8%). Conclusion: Concerned authorities should think about substitute of aluminum phosphide, which would be less toxic for human being and concerned authority should ban availability of aluminum phosphide (Celphos) in market.

Factors associated with anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 in Oman: a cross-sectional study.

Reports from different parts of the world suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant lockdown and social distancing measures have heralded unprecedented mental health challenges among children and adolescents. To date, there is a dearth of studies emerging from the Arabian Gulf, where the majority of its population are children and adolescents. The study aims to examine the prevalence of anxiety-related symptoms and their covariates among children and adolescents in an Arabian Gulf country, Oman. This is a cross-sectional analytic study carried out over two weeks (1st to 15th of August 2020) during the COVID-19 pandemic across Oman. Parents were asked to complete the online survey, which consisted of the parent version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) instrument and questions regarding basic socio-demographic information. Logistic regression was used to identify the contributing variables associated with anxiety-related symptoms. A total of 790 valid responses were received. Among the 790 children, 33.3% (n = 263) were diagnosed with anxiety-related symptoms by the SCARED instrument. Logistic regression analysis suggested that anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents were significantly associated with three demographic variables. The model shows that children with divorced or separated parents were 1.9 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than children of married couples (OR = 1.93, p = 0.035). Children living in families with an income below USD 1000/month, were 1.8 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than a family with an income of USD 4000/month (OR = 1.833, p = 0.018). Children in grades 3-6 were 1.8 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than those in grades 1-2 (OR = 1.79, p = 0.024). Anxiety-related symptoms are common among Omani children and adolescents. They are more likely to be reported in middle scholastic grade levels and children from families with marital discord and low socioeconomic status. It is not clear whether the presently observed rates of anxiety exceed the prevalence that would have been observed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are therefore warranted using children and adolescents' self-reported scales.

Ignored sufferers: a phenomenological inquiry into the lived experiences of postpartum depression among men

ABSTRACT Objective Postpartum depression is common among new parents. Whilst there is a sizeable evidence base on mothers’ experience of the condition, much less is known about how it affects new fathers. The aim of this qualitative study was to address this gap in the literature by exploring the lived experiences of men with postpartum depression. Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 men diagnosed with postpartum depression recruited through purposive sampling from hospitals in two Indian cities. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Results Analysis revealed four themes: men's silence in relationships, which reflected fear of conflict and marital discord; economic burden due to their financial responsibility for a new child; sleep deprivation due to caring for the newborn; and enmeshment, which reflected interference from parents and parents-in-law. Discussion Postpartum depression has a significant impact on the mental health of fathers. Insights from this study can help clinicians and counsellors better understand the condition and support affected men. Policy-level changes such as paternal leave for fathers are also needed. There remains a lack of research into sociocultural factors associated with postpartum depression.

A qualitative study on perspective of parental stress and lower marital quality among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifetime neurodevelopmental condition. It affects not only the child but also the members of the family and parents particularly. The current study was qualitative in nature, designed to explore the experiences of parents, raising a child with ASD in Pakistan. The sample of the study comprised 15 mothers and 13 fathers of children with ASD. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and five stages of stress and six major themes (Child management and diagnosis, Treatment and financial challenges, Social suffering, Emotional and psychological pain, Marital discord and Coping mechanism) emerged from the data. In the current study, parents of children with ASD reported lack of guidance, high fee demands, lack of awareness, family pressure, high level of stress and stigmatization. Parents also suffered from unbearable distress and marital discords including conflict, disharmony, lack of communication, and lack of spousal support. Parents deemed these challenges as never ending and it had a great impact on their wellbeing and on their abilities to cope or manage things in their daily life. This research project has wide implications in the fields of counseling psychology, educational psychology, and mental health.

A Transformative Journey Through Support Group Participation: Narratives of the Wives of Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder.

The issue of alcohol use disorder (AUD) has received significant attention, with a primary focus on individuals directly afflicted by the disorder. This extensive focus, while necessary, often overlooks the profound impact that AUD has on the family unit, particularly on spouses who play a crucial role in the dynamics of coping and recovery. However, the psychosocial and emotional challenges encountered by wives of those with AUD have been largely neglected in both research and therapeutic interventions. This oversight not only minimizes their suffering but also overlooks their potential contribution to the recovery process, underscoring the need for a more inclusive approach to understanding and addressing AUD. Building upon this foundation, the current study delves into the less explored terrain of the psychosocial and emotional ramifications borne by wives of individuals suffering from AUD. By highlighting the pivotal role that these women fulfil in family dynamics, it seeks to shed light on the transformative effects of their engagement in support groups, aiming to demonstrate how these networks promote resilience, empowerment, and healing for both the women and their families, thus offering a more comprehensive perspective on AUD's impact on society. Employing a qualitative narrative research design, the study utilized purposive sampling to select 36 participants from the northern, southern, and central regions of Kerala, India. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews, conducted initially in the local language, were transcribed into English and analyzed using the constant comparative method, ensuring that ethical considerations were upheld throughout the research process. The results of the study illuminatethe multifaceted challenges faced by wives of individuals with AUD, including financial burdens, domestic violence, marital discord, and psychosocial issues. Notably, the participants reported a significant positive shift in their lives following their involvement in support groups, experiencing enhanced mental peace and tranquillity. This transformation enabled some participants to resume their education, engage with the community as role models and leaders, and reconstruct their lives. Most participants viewed their support group participation as a pivotal moment of hope restoration in their lives. The study reveals the necessity for integrating culturally sensitive support mechanisms into rehabilitation programs for families affected by AUD, advocating for broader adoption of support groups that cater to the specific sociocultural dynamics of affected communities.

Social Implications of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) on Women in India

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a technological innovation enabling infertile women to conceive through medical procedures. However, social inferences of IVF need to be contextualised within gender dynamics, especially in India. Though several studies have examined specific social aspects of IVF none have delineated the combination of determinants as well as implications of IVF for women. The present study assesses various social factors influencing choices for infertility treatments like IVF, and also the implications for women undergoing IVF. For a nuanced understanding of these conditions in the larger social context of India, 41 studies discussing important indices like gender dynamics, health status, power relations and social vulnerabilities of women experiencing IVF have been critically reviewed. Based on the review we contend that social pressures, gender identity, desire for a biological child, fear of marital discord and loss of self-esteem are most important factors determining such decisions.

Juvenile delinquency as a contemporary issue in Nigeria: understanding the impacts of parenting styles, single parenting and marital discord.

When addressing juvenile delinquencies in Nigeria, it is important to consider the roles and effects of parenting styles and family structures. Although, there are no universally accepted parenting styles, evidence and studies have pointed to some parenting styles that expose children to delinquent behaviours. We examined different parenting styles comprehensively in this article and how these styles can influence juvenile delinquencies. We also discussed the association between single-parenting and behavioural outcomes; accounting how single-parenting may increase risks of delinquencies. Furthermore, marital discord was discussed and social learning theory by Albert Bandura was adopted to buttress our positions. We concluded that parenting styles have roles in delinquencies and that while children raised by single parents may be vulnerable to delinquencies, the assumption may not always be true. This study posits that government and appropriate agencies should establish a functional child support systems across Nigeria and family institution should be paid more attention to.

CRIME IN MARRIAGE

Currently, the provision regarding the offence of adultery is regulated in Article 284 of the Criminal Code. One of the reasons for this regulation is to protect marriage from things such as vigilante actions based on adultery and the spread of disease, as well as other potentially damaging influences such as the rapidly growing prostitution industry which poses a threat to society. The punishment received by the perpetrator is a maximum imprisonment of 9 months in accordance with Article 284 paragraph (1) number 1 letter a of the Criminal Code. If your husband or wife has an affair, they, and others, are all responsible. The spouse of the person having the affair is also caught in the net by the provisions of this article. Article 284 of the KUHP defines adultery as an "offence of complaint", meaning that a complaint must come from the spouse of the adulterer before criminal proceedings can commence. In Islam, engaging in adultery carries heavy condemnation and guilt. Divorce is a legal option for infidelity and marital discord. Moreover, infidelity is also synonymous with adultery, a vice condemned by most religions.

Marginalization of Women in Marriage: A Study of Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Terrors and That Long Silence

Marginalization in society is not confined to limitations of opportunities to grow independently and lack means of endurance. It refers to the creation of an environment in which the individual is made to feel pride even in slavery. Marginalization in the case of women is more pronounced as it is not limited to any caste, creed or religion. It is a universal phenomenon and marriage as an institution is one of the basic foundations on which the marginalization of women is culturally strengthened. Marriages are a pivotal part of every society. By conforming to the institution of marriage, two distinct minds take oaths to stick by each other’s side lifelong. But in reality, the institution of marriage replicates the other side of patriarchal domination which contributes to the peripheral status of women. They are subjected to inevitable suppression, subjugation, and oppression in the environs of the marital frame regardless of the renunciation and forsaking of individuality by the woman for the sake of family. They are the victim of sheer oppression and violence due to their vulnerable status from time immemorial. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring forth the hardships of marital life and how it assists in the marginalization of women with reference to the works of Shashi Deshpande. Her works of fiction, The Dark Holds No Terrors (1980) and That Long Silence (1988) aptly elucidate the issues of marital discord and disharmonious conjugal relationships which career-oriented women experience in their day-to-day existence. Women helplessly oscillate between traditional codes and modern aspirations, bearing the pangs of dead desires and unexpressed thoughts in public as well as domestic spheres. Characterization of women like Sarita and Jaya delineate the marginalization of women in a poignant and powerful manner.

Minimum service package for the integration of female genital schistosomiasis in sexual and reproductive health services in Kenya

Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is caused by chronic Schistosoma hematobium infection. Over 56 million women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa are estimated to be infected with FGS. However, gaps in knowledge of the symptomatology of FGS often lead to misdiagnosis and undertreatment. FGS presents with nonspecific genital symptoms and is likely to be misdiagnosed as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Recurrent treatment for STIs may result in marital discord, intimate partner violence, and social stigma. Other FGS complications include ectopic pregnancy, infertility, urine incontinence, 3-4-fold increased susceptibility to HIV infection, and persistence of human papillomavirus infection (HPV). A minimum service package (MSP) that is acceptable and feasible for the integration of FGS and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services is needed. A foundational literature review was conducted to identify service points for FGS and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service integration. The final MSP was developed through collaborative efforts with stakeholders in various fields associated with FGS and SRH services. The MSP identified four key areas for successful integration of FGS into SRH services including: health literacy, screening and diagnosis, treatment and care, and social inclusion and equity at the community and healthcare facility level. A context-specific integration MSP may be the most efficient, effective, and ethical way to comprehensively address the burden of FGS faced by women and girls in Africa.

The Mediating Role of Resilience and Self-Compassion in the Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Psychological Distress with Marital Adjustment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of resilience and self-compassion in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological distress with marital adjustment among individuals attending counseling centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research was conducted using a descriptive-correlational methodology through the structural equation modeling approach. The population included all individuals with marital discord attending private counseling centers in Isfahan during the winter of 2021, who were experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 150 people were selected through convenience sampling and responded to the research instruments. Research Instruments: The instruments included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler et al., 2003), the Spanier Marital Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), the Self-Compassion Scale by Neff et al. (2011), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003), and the Perceived COVID-19 Stress Scale by Campo-Arias et al. (2020). Data were analyzed using PLS software and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results indicated that the effect of stress on resilience was significant (t=7.61), stress on self-compassion (t=3.91), resilience on adjustment (t=9.34), compassion on marital adjustment (t=2.09), psychological distress on resilience (t=5.4), and psychological distress on self-compassion (t=2.56) were significant (p≤0.05), and resilience and self-compassion played mediating roles between the variables. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, reducing perceived stress and psychological distress impacts increasing resilience and self-compassion, and with the enhancement of self-compassion and resilience, marital adjustment improves.

Association between Maternal Depression and Autistic Child’s Characteristics A Mediating Role of Treatment

A child's diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) alters family dynamics, heightens marital discord and parenting stress, and may result in parental psychopathology. This may impact the long-term prospects for their children. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression among parents of autistic children and the factors that predict these conditions. Two hundred and thirty file children were diagnosed with autism and their mothers were enlisted from the Sindh Institute of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (SIPM&R), Karachi Sindh Pakistan. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used to assess depression and the severity of autism, respectively. The demographic information was composed through a predesigned questionnaire. Data were analysed on SPSS version 20. Descriptive and correlation analyses were used for statistical evaluations. The analysis outcomes exhibited that mainstream mothers hold a master’s degree (54.5%), belong to middle-class families (72.8%), have a nuclear family setup (67.2%), and are housewives (86.8%). The mothers of these children tended to experience moderate depression (65.1%). The severity of an ASD child’s IQ level, adaptive behaviour, and communication characteristics were significantly correlated with depression in the mother (p<0.01). The mothers of children who were receiving treatment had significantly higher BDI scores than those mothers whose children were not under treatment (p<0.01). Hence, offering mental health support to mothers experiencing distress along with researching to explore the root causes of depression is found to be crucial. There is a need to strategise financial and moral support for couples with ASD children to help reduce depression among them.

Effective Methods of Preventing the Risk of Juvenile Delinquency: A Case Study in High School Children

The problem of student delinquency has existed for a long time. However, it is currently difficult to overcome due to several factors such as the government, parents, and families. In particular, the contributing factors can include parental marital discord, social skills, and internet use. This study aims to analyze the relationship between parents' marital discord, social skills, internet use, and the occurrence of juvenile delinquency. This was quantitative research with an analytical descriptive design. The population was 508 students in Wonosobo. Furthermore, 84 were selected as the samples using the random sampling proportion technique. In addition, the test used the chi-square test. The results showed that most respondents had no marital discord with their parents (53.6%). Respondents with good social skills and moderate internet use (48.8%). Students committed juvenile delinquency, but not seriously by 65.5%. There is a correlation between parental marital discord, social skills, internet use, and juvenile delinquency. In the multivariate analysis, Juvenile delinquency can be prevented by controlling parental marital discord factors, and social skills and preventing interaction of Internet use without adolescent social skills. There is a correlation between parental marital discord, social skills, internet use, and juvenile delinquency. Social skills are a major factor in juvenile delinquency

The Poetics of Affect Studies: Exploring Affective Turn to Gender, Culture and Society in Shashi Deshpande's The Intrusion and Other Stories

ffect Studies is an interdisciplinary cognitive science that incorporates and simultaneously discusses human psychology, medical humanities, science and technology, philosophy, history, politics, sociology, ecology, gender and queer studies, literary studies and critical theory. It also manifests various mental aspects of affective consciousness that introduce the academic cross-examination of emotional responses and experienced feelings to the social occurrences and structures of our familiar world. Affect Studies, thereby, shows the effect and reflection of social factors on the mind of people individually or collectively in diverse neural communication of human brain areas to focus on personal, social, cultural, religious, historical and political affairs. It raises affect theory as a dominant paradigm of twenty-first-century literary studies that attempts to bridge the gap between biological, psychological and social manifestations in contemporary textual criticism. Affect theory is a non-linguistic literary turn or approach to gender and sexuality, culture, society, media and communication, history, and politics and that measures mankind’s automatic feelings, emotions and reactions to the social and cultural predefined characteristics of the world. Shashi Deshpande has occupied the highly acclaimed position as a women writer in Indian English Literature and most of her writings minutely represent women’s traumatic memories and psychology, dilemma, day-to-day feelings over the poignant issue of gender discrimination, sexual harassment, rape and pregnancy, domestic violence and oppression, the traditional code and conduct of the marriage system, the melodrama of the man-woman relationship, and the crisis of women’s space and freedom in the androcentric society of India. This research paper aims to examine the theoretical discourses of affective turn to the integrated but controversial relationship between gender, culture and society in Shashi Deshpande’s ‘The Intrusion and Other Stories’ (1993). It also evaluates Deshpande’s textualization of the abstract emotion, sense of alienation and despair, sorrow and pain, inner conflicts and typical unhappy feelings of Indian women in the articulation of her female characters, their struggle for identity, and their negotiations and reactions to the matter of gender discrimination and alterity, sexual violation and marital rape, unwanted pregnancy, domestic violence and exploitation, the conventional marriage system and marital discordance, and the subjugation of women’s identity.

Analyses of Criminal Judgments about Domestic Child Abuse Cases in Taiwan.

Child abuse has negative impacts on the well-being of children and often leads to adverse consequences, such as suicide, alcohol addiction, depression, and substance abuse. To better understand domestic child abuse in Taiwan, this study analyzed 73 criminal judgments (open-access documents) in which the victims of domestic child abuse were children below the age of 12 from the "Judicial Yuan Law and Regulations Retrieving System" database. There were 73 victims and 91 perpetrators involved. The results indicated that younger children were more likely to be victims of physical abuse, and the majority of death cases were committed by biological parents and cohabiting partners. The perpetrators tended to be young males with lower education. Male cohabiting partners appeared to be a high-risk population for child abuse. Approximately 63% of perpetrators experienced poverty, and 24.7% suffered from marital discord. In the 73 cases, 61.6% of the victims died, 21.9% were mildly injured, and 16.5% were severely injured. The sentencing was related to the level of injury, with perpetrators of mild injury sentenced to less than one year while perpetrators with victim death were sentenced to a longer period of imprisonment. It is suggested that parents at higher risk require greater financial and social support and should be educated on appropriate disciplinary techniques.