Marine Prawn Research Articles

Occurrence of E. coli in marine prawns (Penaeus monodon) from Satpati, Vadarai and Palghar fish markets of Palghar district in Maharashtra, India

The marine prawn’s Penaeus monodon was used as sample to analyzed outbreak of E.coli. Total 840 isolates of E.coli from 26 samples of P. monodon were isolated from Satpati, Vadarai and Palghar fish markets from Palghar district. The prevalence of E. coli in varies sea food may be due to fecal contamination, may also be due to water quality, fishing methods and storage facilities. In the present paper it was attempt to evaluate the incidence of E. coli in locally available prawn species (P. monodon), with a view to provide potential approaches for improving the quality assurance and create awareness among the consumers.

Effects of Chemical Compounds on the Activity of the N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase of the Marine Prawn, Palaemon serratus: Screening In Vitro.

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) is important for crustaceans because the enzyme activity is necessary for the molting process. The present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of Palaemon serratus NAGase activity to a set of compounds of diverse chemical families in the context of in vitro exposures. Compounds representing different chemical families were selected according to their abundance, impact in the environment, and relevance as disruptors of the molting process. In a first step, four solvents (dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO], methanol, acetone, and ethanol) were tested to determine their suitability to dissolve hydrophobic compounds without affecting NAGase activity. Exclusively, ethanol had no effect on enzyme activity and on the integrity of the proteins present in the enzyme extract. The 18 other compounds were tested and fourofthese compounds, pentoxifylline, fenoxycarb, dithiocarbamate, and RH5849, showed a specific alteration on the activity of NAGase, without affecting the protein content. However, cadmium, zinc, and glyphosate showed a nonspecific alteration, affecting both the enzyme activity and the proteins, whereas ibuprofen exclusively altered the protein content. Finally, 10 of the 22 tested compounds (including DMSO, acetone, and methanol) showed a direct alteration of NAGase activity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:846-858. © 2023 SETAC.

Simultaneous Detection and Analysis of Free Amino Acids and Glutathione in Different Shrimp.

An amino acid analyzer method for the simultaneous determination of 20 free amino acids (FAAs) and glutathione (GSH) in Penaeus vannamei (PV), Penaeus vannamei, Penaeus hidulis (PH) and Penaeus japonicus (PJ) were developed. The effects of different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and ethanol on the extraction of free amino acids were investigated, and 120 g·L−1 TCA was found to be ideal. The target analytes were eluted in sodium citrate buffer B1 (pH = 3.3) containing 135 mL·L−1 ethanol and 1 mol·L−1 sodium hydroxide (7 mL) and at the optimizing conversion time of sodium citrate buffer B2 (pH = 3.2) and sodium citrate buffer B3 (pH = 4.0) of 5.6 min, and the effective separation was achieved within 29.5 min. The developed method showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9991) in the range of 1–250 µg·mL−1 with good intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 2.38%) and spike recovery (86.42–103.64%). GSH and cysteine were used to identify marine prawn and freshwater shrimp. Hydroxyproline and serine were used to distinguish PV and Macrobrachium nipponense (MN) from others, respectively. The highest content of the total FAAs was found in PV, and principal component analysis revealed that PV had the highest comprehensive score for FAAs and GSH. Arginine was found to have the greatest influence on shrimp flavor.

Seasonal changes in protein content in marine prawn Penaeus monodon and fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii-a comparative study

The present study was the amount of protein content in different tissues of the marine shrimp Panaeus monodon and the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was determined. Shrimp culture ponds in Kavali, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India, provided the test specimens. Protein content was determined in several tissues. P. monodon muscle (148.00 0.03 mg/g) and gills (88 0.04 mg/g) protein levels were compared to Macrobrachium rosenbergiii muscle (135 0.02 mg/gm) and gills (81 0.03 mg/gm). P. monodon has the highest protein concentration compared to Macrbrachiium rosenbergii.

Determination of concentrations of some elements in marine consumables from Thane creek area (Mumbai, India) using ED-XRF technique; and risk assessment

ABSTRACT Six marine consumable species, namely, Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus), Ghol (Protonibea diacanthus), Rawas (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), Prawns (Dendrobranchiata), Surmai (Scomberomorus guttatus), and Bangda fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) were collected for assessment of minor and trace element contents. EDXRF methods (using secondary targets and filters) were optimised and validated for quantification of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn Se, As, Br, Cd, Pb, Sr, K, Ca Na, Mg, and Al in these samples. The levels of each target element were found to be comparable to those reported across the globe. The potential health risk evaluated for selected trace and toxic elements showed no adverse impact on human health (Hazard Index < 1) from exposure to these elements through consumption of these marine species.

Kajian Sifat Fisika-Kimia Air Bahang dan Indeks Pencemaran di Perairan PLTU Sumbawa Barat

This research examines the physical and chemical properties of the potential contamination of condenser cooling water (heat water) at the 2x7 MW West Sumbawa Steam Power Plant. Method’s this research is direct observation in the field. The determination of the sample point was done by purposive sampling. The results showed that the hot water had met the predetermined quality standards, namely a pH of 8.21, a temperature of 38.50C and a content of free chlorine (Cl2) of 0.03 mg / L. There was an increase in sea water temperature in a radius of 17 meters east and west by 80C from 280C to 360C. Direct discharge of hot water has the potential to pollute the marine prawn environment around the 2x7 MW West Sumbawa PLTU. From the results of the study, it was found that the temperature of the hot water had met the specified quality standard, which was 40oC, but direct disposal caused the sea water temperature to rise, exceeding the set sea water temperature quality standard of 320C and the temperature increase should not be more than 20C from the temperature. at first. The status of sea water quality due to the entry of hot water is determined using a pollution index. From the calculation results obtained PIj of 1.125 at the sample point Outfall 2, meaning that the sea water conditions at a radius of 17 meters are lightly polluted. As a form of control and prevention of pollution due to the entry of high temperature hot water, continuous monitoring is necessary and it is necessary to create a mixing pool between sea water and hot water before the heat is discharged into the sea.

N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity in Palaemon serratus - Methodological optimisation and intrinsic variability

Chitinolytic enzymes fulfil a key role in the moulting process of crustaceans, in degrading the endocuticle during apolysis. Measuring the enzyme activity is an interesting manner to monitor the moult process at sub-individual level, complementary to the classical observation of the integument morphogenesis, ecdysis success, or moult cycle duration. The present study aimed to optimise the methodology of using N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity to monitor moulting in the marine prawn Palaemon serratus, and to compare NAGase activity levels along the moult cycle of both male and female specimens. First, to optimise protocols for five different organs, different reaction medium compositions were tested, considering the type buffer, concentration of the substrate, and the load in enzymatic extract. Second, levels of NAGase activity were closely monitored during eight moulting stages in male prawns. Variations in NAGase activity were observed during the moult cycle, with an increase in activity in the late premoult phase of approximately 2.4-fold the level of the intermoult phase. This response profile was observed for each tested organ. The levels of NAGase activity of male and female specimens were compared during three stages of the premoult phase. The patterns observed for both sexes were similar for all the tested organs.

Assessment of sperm quality in palaemonid prawns using Comet assay: methodological optimization

The aim of this study was to adapt the Comet assay in spermatozoa of the marine prawn Palaemon serratus to use it as a marker of sperm quality. Indeed, due to the characteristics of their spermatozoa, the measurement of DNA integrity is one of the few markers which can be transferred to crustaceans to assess the quality of their semen. In the first step, the methods of collecting and maintaining spermatozoa were optimized. Cell survival was estimated during kinetics of preservation (i.e. 1, 2, 4 and 8h) in various suspension media to define artificial seawater (ASW) as optimal. Several methods in the releasing of spermatozoa from the spermatophore of prawns were estimated with regard to their incidence both on the efficiency of extraction and the survival of cells. Pipetting up and down turned out to be the most successful and the least invasive technique. Secondly, the transfer of Comet assay was optimized by studying various times in both cell lysis (i.e. 1, 6, 18h) and DNA denaturation (i.e. 15, 30 and 45min), after in vitro exposure of spermatozoa to an H2O2 gradient as model genotoxicant. Results revealed that a minimum of 1h in cell lysis and 15min of DNA denaturation were sufficient to obtain valuable results, linked with a low compaction of DNA in spermatozoa of Palaemon sp. Finally, the sensitivity of P. serratus spermatozoa was assessed after in vitro exposures to model genotoxicants displaying various modes of interaction with DNA (i.e. UV-C, 13.3-79.5Jm-2; H2O2, 5-10μM and MMS, 0.5-5mM) and some environmental contaminants known or suspected to be genotoxic (i.e. cadmium and diuron, 0.015-1.5μgL-1; carbamazepine, 0.1-10μgL-1) for invertebrates. The low variability of the baseline level of DNA strand breaks recorded in controls highlighted the robustness of the method. P. serratus spermatozoa displayed significant DNA damage from the lowest doses tested for all model genotoxicants, but conversely, no genotoxic effect of tested environmental contaminants was observed. These results, which are discussed according to the protocol tested in the present study and the comparison with literature data, could suggest a difference in the response or sensitivity of spermatozoa to environmental genotoxicity between invertebrate species, and therefore the interest of Palaemonidae prawns in ecogenotoxicology. In conclusion, the present study underlines the potential of the Comet assay as a marker to assess the contamination impact on the sperm quality in Palaemonidae prawns in view to a potential application for in situ biomonitoring surveys.

Sex and reproductive stage differences in the growth, metabolism, feed, fecal production, excretion and energy budget of the Amazon River prawn (Macrobrachium amazonicum)

The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in various physiological measures (growth, fecal production, feed intake, nitrogenous excretion, oxygen consumption, energy substrate used, and energy budget) among males, ovigerous females and non-ovigerous females of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. This species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism and different male morphotypes and has the potential for use in aquaculture. Males and non-ovigerous females were studied for 30 days. Ovigerous females were studied for 10 days. Prawns were fed commercial prawn food, and all males were of the Translucent Claw (TC) morphotype. The results demonstrate physiological differences both between males and females and between females of different reproductive stages. Males had higher rates of ingestion, growth and oxygen consumption and less fecal loss than females. We postulate that in the absence of other morphotypes, TC males may exhibit increased growth rates. Males and females used protein as an energy substrate. Males channeled approximately 9% of their energy budget into growth, whereas non-ovigerous and ovigerous females channeled only 1.4 ± 0.4 and 0.07 ± 0.07%, respectively. Whereas males and non-ovigerous females channeled 9.0 ± 9.74 and 61.8 ± 3.0%, respectively, of the energy ingested into metabolism, ovigerous females channeled 97.7 ± 4.7% into metabolism, likely due to the frequent beating of their pleopods, which oxygenates and cleans the eggs. As reported for marine prawns, males and non-ovigerous females of M. amazonicum lost approximately 5% of their ingested energy in exuviae. The physiological differences observed between the sexes and between females of different reproductive stages might reflect corresponding differences in patterns of activity, growth, and reproduction.

Prawn community structure in the subtropical Mfolozi–Msunduzi estuarine system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The life cycles of many marine and freshwater prawn species are closely associated with estuarine habitat. Here, the prawn community of the Mfolozi–Msunduzi estuarine system is described and the system's potential as an alternative nursery for prawns during prolonged closure of the adjacent St Lucia estuarine system is examined. Sampling was conducted at five localities in summer and winter in 2007–2012. The Mfolozi–Msunduzi Estuary is a river-dominated system with mouth condition, sediment grain size and turbidity being the most important factors affecting the structure of its prawn community. Twelve prawn species were recorded, including five marine penaeid and five freshwater palaemonid species. The prawn community was numerically dominated by freshwater Macrobrachium equidens and two penaeids, Fenneropenaeus indicus and Metapenaeus monoceros. Significant differences were recorded between summer and winter samples, with freshwater species dominating the catch in summer, while penaeid species were dominant in winter. The marked seasonal change in the prawn community was related to strong river flows during summer creating low-salinity conditions, unsuitable for penaeid postlarval development, throughout most of the system. Compared to St Lucia, the Mfolozi–Msunduzi Estuary can be regarded as a poor alternative nursery area for penaeids during the summer peak postlarval recruitment period.

Preparation and Comparative Study of Chitosan from Shells of Different Marine and Freshwater Prawns

Preparation and Comparative Study of Chitosan from Shells of Different Marine and Freshwater Prawns

A Simple Technique to Stage the Moult of Penaeus monodon

Growth in crustaceans and other arthropods is interrupted by cyclical moults, in which the old cuticle or exoskeleton is shed, and in the intervening growth phases the soft tissue swells and a new elastic cuticle gradually thickens and hardens. Marine prawns, Penaeus monodon, from a commercial farm in northern Queensland, Australia, were studied alive to assess their growth and moulting stages. The median part of the setae of inner uropods was examined by light microscopy. A finely graded classification of five stages and substages of postmoult, stage A consisting of substages A1 and A2, and stage B (1-16 hours); intermoult, stage C (1 day); premoult, stage D consisting of substages D1, D2 and D3/D4 (2-12 days) and ecdysis, stage E (about one minute) are described and illustrated. Ecdysis took place at night. Rapid and repetitive moult staging in individual prawns can be carried out without sacrificing the prawns.

Biochemical characterization of vitellin from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

Vitellin and vitellogenin characterized from mature ovaries, hemolymph, and the hepatopancreas of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii using SDS-PAGE revealed that vitellin exists as 89 and 100 kDa subunits, and vitellogenin as 89, 100 and 170 kDa subunits. Vitellogenin polypeptides in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas were present at different maturation stages (early mature, mature, spent), whereas the vitellin polypeptides were correlated with ovarian maturation. Biochemical characterization of the vitellin polypeptides revealed that only the 89 kDa is a lipoglycopolypeptide. Immunological studies using anti-vitellin antisera of M. malcolmsonii using immunodiffusion and western blot further confirmed that the vitellogenin polypeptide consists of 89, 100, and170 kDa subunits in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph, and vitellin polypeptides of 89, 100 kDa subunits in the ovary and egg. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first seven amino acids of the 89 kDa subunit of vitellin of M. malcolmsonii has a 29% similarity with that of the freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii, and 14% similarity to vitellin of the marine prawns Litopenaeus merguensis, L. vannamei, the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, and Lhobosis rhomboides (pinfish species).

Study of Bacteriocin as a Food Preservative and the L. acidophilus Strain as Probiotic

Bacteriocin producing Lactobacillus acidophilus strain was isolated from the gut of marine prawn (Penaeus monodon). This bacteriocin has broad range of antibacterial activity against major food born pathogens. Maximum bacteriocin production was observed at temperature 50°C, pH 4 and 0.9% sodium chloride. The bacteriocin was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitate and ion exchange (DEAE cellulose) chromatography. Biochemically it was pure protein moiety and its molecular weight was 2.5 KDa. This study revealed the possibility of using bacteriocin as a food preservative and the L. acidophilus strain as probiotic.

Describing growth and predicting feed intake in the marine prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus: Part I: Theoretical and practical aspects of measuring and predicting genetic parameters

Monitoring and predicting growth and feed intake of cultured aquatic animals is a significant problem in aquaculture. The present study examines the potential of an approach based on potential accretion rate of body protein to predict live weight gain and feed requirement of the marine prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus. The protein accretion rate was predicted using the Gompertz equation while the growth of body components and nutrient gains therein was established using allometric relationships. Live weight gain was determined by summing the accretion rates of body protein, lipid, water, ash and carbohydrate. The model parameters included the protein content at maturity (Pd m , [mg]), the rate of maturing ( β, [/d]), the maximum rate of protein deposition (Pd max , [mg day − 1 ]), the lipid to protein ratio at maturity (LPR m , [Ld m :Pd m ]), ash (APR m ,[Ad m :Pd m ]), water (WAPR m ,[WAd m :Pd m ]) and carbohydrate to protein ratio at maturity (CPR m ,[Cd m :Pd m ]), and the exoskeleton to flesh ratio (E:F). To generate information to establish these parameters, feeding trials with prawn were carried out in indoor tanks and an outdoor growout pond. Juveniles from the same brood stock were allowed to grow to adults under conditions assumed ideal. Tank reared animals failed to obtain similar growth to those cultured in the pond. Values for the above parameters for a mixed batch of pond reared prawns were estimated to be 6541 mg, 0.014/d, 32.68 mg day − 1 , 0.03, 0.20, 3.30, 0.06 and 1:3.6, respectively when reared at 19–27 °C and 21–27‰. Results indicated that the model proposed here, derived from and based on research in higher vertebrates, was well suited to describing the genotype of F. indicus reared under semi-intensive conditions. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to examine and describe mathematically the rates of body lipid, ash, water and carbohydrate accretion in prawns as a function of protein gains in the flesh and exoskeleton of F. indicus.

A comparative study of cellulase and xylanase activity in freshwater crayfish and marine prawns

AbstractCellulase and xylanase digestive enzyme activitieswere compared in four freshwater cray¢sh (GenusCherax) and three marine prawn (GenusPenaeus )species.TemperatureandpHpro¢lesforcellulase(en-doglucanase)werefoundtobeverysimilarinallspe-cies, with maximum activityoccurring at 601CandpH5.0.TemperatureandpHpro¢lesforxylanase(en-doxylanase)werealsoverysimilarinallcray¢shspe-cies, with maximum activity occurring at 501CandpH 5.0. Xylanase activity was not detected in thethree prawn species examined. In addition, in vitrostudiesshowedthatmostspecieswereabletoliberateglucose from carboxymethyl cellulose, indicatingthat cellulose substrates can be a source of energyforbothcray¢shandprawnspecies.Keywords: cellulase, xylanase, Cherax, Penaeus ,digestion, nutritionIntroductionImproving the digestibilityof plant-based feeds usedinaquaculturewilldependinpartonovercomingtheanti-nutritionaleiectsofnon-starchpolysaccharides(NSPs)associatedwithplantcellwalls(Francis,Mak-kar & Becker 2001). Current evidence suggests thatsoluble, high molecular weight NSPs (commonlycel-lulose and arabinoxylan polymers) increase digestaviscosity, thereby reducing digestive enzyme accessto other nutrients (Castanon, Flores & Pettersson1997; Bedford 2000; Francis et al. 2001). In ¢sh andcrustaceans this can result in poor growth and feede⁄ciency, depending on ingredient type and propor-tion, species cultured and age/size of candidate or-ganisms (Watanabe 2002).Inclusion of exogenous enzymes as additives inplant-based feeds has greatly improved feed utiliza-tion in terrestrial animals (Bedford 1995; Castanonet al. 1997; Bedford 2000). Commercial enzymeblends typically contain endoglucanase and en-doxylanase enzymes, which hydrolyse the b-1,4-bonds in cellulose and xylan polymers, respectively,thereby reducing the size of soluble NSPs withinthe digestive tract. The action of these enzymes isalso thought to aid in the release of nutrientsbound by plant cell walls. In aquaculture, additionof NSP-degrading enzymes to canola meal dietshas been shown to improve growth rates of juveniletiger prawns (Buchanan, Sarac, Poppi & Cowan1997). These studies indicate that endoglucanaseand endoxylanase enzymes could play a signi¢cantroleintheutilizationofplantmaterialsincrustaceandiets.Enzyme supplementation of plant-based feeds re-quires carefulconsideration, however, as inappropri-ate enzyme concentrations may potentially result inpoororevennegativeeiectsonanimalgrowth(Cas-tanonetal.1997).Relativelyhighenzymelevelscouldliberate excessive quantities of monosaccharides, in-ducing hyperglycaemia (Stone, Allan & Anderson2003). In contrast, low enzyme levels may elevatethe soluble NSPcomponent bysolubilizing the inso-luble NSP fraction (Castanon et al.1997).Inthisre-gard, the development of appropriate strategies forexogenous enzyme supplementation of plant-basedfeeds requires a greater understanding of endogen-ous enzyme activity within candidate crustaceanspecies.

Purification and Characterization of a Natural Agglutinin in the Hemolymph of the Prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

A natural agglutinin in the hemolymph of the marine prawn Penaeus indicus was isolated by gel filtration chromatography, purified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and characterized. Prawn agglutinin has a native molecular mass of 181 kDa and consists of two monomeric units (97 and 84 kDa), maintains some agglutinating activity over a wide pH range (7–9), and is inactivated at 85°C. The agglutinin was denatured upon mixing with trichloroacetic acid, phenol, chloroform, and 45% ammonium sulfate. It was also sensitive to trypsin digestion. The results indicate that prawn agglutinin is proteinaceous in nature, with agglutinating, hemolytic, and antibacterial properties against marine bacteria and erythrocytes with carbohydrate binding sites.

Trace metals in marine, brackish and freshwater prawns (Crustacea, Decapoda) from northeast Algeria

The concentrations of the trace metals Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb were measured in four caridean decapods; Atyaephyra desmaresti, Palaemonetes varians, Parapenaeus longirostris and Aristeus antennatus, from freshwater , estuarine and marine habitats in northeast Algeria variably affected by anthropogenic metal contamination. The two coastal species (P. longirostris and A. antennatus) are a food source for the local population. Accumulated metal concentrations varied interspecifically, and intraspecifically between sites and between seasons, except in the case of Aristeus antennatus. The fresh and brackish water species (Atyaephyra desmaresti and Palaemonetes varians) accumulated more Cd and Pb than their marine counterparts. Results are discussed with respect to anthropogenic inputs and the environmental conditions of the regions studied.

Combined chromium and phenol pollution in a marine prawn fishery.

In our world, marine fisheries, including the production of marine prawns, will be an important component part of agricultural production in the 21st century as the marine era (China Environmental Protection Bureau 1995). However, the rising mortality and decreasing yield of marine prawns has taken place in recent years in the China Sea, especially in the Zhoushan Sea, where the biggest fishery in China is housed (Statistical Bureau of Zhejiang Province 1992; 1994). The causes of this mortality and its extension northward remain unclear. It is possible that it is the result of the interaction of multiple pollutants, such as chromium and phenol, in the coastal waters and seawater. This may cause the excessive accumulation of chromium and phenol in marine prawns, decreasing their yield and increasing their death rate. In previous investigations it was found that the concentrations of chromium and phenol in the Zhoushan Sea water were rising. The concentrations of chromium and phenol in polluted prawns were quite high, up to 15.87 and 4.93 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively (Zhou 1994). Chemical pollution of the area has been increasing in recent years, due to the continuous discharge of waste water from rural industries such as printing, manufacture, dyeing, textile, electroplating, meat-processing and tanning enterprises (Zhou 1994; Zhou and Zhu 1997).

Purification and partial characterization of a type V like collagen from the muscle of marine prawn,Penaeus indicus

The muscle collagen of marine prawn,Penaeus indicus, was isolated by limited pepsin digestion. Based on selective salt precipitation, amino acid composition and gel electrophoretic pattern, the major collagen was found to be a homotrimer of a 1 chain, similar to type V collagen of vertebrates. Electron microscopy of reconstituted fibrils, made for the first time from a crustacean species, revealed a characteristic 64 nm periodicity. Biochemical studies indicate a less than normal amount of associated carbohydrates and an increased alanine content The major collagen had a denatu ration temperature of 37°C with an intrinsic viscosity of 11.3 dl/g. Spectral characteristics of the major collagen were studied. Results suggest the presence of genetically distinct collagen types and acid resistant cross links in crustacean muscle.