Issue Of Marine Pollution Research Articles

Unveiling the eutrophication crisis: 20 years of nutrient development in Zhanjiang Bay, China

Coastal eutrophication is a major issue of marine pollution. The main factors controlling eutrophication must be identified to ensure effective marine environmental management according to the respective local conditions. Zhanjiang Bay (ZJB), located northwest of the South China Sea, is a semi-closed bay influenced by complex water flows and the development of surrounding cities. In this study, we investigated the development of nutrient concentrations and compositions in ZJB seawater over the past 20 years and the factors influencing eutrophication based on several field investigations from 2006 to 2022 and historical data. High concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were the main contributors to the severe long-term eutrophication in ZJB; however, light eutrophication was observed in the outer bay, primarily caused by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and DIP. The primary sources of COD and nutrients were riverine freshwater, sewage outfalls, mariculture and domestic effluents carried by rivers. Tidal effects diluted the nutrient concentrations in the bay with seawater from the outer bay, thereby playing a key role in nutrient redistribution. The DIN: DIP ratio of ZJB showed long-term nitrogen restriction and excess phosphorus, primarily owing to mariculture activities. Marine undertakings can exert various impacts on water quality. Eliminating illegal aquaculture and launching aquaculture tailwater treatment can improve water quality, whereas practices such as channel dredging may worsen it. This study demonstrates the intricate dynamics of the ZJB ecosystem and offers valuable insights for effective environmental management and conservation efforts.

Marine Pollution and Waste Management

Water covers more than 70% of the surface of the globe. The ocean, which is amazing and significantly controls the world's climate, also has a hidden crisis, namely marine pollution. In the modern world, marine pollution is becoming a bigger issue. Article 1 (1) (4) of UNCLOS : says that “Pollution of the marine environment” means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, a hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of seawater and reduction of amenities”. Chemicals and garbage, most of which originate on land and are blown or carried into the water, are the two main components of marine pollution. Marine pollution, caused by human activities like improper disposal, shipping, and overfishing, harms ecology, health, and global economic institutions. Solutions include international agreements, sustainable fishing, improved waste disposal, and raising awareness. Education-based campaigns have the power to inspire citizens, groups, and governments to action. The legislative reforms and sustainable practices are significantly aided by environmental organizations and advocacy groups. The government has made several notable efforts, such as the plastic ban, marine protected areas, clean-up programs, and environmentally friendly fishing. Several countries have enacted plastic bags, which have significantly reduced the amount of plastic pollution, while the ocean may not be affected. Creating marine protected zones helps safeguard biodiversity and gives damaged ecosystems a place to recover. This article gives a general overview of the complex issue of marine pollution and shows how important it is to have efficient waste management plans. It investigates diverse marine pollution types and causes, emphasizing the dangers it poses, such as biodiversity loss, potential health hazards for humans, and significant financial expenses.

Autonomous Design of a Green Sea-Cleaner Boat

This paper addresses the urgent global issue of marine pollution, with a focus on the inadequacies of traditional cleanup methods and the promising potential of an autonomous green sea-cleaner boat. The study presents a sea-cleaner boat design with reduced wake-wash, integrated with an autonomous system using visual equipment and LiDAR sensors for precise navigation and debris identification. Parametric studies of catamaran hull configurations show that the Flat-Outside Model exhibits the lowest wave elevation, indicating reduced hydrodynamic force and wake-wash, making it an environmentally preferable option. Additionally, the sea-cleaner boat employs LiDAR for obstacle detection and a camera with a Convolutional Neural Network for efficient debris identification and collection, enhancing operational safety and efficiency. Overall, the autonomous green sea-cleaner boat represents a significant advancement in maritime environmental conservation.

Youth4Sea and marine debris: An arts-based, site-specific, youth-framed inquiry

This arts-based project engaged youth (between 18 and 24 years of age) living in Byron Bay to co-design an inquiry addressing the increased pollution created during the period of Schoolies. Through a youth-framed participatory research design, the project team engaged local youth in researching young people’s marine pollution understandings, attitudes and behaviours. It then supported their ideas as they created, instigated and assessed an intervention campaign, targeted at Schoolies tourists, to reduce the amount of beach litter (). The young people conducted video interviews with their peers, created visual diaries, took photographs, and designed and implemented an intervention plan. Seeking a feasible action and realizing the enormity of the issue of marine pollution, they decided to target the beach as a specific site for intervention, and in particular, the issue of cigarette butt litter. The young people then engaged in a suite of arts-based analyses, including photographs of the intervention in-process, a documentary film, visual diaries () and a collaborative, large-scale canvas painting (; ) as an analytical riposte.

Perceptions of marine pollution when intertwined with displacement: The case of Miyakojima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan

Although a growing number of governmental bodies and civil society organizations are mobilizing to tackle marine pollution on both global and local scales, there is often a disconnect between the work of a few impassioned groups with the rest of the local community. To determine why this dichotomy exists, this research explores different perceptions of marine pollution through semi-structured interviews in Miyakojima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Marine pollution on the shores and in the thick vegetation along the coastline is a persistent feature on Miyakojima, however, local efforts are disjointed between island natives (insiders) and migrants from mainland Japan (outsiders). This research provides perceptions of marine pollution in the context of an island within a developed country, which is shaped by compounding senses of displacement that Miyakojima insiders are experiencing. Perspectives that have been unheard in marine pollution discourse are reflected on an ondo-sa map, which links interview content with local ontological understandings of the insider and outsider stratification regarding marine pollution. With neocolonialism continuing to mold the island’s economy and political hold, insiders’ relationships with the ocean have been changing. Engaging the local population with marine pollution activities therefore requires a more holistic consideration of Miyakojima's evolving political, economic, and social landscape. As such, NGOs, researchers, and other interested entities that seek to approach marine pollution issues on islands must acknowledge the inequities that continue to surface as neocolonial activities remain unchecked and accepted as the status quo.

Evaluating the effectiveness of coastal environmental management policies in China: The case of Bohai Sea

With marine pollution issues becoming serious and widespread, a series of coastal environmental managemental policies are being carried out worldwide, the effectiveness of which requires comprehensive evaluation. Taking the Bohai Sea (BS) of China as an example, which has been plagued by serious ecological and environmental issues for decades due to terrestrial pollution discharge, this study explored and quantified, for the first time to our best knowledge, the variability of water quality after initiating a dedicated 3-year pollution control action (Uphill Battle for Integrated Bohai Sea Management, UBIBM, 2018–2020) implemented by China's central government, with two water quality indexes of water color (Forel-Ule index, FUI) and transparency (Secchi disk depth, ZSD, m) from satellite observations. During the UBIBM, a significant improvement in water quality was detected, characterized by a clearer and bluer BS, with ZSD and FUI improved by 14.1% and 3.2%, respectively, compared with the baseline period (2011–2017). In addition, an abrupt drop in the long-term record (2011–2022) of the coverage area of highly turbid waters (ZSD≤2 m or FUI≥8) was found in 2018, which coincided with the start of the UBIBM, indicating that the water quality improvement may be attributed to the pollution alleviation of the UBIBM. Independent data of land-based pollution statistics also supported this deduction. (3) Compared with the previous two pollution control actions in the first decade of 21st century, UBIBM was proved to be the most successful one in terms of the achieved highest transparency and lowest FUI during the past two decades. Reasons for the achievement and implications to future pollution control are discussed for a more sustainable and balanced improvement in the coastal environment. This research provides a valuable example that satellite remote sensing can play a vital role in the management of coastal ecosystems by providing effective evaluation of pollution control actions.

Overtaking Marine Pollution Issues for Sustainable Eco-Tourism in Mapur Island

Kepulauan Riau, which is located in the border area, is endowed with a lot of potential of fisheries and maritime resources. It has high potential on leveraging blue economy of Indonesia. The waters of the Kepulauan Riau presenting the beauty of the sea from the coast to its underwater natural charm such as coral reef ecosystems and marine biota, provide important prospects for the Kepulauan Riau to be able to increase the blue economy through sustainable tourism. For this reason, this study aims to find out what programs have been carried out by the government and civil society in order to realize sustainable tourism in the Kepulauan Riau. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method. The key findings of this research shows that even though Kepulauan Riau is one of the primary target of traditional and non-traditional strategic market of ASEAN, however, the enforcement of sustainable tourism remain deal with several obstacles and challenges that come up with uncompleted goals of the blue economy.

The Study of the Laws of Vietnam to Prevent and Control Marine Environmental Pollution from Ship's Garbage

The Vietnam Maritime Administration has established and dominated the seaborne cargo transportation market in Vietnam in order to prevent pollution of the marine environment from ship-source pollution as well as other sources from ships. The issue of marine pollution caused by trash, sewage, and air pollution from ships is then present, parallel to that development. One of these sources that has a negative effect on the quality of seawater in Vietnam is ship waste, which is regarded as one of the primary sources of pollutants. Additionally, the existence of plastics and microplastics, which have a diameter of less than 5 mm, has a detrimental impact on both the marine environment and human health. Therefore, Vietnam's crucial task going forward is to swiftly add laws to prevent and regulate marine environmental pollution brought on by ship waste. The method proposed is to study the participation, implementation of International Conventions, and improvement of laws of other countries. The author offers valuable experiences for Vietnam to quickly improve laws in this field.

Research on sunken & submerged oil detection and its behavior process under the action of breaking waves based on YOLO v4 algorithm

Marine oil spill pollution is one of the most serious marine pollution issues. Aiming at the problems of low accuracy and slow speed in the process of detecting the behavior of sunken and submerged oil by traditional methods, a technology of sunken & submerged oil tracking based on YOLO v4 (YOLO refers to ‘you look only once’) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The image data used in this study are pictures of real oil pollution moving under breaking waves, and they are collected in the laboratory. First, the YOLO v4 model under CSPDarknet53 framework was established. Then, in order to simplify the oil detection model and ensure the efficiency of the model, this research used Mosaic data enhancement, random flipping, and Gaussian noise fuzzy data enhancement, as well as Cosine Annealing Learning Rate, and Label Smoothing to improve the effect of deep learning model. After data enhancement, the final data set was divided into a training set and a test set proportionally. The training set had 878 pictures, and the test set had 1945 pictures. The test set contained the situation where oil droplets were completely occluded by waves, so that the detection accuracy was closer to the real situation. The results show that the oil droplet is hit and then sunk, forming ‘sunken and submerged oil’ under the action of breaking waves of wave heights of 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm. The submergence time enhances with the increase of wave height of breaking wave, that is, the residence time of oil droplet for 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm breaking waves is 2.32 s, 2.52 s, 2.62 s, 3.20s, 7.12 s, respectively. The deepest position of oil droplet under the water for 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm breaking waves is 0.165 m, 0.179 m, 0.226 m, 0.297 m, 0.428 m, respectively. However, the drift velocity and sinking velocity of oil droplet show nonlinear variation. The speed of sinking to the deepest is 0.208 m/s, 0.222 m/s, 0.212 m/s, 0.359 m/s, 0.303 m/s, respectively.

The Role of Stokes Drift in the Dispersal of North Atlantic Surface Marine Debris

Understanding the physical mechanisms behind the transport and accumulation of floating objects in the ocean is crucial to efficiently tackle the issue of marine pollution. The main sinks of marine plastic are the coast and the bottom sediment. This study focuses on the former, investigating the timescales of dispersal from the ocean surface and onto coastal accumulation areas through a process called “beaching.” Previous studies found that the Stokes drift can reach the same magnitude as the Eulerian current speed and that it has a long-term effect on the trajectories of floating objects. Two particle tracking models (PTMs) are carried out and then compared, one with and one without Stokes drift, named PTM-SD and PTM-REF, respectively. Eulerian velocity and Stokes drift data from global reanalysis datasets are used for particle advection. Particles in the PTM-SD model are found to beach at a yearly rate that is double the rate observed in PTM-REF. The main coastal attractors are consistent with the direction of large-scale atmospheric circulation (Westerlies and Trade Winds). After 12 years (at the end of the run), the amount of beached particles is 20% larger in PTM-SD than in PTM-REF. Long-term predictions carried out with the aid of adjacency matrices found that after 100 years all particles have beached in PTM-SD, while 8% of the all seeded particles are still floating in PTM-REF. The results confirm the need to accurately represent the Stokes drift in particle models attempting to predict the behaviour of marine debris, in order to avoid overestimation of its residence time in the ocean and effectively guide policies toward prevention and removal.

Changes in Mechanical Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoate with Double Silanized Cellulose Nanocrystals Using Different Organosiloxanes

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable plastic with great potential for tackling plastic waste and marine pollution issues, but its commercial applications have been limited due to its poor processability. In this study, surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals were used to improve the mechanical properties of PHA composites produced via a melt-extrusion process. Double silanization was conducted to obtain hydrophobically treated CNC-based fillers, using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS). The morphology, particle size distributions, and surface characteristics of the silanized CNCs and their compatibility with a PHA polymer matrix differed by the organosiloxane treatment and drying method. It was confirmed that the double silanized CNCs had hydrophobic surface characteristics and narrow particle size distributions, and thereby showed excellent dispersibility in a PHA matrix. Adding hydrophobically treated CNCs to form a PHA composite, the elongation at break of the PHA composites was improved up to 301%, with little reduction of Young’s modulus, compared to pure PHA. Seemingly, the double silanized CNCs added played a similar role to a nucleation agent in the PHA composite. It is expected that such high ductility can improve the mechanical properties of PHA composites, making them more suitable for commercial applications.

Leverage points for addressing marine and coastal pollution: A review

Despite an increasing understanding of the issue of marine pollution, humanity continues on a largely unsustainable trajectory. This study aimed to identify and classify the range of scientific studies and interventions to address coastal and marine pollution. We reviewed 2417 scientific papers published between 2000 and 2018, 741 of which we analysed in depth. To classify pollution interventions, we applied the systems-oriented concept of leverage points, which focuses on places to intervene in complex systems to bring about systemic change. We found that pollution is largely studied as a technical problem and fewer studies engage with pollution as a systemic social-ecological issue. While recognising the importance of technical solutions, we highlight the need to focus on under-researched areas pertaining to the deeper drivers of pollution (e.g. institutions, values) which are needed to fundamentally alter system trajectories.

Reimagining Plastic Pollution and Climate Activism: Contradictions of Eco-Education in Rachel Hope Allison's I'm Not a Plastic Bag

Reimagining Plastic Pollution and Climate Activism:Contradictions of Eco-Education in Rachel Hope Allison's I'm Not a Plastic Bag Brianna Anderson (bio) Media coverage of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) has largely centered on the negative impacts of plastic pollution on marine life, dominated by images of sea turtles snared in discarded fishing nets and seabird corpses filled with colorful bottle caps. However, the ever-growing trash vortex, which contains an estimated 79,000 tons of plastic, also plays a significant role in the larger climate change crisis (Lebreton 1). As a 2019 report published by the Center for International Environmental Law notes, "[n]early every piece of plastic begins as a fossil fuel, and greenhouse gases are emitted at each stage of the plastic lifecycle" ("Plastic" 1). In other words, marine pollution is not a localized issue that only imperils sea creatures but a global problem that exacerbates climate change and threatens all life on Earth. In response to this developing crisis, a number of children's imagetexts—a concept encompassing picture books, comics, and other text-image narratives (Mitchell 89)—published in the last decade seek to educate young readers about the dangers of plastic marine debris. Such is the case, for instance, in the graphic novel Aquicorn Cove (2018) and in picture books The Pout-Pout Fish Cleans Up the Ocean (2019) and Suki Seal and the Plastic Ring (2020). As these titles suggest, imagetexts in this "ocean pollution" subgenre typically feature anthropomorphized animals threatened by marine pollution. Notably, they also frequently include paratexts—prefaces, postfaces, or "what can you do?" addenda—that propose practical, at-home steps that children and their parents can take to combat ocean pollution. In this capacity, the ocean pollution imagetexts serve as eco-pedagogical literature that, as Geraldine Massey and Clare Bradford observe, "respon[d] to environmental issues and attemp[t] to enlist readers in taking action, encouraging them to reflect on the world as [End Page 172] it is, and to imagine future scenarios if environmental degradation proceeds unabated" (110). One of the most provocative, and in several respects sui generis, works to emerge from this eco-pedagogical genre is Rachel Hope Allison's hybrid graphic novel/picture book I'm Not a Plastic Bag (2012). The narrative takes up the issue of marine pollution by portraying the toxic GPGP as an adorable, anthropomorphic monster: a mass of trash with eyes formed from a tire and an umbrella. As the story progresses, the garbage monster's size increases exponentially as more waste accumulates in it, and so does its apparent loneliness as it fails to befriend passing marine animals. Although the cover identifies I'm Not a Plastic Bag as "a graphic novel"—and indeed, many of its pages are divided into comics panels—the book also includes many full and double-paged spreads reminiscent of picture book illustrations. As such, this mostly wordless imagetext straddles the line between the two mediums, functioning as what Nathalie op de Beeck terms a "picture-bookish" comic ("Comics-Style," 468). The graphic novel similarly addresses an ambiguous audience, with the back cover deeming the content "suitable for readers of all ages," while the whimsical illustrations of the GPGP appear to specifically target elementary or middle-grade readers (Allison, emphasis in original). Even the book's publication process emphasizes hybridity, with Plastic Bag published in 2012 as part of a collaborative eco-educational effort between comics publisher Archaia and the now-defunct Jeff Corwin Connect Foundation (Allison, back cover).1 The foundation bookends Allison's imaginative garbage monster narrative with educational paratexts that provide additional information about the GPGP, as well as a "How Can You Help?" action list that promotes simplistic, mostly local environmental activism. The jarring juxtaposition of the fantastic primary narrative with these rather clichéd instructional paratexts presents competing stories about what counts as environmental action for children in the Anthropocene. Allison's primary narrative uses elements of the comics medium and the anthropomorphic figure of the garbage monster to transform the GPGP from an unintelligible, and thus perhaps ignored, abstraction to an exigent crisis. This emphasis on the far-reaching, cataclysmic nature of marine pollution, along...

Composition analysis of organic and inorganic waste and the impacts of coastal city in Palu-Central Sulawesi

Organic and anorganic waste in Palu city has exceeded the capacity of the service and the existing waste management facilities so that waste piling up in landfills while (TPS), and locations of residential areas around the watershed that eventually the waste to the sea. Comprehensive research is needed to formulate the management of such waste. It is given because the higher the level of human activity residing in the city of Palu, has brought the issue of marine pollution in the Palu bay, namely through the waste dump along the Watershed (DAS) Palu which empties into the sea. It can be seen through the rubbish heaps of the sea at low tide, be it in the estuaries and bays along the coast of Palu. So far, the management of coastal waste less attention than the waste in the city. It is time for the attention given to the coastal environment is given the function of these coast systemic interplay of other ecosystems. Integrated management and the sustainable coastal environment will preserve it so that its function will be maintained properly and as intended. The success of this integrated waste management depends on community participation, as the main producer of waste.

Liability and Compensation for Marine Plastic Pollution: Conceptual Issues and Possible Ways Forward

The UN General Assembly and the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) have expressed concerns about the pollution of the sea by plastics, which adversely impacts ecosystems, some economic activities (e.g., tourism and fishing), and possibly public health (e.g., consumption of contaminated fish). In December 2017, the UNEA decided to establish the Ad Hoc Open-Ended Expert Group on Marine Litter and Microplastics to examine ways to combat marine plastic pollution. The group met three times in 2018 and 2019, and at least two more meetings are planned. Among potential responses to the issue of marine pollution, the group briefly considered—but eventually dismissed—the possibility of creating a liability or compensation regime. This essay evaluates the prospects for such a regime. As the essay will show, compensation faces significant conceptual problems, not the least of which is the absence of an obvious recipient. However, some form of liability could be imposed on corporations that produce plastic, or on states that fail to regulate them. Such a liability regime, even without financial compensation, could foster the prevention of further marine plastic pollution.

The strong connection between marine engineering and marine environmental education within a marine cluster

Marine Environmental Education (MEE) is a vital activity, since the marine environment is impacted by industrial and technologies involved in this sector. MEE is in strong connection with marine engineering. The players from this industry have to comply with environmental protection protocols and conventions. A marine cluster is a good way of approaching issues specific to the exploitation of resources of the sea. In the present, a particularity of marine pollution is that in enclosed seas (such as Black Sea is) and on coastal areas, the pollution is higher than in the open ocean. In order to fight with this reality, it is also vital to increase the public environmental awareness throughout specific education, not only to train specialists in this respect. This paper is providing the pylons on which MEE relies. From this paper will succeed how the objectives of MEE (awareness, knowledge, attitude, skills, participation) and its specific actions (environmental education and training, involvement, bringing people together) are supported by a marine cluster. The most important result of this study can be stated as: processes developed within MEE will enforce the involvement of specialists in solving marine pollution issues and will rise the environmental consciousness of communities, in a framework provided by a cluster oriented towards MEE.

The Importance of Regulating Plastic Marine Pollution for the Protection of Indonesian Marine Environment

The ocean and its marine resources play an important role in providing sources of livelihood to the Indonesian people. Indonesia is currently dealing with a major plastic waste problem, and this, in turn, also impacts the marine environment since the plastic waste ends up in the ocean. The issue of marine pollution is regulated under international conventions such as the MARPOL and UNCLOS, though none is specifically addressing marine plastic waste. Moreover, Indonesia has enacted several regulations to manage marine plastic waste, including Presidential Regulation Number 83 of 2018 on Marine Waste Management, and Indonesian citizens have taken an active role in reducing plastic waste. However, stricter and more specific regulations are needed as guidelines for the long-term strategy in handling marine plastic pollution in Indonesia, and proper analysis on the impact of such regulation towards the stakeholders and affected parties would be needed.

Using reflection to support environmental identity development in the classroom context

As environmental and sustainability issues are becoming embedded in the school curriculum, there is a need to understand how environmental identity develops within the complex social structure of the classroom. Reflection is a potentially valuable classroom process to consider as it intersects student learning, identity work, and agency. This embedded qualitative case study explored how three elementary students from a school in British Columbia, Canada, reflected on their experiences during an in-school program focused on the issue of marine pollution. Analysis of student focus group transcripts and journal entries found evidence of inquiry reflection, emotional reflection, and critical reflection on the facilitated environmental action. These appeared to play different roles in supporting a student’s ability to connect their experiences in the program to the curriculum and/or their developing environmental identities. An individually reflective lens, however, taken by students to critically self-reflect on how their own actions might contribute to the issue of marine pollution appeared to be challenging for them. Five strategies are offered to educators to support the design of activities that might foster environmental identity development (EID) in the classroom through inquiry reflection, emotional reflection, critical reflection, and self-reflection.

Interactive Robotic Fish: A Tool for Informal Science Learning and Environmental Awareness

Robotics has often been proposed as a tool to support informal science education through hands-on activities and learning across fields in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, instances in which robots have been effectively integrated into informal science learning events are rare, and data on participants' learning and engagement are even harder to find. We present the deployment of a new robotic fish controlled by an iDevice application at a series of informal science learning events. Visitors to the exhibit are offered a unique learning experience and can interact with the robotic fish through a range of control modalities, highlighting the principles of autonomy and remote operations. Data collected on visitor interactions with the application indicate a longer time usage for more interactive control modes with less autonomy. Moreover, survey data garnered after the interaction with the robots suggest that visitors are concerned about the environmental issue of marine pollution and they are eager to learn more. This platform can serve as the basis for systematically exploring the potential of robotics in informal science education by combining refined data collection with interactive control.

Marine Pollution and the South Asian Coastal States: A Legal Appraisal

South Asia is the living place of more than one-fifth of the world’s population and it is the most densely populated region in the world. There are five coastal states in this region (i.e. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) and due to their great reliance on the sea for their livelihood, the people here contribute toward pollution which may have disastrous consequences in the long run. This article, with a brief focus on international and regional legal initiatives on marine pollution, considers the existing municipal legal framework to handle the issue in these countries. It has been revealed that this issue of marine pollution is not considered seriously yet and the existing laws are mostly outdated and leniently implemented.