Marine Fisheries Sector Research Articles

STRATEGIC INTEGRATION OF CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) IN ENHANCING THE MARINE FISHERY SECTOR OF PAKISTAN: A PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

The marine fishery sector in Pakistan is particularly important in terms of the country’s economy but is still unexplored with problems such as old equipment, limited cold storage and processing, and not much investment made. Due to the emphasis on connectivity and economic cooperation under the framework of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it is possible to provide a strategic impetus to the development of the fishery sector. This research work seeks to establish how CPEC may improve the marine fishery industry of Pakistan and find out how the sector may benefit from CPEC investments in infrastructure and related facilities. The specific research questions the way CPEC infrastructure and investment could be optimally used for the development of the marine fishery sector of Pakistan for possible economic gains that could be associated with the integration of CPEC into the fishery sector. The study adopts a descriptive research type of approach whereby the researcher relies on secondary sources of information and analyzed data to assess the status of the marine fishery of Pakistan, identify the opportunities under CPEC for the sector, and establish how the sector can effectively integrate into the framework. The importance is in bringing attention to an overlooked sector that may benefit from the efficient use of CPEC projects. With investment and cooperation in the agriculture and socio-economic sectors, integration in the fishery sector will enhance Pakistan's blue economy and sustainable economic development.

PERAMALAN EKSPOR TIGA KOMODITAS UTAMA SEKTOR PERIKANAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE TIME SERIES: ARIMA

Batam City is one of the cities in Indonesia which is located in a strategic area on international shipping routes and has a sea area of 3,675 km so it has great potential for exporting fishery products, based on main commodities. Based on data from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) in 2022, the performance of the export value of Indonesian fishery products during 2022 experienced positive growth of 21.63 percent compared to 2021. In 2021, the export value of Indonesian fishery products reached 1,258 million USD, increasing to 1,530 million USD in 2022. This fact shows that the marine fisheries sector still offers significant opportunities today. However, there are several obstacles that stand in the way of the export process. These obstacles include the low level of technology application, unequal infrastructure development in various fisheries centers, limitations in providing capital, low utilization of Indonesia's marine potential, and the use of fishing systems in the production process which are deemed unable to utilize Indonesia's marine potential optimally. Given this problem, it is interesting to see the forecast for fishery product exports according to the main commodities in the city of Batam. Is there an increase or a decrease? So the aim of this research is to describe the predicted results of the export value of fishery products according to 3 main commodities, namely shellfish, crab and shrimp in Batam City in the next 5 years. This research method is quantitative using the time series method: ARIMA. The research results show that the estimated export of shellfish and crab will decrease from 2023 - 2027. Meanwhile, the estimated export of shrimp will increase from 2023 - 2027

Income and Expenditure Patterns Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Fisherfolk Households in Malappuram District, Kerala, India

This study examines the income and expenditure patterns among migrant and non-migrant fisherfolk households in Malappuram District, Kerala. Based on a sample of 375 households, with 172 migrants and 203 non-migrants surveyed between August 2023 and December 2023. Malappuram district which is located in the southern Indian state of Kerala, is known for its Kerala model of development and foremost position in the marine fisheries sector. Employing statistical tools such as chi-square, independent sample t-tests, and multiple linear regression, the study analyses how migration affects the income and expenditure patterns of the marine fisherfolk community. The chi-square results reveal significant disparities in occupational choices influenced by migration. The independent sample t-test indicates a statistically significant difference in mean income between migrant and non-migrant households. The multiple linear regression model examines the influence of migration status on expenditure alongside other explanatory variables, revealing that migration status and income significantly predict expenditure, while family size and age do not. These results, taken together, offer a sophisticated picture of how migration affects the income and spending habits of the Malappuram district's fishing community. Several policy suggestions can be made in light of these findings to reduce inequalities and improve the standard of living for households headed by migrant and non-migrant fishermen. Migrant fishermen can increase their income levels and have more career options by implementing focused skill development and training programs. The community can be empowered and long-term benefits can be ensured by supporting education and awareness programs that emphasize sustainable fishing practices and financial literacy.

Impact of Digital Development and Technology Innovation on the Marine Fishery Economy Quality

The digital economy plays an important role in promoting the high quality and sustainable development of the marine fishery economy. Based on the panel data of the digital economy and marine fishery development from 2011 to 2022, we firstly adopted the entropy method to comprehensively evaluate the economy quality level of the digital economy and marine fishing. Secondly, we constructed a two-way fixed effect model to empirically analyze the impact of digital economy development on the marine fishery economy quality and the mediating role of marine green science and technology innovation, and further explored the regional heterogeneity of the digital economy on the marine fishery economy quality. Several findings emerge. The digital economy and the marine fishery economy quality level was relatively low and showed a fluctuating increase. The development of the digital economy can significantly improve the economy quality of marine fishing, and the conclusion was still valid after considering a series of robustness tests. The digital economy can drive the development quality of the marine fishery economy through marine green technology innovation. This paper proposes fostering the advancement of digital technology in the marine fishery sector, to effectively harness the innovation-driven potential of the digital economy, so as to facilitate the harmonious development of both the marine and digital economies.

M-fisheries prototype: Innovating towards evidence-based planning and decision-making in marine fisheries management

Kenya’s marine fisheries sector has the potential for increased growth. However, fisheries managers in Kenya currently face the challenge of poor, missing or aggregated catch data. This paper explores Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-based solutions in the fisheries sector. The study adopts exploratory research design. It reports a review and analysis of two ICT-based solutions in the fisheries sector, conducted in the year 2020. From the analysis, the study proposes the development of M-Fisheries Prototype, as an answer to the challenges of the two reviewed solutions. The prototype introduces an SMS/USSD app for data collection. The SMS/USSD app aligns to the mobile-rich but internet-poor context of the fish landing sites, as it addresses the challenges of the other mobile-based systems that only require the use of smartphones. These challenges include infrastructural accessibility, technical usability and internet data costs.

Enhancement of Indonesia’s blue economy sector through innovation and competitive advantage based on Resource-Based View theory

Indonesia’s blue economy holds immense potential due to the marine ecosystem and maritime area, encompassing the marine fisheries sector, marine tourism, and fisheries influencing the market. Despite this significant potential, these resources have not been optimally utilized to boost economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the competitive advantage of the Blue Economy sector by enhancing the outcomes of the tourism, processing, and sales of fisheries in Indonesia through the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. The Resource-Based View theory explains the formulation and creation of competitive advantages by utilizing tangible and intangible resources such as innovation, strategy, capability, and culture. This study employs a quantitative method through an online survey with a total of 319 respondents working in the Blue Economy sector, including fisheries, marine product sellers, and marine tourism. The analytical methodology uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SMART PLS to assess the determination of competitive advantage. The findings of this study show that capabilities, operational capabilities, response capabilities, technological capabilities, innovation culture, innovation strategy, and strategic alignment significantly influence competitive advantage. Moreover, the competitive advantage in the blue economy sector is most influenced by innovation strategy with a beta of 0.375. This suggests that enhancing innovation strategies can positively impact Indonesia’s fisheries industry, as evidenced by fisheries tourism being the largest tourism sector in Indonesia, competing with international tourism. Additionally, Indonesia’s fisheries sector is a major contributor to exports. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank all the stakeholders, including entrepreneurs, government officials, and academics, for their willingness to provide in-depth information on maritime matters in North Sulawesi and other assistance essential for the success of this study.

Carbon stock of mangrove ecosystem and role blue economy in Pangandaran West Java

The mangrove ecosystem is a forest area that grows in coastal areas and is located at a distance of 200 meters from the shoreline. Mangroves are one of the blue-carbon ecosystems that can absorb CO2 through the process of photosynthesis and store carbon in the form of biomass in the soil. Mangroves are the second largest store of carbon stocks in waters after coral reefs. The availability of mangrove ecosystem carbon stock data is very important as a baseline in the greenhouse data inventory from blue carbon ecosystems. Blue carbon can be used as a reference for the welfare of coastal communities commonly called the blue economy, the blue economy focuses on generating economic growth from the fisheries and marine sector in Indonesia. Marine ecosystems are also impacted by climate change. Based on data from WWF's Living Blue Planet Report 2015, the number of marine populations decreased by 49% in the period 1970- 2012. The data is closely related to the sustainable economic growth of the marine fisheries sector, in this case, the mangrove ecosystem. Analysis of mangrove ecosystems using circle plots carried out measurements of tree diameter and length and identification of tree species according to predetermined subplots then analyzed the amount of carbon stock using the Allometric Equation Model. The result obtained is that 80% of mangrove habitat conditions are still very good so they can contribute to producing a total stored carbon stock (blue carbon) of 55.98 tons/ha this can be an ecosystem service for the surrounding community that can increase the blue economy in the Pangandaran area of West Java.

Marine fisheries management in the Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean

Marine fishing is crucial to the socio-economy of West Africa fishery. However, the sector has many challenges, which have increased the call for an integrated approach that provides links among human needs, activities, changes in the state of the environment, and the resultant effect on ecosystem services for sustainable management in fulfilment of the Conservation on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals. This study uses a socio-ecological framework (Drivers (D), Activities (A), Pressure (P), State (S), Impact (I) on welfare (W), and Response (R) as a Measure (M); DAPSI(W)R(M)) to assess the marine fishery sector of Ghana. Data were systematically sampled and analysed from vessel logbooks, fish manifests, observer reports, and relevant publications.Results show that Drivers, including livelihoods and revenue, food, and social status, contribute to industrial tuna and trawl fishing, and marine artisanal fishing activities. Where illegal fishing methods such as small mesh-size nets (less than 25 mm), lights, poisonous substances, among others, are used. These activities have contributed to the pressures of selective fishing of juvenile and adult pelagic and demersal fish species. This has contributed to (changes in the State) the decline and vulnerability of Sardinella spp., and Engraulis encrasicolus, among others. The Impact on welfare includes Ghana becoming a net importer of marine species with increasing idleness of fishers due to reduced catch. Several management measures, including the Fisheries Act 625 of 2002 and Fisheries (Amendment) Regulations L.I. 2217 of 2015, and quotas in the tuna sector, among others, have been instituted to curb the effect of anthropogenic activities. Management measures, including influencing consumer behaviour for a sustainable fishery, enforcement, and data-driven management, have been recommended, in response to the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, the United Nations Decade of Ocean and the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The impact of COVID 19 pandemic on marine fisheries sector: A case study from Andhra Pradesh, India

This study discusses the impact of first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine fisheries sector of Andhra Pradesh, India, covering the aspects of active fishing days, perception on reduction or enhancement of demand for fish, trends in price realisation, challenges encountered in marketing the fish, perceptions on government interventions as well as changes in socio-behavioural issues. The study was conducted during the period from June to September 2021, among a sample of 152 stakeholders involved in fishing and allied activities from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Krishna districts in Andhra Pradesh. Average number of active fishing days in a month was found to be 11.44 during the first wave and 15.10 during the second wave periods. Nearly three-fourth of the respondents (73.68%) perceived that there was reduction in demand for fish during the first wave of the pandemic, and it was to the tune of 40%. Reduction in the daily earnings was reported to the tune of 37.09%. The challenges encountered in marketing the fish were, getting export orders, access to market, availability of storage, transportation and logistics. Peer interaction, time spent with family members and time spent in social media were higher than usual during both waves of the pandemic. Changes or disruptions in usual marketing channels were reported during both the periods. Satisfied perception was expressed on government interventions such as ration, timely advisories, health care and sanitary measures. A few positive impacts on fisheries observed during the pandemic were product innovations, new distribution channels such as online marketing, e-commerce and home deliveries, shortening of supply chains including elimination of auction at fishing harbour, lowering of ocean pollution as well as government reforms. From the results of the study, we propose socio-economic interventions to be taken up by concerned governments for ensuring that the impact of the pandemic is mitigated and also that any future pandemic can have minimal impacts on the fishing community. Keywords: Export market, Livelihood, Lockdown, Nutritional security, Policy interventions, Socio-behavioural issues, Supply chains

Climate Change and Marine Fisheries: Stakeholders' Perspective from Coastal District of Odisha, India

The marine fisheries sector is severely affected by the impact of climate change. The small-scale fishing communities, their livelihoods and the infrastructure are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change, but it has been occasionally investigated at the regional level. Climate change literature and various reports from government and international agencies indicate that Coastal Odisha is one of the hotspot regions for extreme weather and slow-onset events. In this context, the paper attempts to study how climate change affects small-scale marine fishers through a case of the Kendrapara district of Odisha. The paper attempts to understand the overall fish production scenario. It captures the perceptions of small-scale marine fishers regarding different climate and non-climate drivers through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The findings from the paper reflect that marine fishers recognize the impact of climate change on the sector in terms of dwindling fish catch, reduction in the number of fishing days, longer fishing trips and damage to boats and nets. The small-scale marine fishers also believe that the impact of climate change in future will be so severe that the sea might engulf their land and settlements.

Trend of Export of Marine Products from India in Recent Years

Marine product is one of the most important items of export from India. The marine fisheries sector not only provides opportunities to earn foreign exchange but also generates income opportunities for a large section of our population. The present paper attempts to capture the trends in the growth of marine product exports, their composition, port wise and destination wise distribution and the effort being made by the government to boost the marine fisheries sector. The study is based on secondary data from 1995-96 to 2021-22 collected from various published sources. The data shows that India’s export of marine products registers a positive trend; though there exist some years with negative growth. Frozen shrimp is the largest export item while Vizag is the number one port in respect of marine product export. The USA, China and European Union (EU) are major importers of India's marine products. The government has come out with several policies and measures to promote the export of marine products and to develop the livelihood of the people engaged in the marine fisheries sector.

Economic and livelihood impacts of the decline in Indian oil sardine landings in Kerala state, India

Kerala state in the south west coast of India is a significant contributor of Indian oil sardine, and also a major consumer of the fish. Indian oil sardine landings in the state declined from 3,22,103 t in 2011 to a meagre 13,154 t in 2020. In the past decade, ring seiners contributed more than 90 per cent of the Indian oil sardine landings in the state, and the livelihoods of small-scale fishers operating ring seiners were largely affected by the decline. In this context, an analysis was carried out to study the economic impact of oil sardine decline on the marine fisheries sector and its impacts on livelihood of small-scale fishers. The economic impacts were assessed in terms of changes in gross value and inflation at landing centre and retail levels during 2011–2020. A survey was conducted at 500 fisher households to assess the livelihood impacts based on loss of employment, income and alternate livelihood options. The gross value of oil sardine declined from ₹12,562 million to ₹1,710 million at the landing centre level and from ₹22,869 million to ₹2,687 million at the retail level during 2011–2020. The annual income earned by the fish workers declined from ₹335,593 to ₹90,260 due to the decline in oil sardine landings. Likert scale analysis of the fisher’s perceptions indicated climate change, over exploitation and marine pollution as the major causes of catch decline. Sixty five per cent of the respondents strongly supported the actions for the protection of fisher’s livelihood and suggested incentive (80% strongly supported) and regulatory (45% strongly supported) based fisheries management measures for sustaining the small-scale fisher’s livelihood.

IMPACT OF INDONESIA GOVERMENT POLICY IN PP NO. 27 OF 2021 CONCERNING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MARINE AND FISHERIES SECTOR

Government Regulation Number 27 of 2021 concerning the implementation of fisheries and marine affairs is one of the results of discussions to realize a national strategic plan for Indonesia in fisheries and marine affairs. However, in its implementation, it turns out that there are pros and cons in the community. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the enactment of Government Regulation Number 27 of 2021 concerning the implementation of the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Sector in realizing the national strategic plan in the marine and fisheries sector by comparing two sides between the government and the community. The results of this research indicate that there are differences of opinion from the Government side which states that Government Regulation Number 27 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of the Fisheries and Marine Affairs has a positive impact on marine and fisheries aspects in Indonesia. Nevertheless, from the community side, it states that there is a negative impact for the benefit and welfare of the people on environmental sustainability.
 Keywords: Fisheries and Marine; Indonesia Government Policy; National Strategic Plan; Polivy impact.

Fish Market and Marketing System in the Cuddalore DistrictChidambaram and Parangipettai Regions

The fish production in the country in 2022 was 8.13 million tonnes, of which 4.2 million tonnes was contributed by the marine sector and the rest by inland sector. Fish and fish products accounted for approximately Rs.9,200 crore towards country’s exports, which constitutes 20% of the national agricultural exports. Marine fisheries sector forms the source of livelihood for over 7.5 million traditional fishermen inhabiting about 5,600 coastal fishing villages situated along the country’s coastal belt. It provides direct and indirect employment for several million people in fishing, processing, trading and ancillary activities. The present study aims to find out the marketing problems of fisherman in Chidambaram and Parangipettai Villages in the Cuddalore District. A large number of people are concerned with fish production, distribution and marketing systems in both the fish markets of the Cuddalore District, viz., the Chidambaram fish market and the Parangipettai fish market. The main aim of this study is to describe the present status of fish marketing system of fish and dry fish products. The description is based on primary data and secondary data collected in the different markets.

Marine Fishing Community in South India and Impacts of Technological Transformation

Over the past two decades, India’s marine fisheries sector has experienced significant changes. Adopting various technological interventions has brought substantial changes to the everyday social life of fishing communities, affecting their economic and social well-being. This article provides an ethnographic analysis of how modernized fishing practices have impacted the industry and people’s lives. It is also observed how, partly as a result changing marine ecological conditions introduced further coping mechanisms and adaptive livelihood practices in this fishing community, including gender-based changes. This article articulated recent technological innovations which have led to economic and livelihood distress in small-scale fisheries. There should be a balanced and smooth way of shifting towards these modern technologies, not at the cost of their invaluable knowledge systems and practices, which must be included.

Combating Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing and Removing Yellow Card From European Commission (EC): Vietnam's Determined Actions

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities have negatively impacted Vietnam fisheries. As a result, the European Commission (EC) issued a yellow card warning in October 2017. This paper examines how Vietnam has responded to the EC’s recommendations to address the yellow card. The analysis used a mix of documents analysis and online group discussion approaches. Although Vietnam has made considerable efforts to halt IUU fishing and clear the yellow card, the results are still insufficient to remove the yellow card. However, the yellow card has brought about positive signals for Vietnamese fisheries management. It is also an opportunity for the national marine fisheries sector and fishers communities to be more responsible in fishing. Institutional and legal regulations have been refined to be in line with international rules and enormously improved the enforcement capacity of the fisheries management system for fishers to end the situation of fishing vessels engaged in illegal fishing in the waters of Vietnam and other countries. Recommended actions to address the yellow card include finalisation of the fisheries guidance decrees in line with obligations to combating IUU fishing, more robust sanctions, strengthening the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) system, information dissemination and education of the fisheries law and relevant regulations, and apply an electronic catch documentation and traceability (eCDT) system.

Marine Fisheries Act 2020 of Bangladesh: A Missed Opportunity for Sustainability and Collaborative Governance

Abstract This article critically examines the Marine Fisheries Act 2020 of Bangladesh. The Act replaced the Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 with a view to upgrading the regulation of fisheries resources in Bangladesh’s marine waters. However, a substantial portion of the Act replicates the 1983 Ordinance. Critically, the Act does not incorporate the internationally recognised principles and measures of fisheries management, despite Bangladesh’s international obligations. Moreover, the new law is silent about capacity development of relevant government agencies and community engagement. Overall, it was a missed opportunity for Bangladesh to include sustainability and collaborative governance principles in its marine fisheries sector.

Measurement and Evolution of High-quality Development Level of Marine Fishery in China.

High-quality development of marine fisheries provides an important advantage for China to build itself into a maritime power and implement the Blue Granary Plan effectively. Based on the concepts of ‘new development’, ‘food security’, and the six dimensions of ‘openness, innovation, coordination, green, sharing, and security’, in this study, we established an evaluation index system for the high-quality development of China’s marine fishery sector. We applied the entropy method to evaluate the high-quality development level of China’s marine fishery sector from 2000 to 2016 and explored its spatial and temporal evolution rules. Our results indicated that: 1) from 2000 to 2016, China’s marine fishery sector was in the primary stage of high-quality development; 2) spatially, the highquality development of marine fisheries showed an upward trend in all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in the country (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of China), and with time, the distribution pattern changed from single to multi-polarization; 3) temporally, the development level of high-quality marine fisheries fluctuated during the study period. From 2000 to 2010, the growth rate in openness was relatively slow, but after 2010, it increased rapidly. Notably, innovation is the driving force for high-quality development. The green and security factors provide a solid guarantee for high-quality development. In the high-quality development of a region, economic development is better coordinated, and the distribution of benefits is more inclusive. This study provides a theoretical basis to formulate effective marine fishery policies for the high-quality development of the marine fishery sector in China. Exploring the high-quality development and evolution process of marine fishery is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of marine fishery industry, ensuring marine fishery food security, and alleviating global food crisis.

Constraint analysis of major problems facing the marine fisheries sector in accordance with the national fisheries policy of Pakistan

Pakistan is endowed with abundant fisheries resources that have significant economic potential. Capture fisheries contribute a comparatively vital role to the national economy. However, poverty, environmental degradation and political instability are major problems for the Pakistani people, and no effective steps have been taken to handle this socio-economically important sector efficiently in the past. Furthermore, the fisheries sector faced its own set of challenges, including the emergence of small-scale artisanal fisheries, the nonexistence of technologies, deficiency of institutional development, an absence of infrastructure, insufficient human resource skill, and a lack of responsiveness among fishing societies, all of which contributed to the sector's demise. The National Fisheries Policy (NFP) was formulated to address these problems in the fisheries sector. Potential efforts have been made by the Government of Pakistan to solve these constraints under various plans of objectives and strategy axes of the policy. Our findings indicate that despite these efforts, the fisheries sector does not show significant growth to achieve the policy goals. So, it is necessary to re-evaluate and re-orient this policy for further development of this sector. It is also essential to achieve the aim of Government of Pakistan Vision 2025 to become one of the 25 th largest economies in the world.

Techno-economic efficiencies of the purse-seiners in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey)

Overcapacity and low economic returns have been long ending problems for the Turkish marine fisheries while various conflicting and inadequate fisheries regulations under inconsistent political decisions were developed over many decades. Purse-seine fishery, as one of the biggest marine fishery sub-sectors, has a pioneering socio-ecological influence within the marine fisheries sector of Turkey. In this study, we examined the technical efficiencies of the Turkish purse-seine vessels along the Aegean coasts of Turkey. To implement this analysis, we first collected a data set of technical and economic dimensions of active Turkish purse-seine vessels in the Aegean Sea. Then, we used two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches, including input-oriented bootstrapped DEA under constant and various returns-to-scale technologies. In the first stage, we calculated bootstrapped efficiencies across vessels by using technical factors of fisheries production and harvest value as input/output factors. At the second stage, we performed an in-depth analysis of the endogenous determinants of the efficiency scores by using the statistical models under various statistical specifications. We found that most of the purse seine vessels in fleet segment 1 (<24 m) got low-efficiency scores (<0.30) while efficiency scores of fleet segment 2 (≥24 m) emerged to have scores that were homogeneously distributed between 0 and 1. Landing amounts and landing values of fleet segment 1 appeared to have superior efficient frontier levels compared with fleet segment 2 although fleet segment 2 had substantially positive relationships with the predicted efficiency scores. Higher engine power, as well as higher numbers of crew onboard, did not statistically explain neither desired efficiency scores nor expected landings and market values. Overall, various excess production inputs, including gross tonnage, engine power, total generator power, lamp boat generator power, were predicted to be in excess use. To conclude, fisheries managers should account for the operational performance of the fishing vessels to better design optimal fisheries policies in the future.