Marginal Situation Research Articles

인재 최현의 학문 업적과 그 실용적 성격

When the Imjin War broke out, Choi Hyeon fought with several righteous soldiers and took care of the lives of local farmers as a land management official when the war devastated the local community. He served as a bureaucrat in the central government during the Gwanghaegun Dynasty, and he was well versed in the changing circumstances of the East Asian world at the time. In addition, in the midst of these changes, he tried to check and strengthen the defense posture of the southern and northern border areas. In the period when Choi Hyun lived, internal problems accumulated after the founding of Joseon gradually emerged. In addition, Joseon exposed its incompetence in the face of an aggressive invasion of external forces that were making a fuss, and accordingly, various problems appeared. The general atmosphere of Yeongnam academia often chose to live in seclusion while hiding in their hometowns during this period of confusion. However, Choi Hyun was a reformist bureaucrat who only considered the country and the people. He was a practical figure who directly jumped into these social problems and sought solutions. Choi Hyun tried to reduce social chaos through improvement measures for social problems. Although there was a difference from those who dreamed of a revolutionary social change in the future, it is not easy for Joseon society at that time to even present these improving policies. Choi Hyun was a person who suggested a new direction for moderate reform in the marginal situation faced by Joseon.

Las acciones afirmativas y criterios sobre su aplicación en Latinoamérica

Affirmative action’s constitute one of the themes that has generated deep debates in recent stages, mainly due to the conflicts that arise from the fact that their adoption is carried out without taking into account the characteristics and features that have been linked to this type of measures. The State, as the maximum guarantor of collective well-being, must justify before society the implementation of affirmative measures or actions as a necessary mechanism to balance the inequality caused by certain groups in a situation of disadvantage or marginality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the theoretical and legal conceptions about affirmative actions in Latin America, as well as the criticisms that have been formulated against it. To achieve the results, a legal research methodology was used, focused on theoretical methods, such as exegetical, and doctrinal legal linked to analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. The conclusions establish the duty and responsibility of the State with the promotion and implementation of affirmative measures in a coherent, justified and temporary manner, as well as the need for awareness and participation that citizens must achieve based on the understanding of the importance that has equal rights to less favored people.

Validation of a methodological model to incubate successful agribusinesses in marginalized areas from South Mexico

Given the situation of poverty and marginalization in which most of the communities in the rural areas of the Mexican South Southeast are found, a situation that affects 17 million people classified as in a situation of extreme poverty, agribusiness is an alternative under these conditions for it. An operational and practical methodology is required that allows a good identification and implementation of initiatives according to the situation and the environment. The objective of this work was to validate an operational methodological model called model for the competitiveness of small farmers in extreme poverty based on agribusiness. The validation project was developed in four pilot communities in the Mexican South Southeast considered to be highly marginalized and poor: San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz; Tahdziu, Yucatan; Ocotepec, Chiapas and San Jerónimo Taviche, Oaxaca. The applied model consists of four stages, diagnosis, incubation, development and maturity. The diagnosis considered in turn two sub-stages, one on the description of the environment and the actors and the second on the definition of the portfolio of opportunities. The incubation considered the sub-stages of prioritization through a qualification criteria and the business plan itself according to the conditions of the actors and the environment. The development stage is nothing more than the start-up and consolidation of the business with a view to continuous improvement. The results obtained were four agribusinesses in progress, one for each pilot community, with profitability indicators such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 35.0%, 100.0%, 41.0% and 45.9% for jam production in San Andrés Tuxtla Veracruz, Stevia production and marketing in Tadhziu Yucatán, Hass avocado production and marketing in San Pablo Huacanó Chiapas and tomato production and marketing in greenhouses in San Jerónimo Taviche Oaxaca, respectively. The operational methodological model to identify and develop agribusiness in poor and marginalized communities was successfully validated. It is concluded that it is possible to develop profitable and competitive agribusiness in conditions of extreme poverty and marginalization.

Energy vulnerability and self-imposed austerity: An ethnographic approach to adaptation strategies to extreme heat among older adults in Madrid

This article analyses local practices concerning energy saving in the context of summer heat. It argues that the analysis of people's thermal regulation activities in a situation of energy marginalization is central to understanding the social dynamics of energy vulnerability. The research combines architectural/urban and ethnographic perspectives to investigate the adaptive capacities of users and how external factors and regulations influence local practices concerning energy saving. Older adults are one of the most vulnerable groups to summer heat, as well as most prone to suffering energy vulnerability. The article examines how adults over 65 years of age in Madrid experience heat stress and adapt to extreme temperatures through the analysis of a collaborative documentary film, ‘The Wave’ (30′), written and designed by research participants to show the ways in which they experience summer heat. It explores older adults' adaptation practices and the various external factors influencing their use of energy dependent adaptation strategies, including climate change (rising temperatures), existing conditions (urban, cultural, and social) and policies/economy (energy prices). The article highlights how these factors govern citizens' energy consumption and how they are negotiated locally through embodied, environmental, and social adjustments.

NATURAL RIGHTS IN ACTION: Ongoing Organized Activities of the Duawaris (Founding, Aboriginal, Ancestral and First Nation Ijaw Royal House Communities) of Bonny Kingdom to Uphold their Natural Rights

Bonny Kingdom, also known as Grand Bonny Kingdom, Ancient Grand Bonny Kingdom and Ancient Ibani nation (Ibanise), is an integral part and parcel of the Ijaw ethnic nationality of the Niger Delta. This study is essentially about the God-given, inalienable and inviolable natural rights of the Founding Ancestors of Bonny Kingdom (Ibanise KoromaTaduapu), and how the Blood-descendant Houses of the Ibanise KoromaTaduapu (the Duawaris) and their members are making efforts to uphold their natural rights in the Kingdom and beyond. The study describes the Duawaris as the Founding, Primaeval, Premier, Primordial, First Class or First Nation as well as Blood-Descendant, Blood-Related, Big Freeborn and Aboriginal Ijaw Royal (Aseme) Category of Lineages, Sections, Wards, Families, Houses or House Communities of Bonny Kingdom, whose members founded the Kingdom, originated and sustained its Welfarist House System of Public Sector Governance and established its civilization during its primaeval, primordial or aboriginal era, as a classic Primordial African sovereign state, the pride of Ancestral Ijaw nation and the entire Primaeval Delta region of modern Nigeria. The study explains that the aboriginal era of Bonny Kingdom covered from before about 1000 AD to about 1740 AD. From the origin of Bonny Kingdom (circa about before 1000 AD) to present day (a period of well over Ten Centuries and Two Decades), the Duawaris have been the inalienable and inviolable owners and producers of the Monarchs/Kings (Amanyanapu) and Substantive Amadapu (Community/District Heads) of the Kingdom. The study discusses various organized forms or ways whereby the Duawaris are making efforts to uphold their God-given natural rights in the Kingdom and beyond, which ways are herein described as ‘natural rights in action’. Generally, the natural rights of the Ibanise KoromaTaduapu are being inherited, through birth, first and foremost, by their Blood Descendants and Blood-descendant Houses, and subsequently by other people (indigenes) and Houses of the Kingdom, especially through the sustained Welfarist House System of Public Sector Governance of the Kingdom. The study demonstrates that the Duawaris of Bonny Kingdom started to make efforts to promote, protect, actualize and sustain their natural rights because of how they and their members began to experience neglect, marginalization and deprivation in the Kingdom, from the second phase of the reign of King Perekule I (Pepple I/Captain Pepple), namely about 1740 AD onwards. Considering the magnitude of neglect, marginalization and deprivation being occasioned on the Duawaris and their aboriginal populace of Christianized, fundamentally oil-rich and highly industrialized Bonny Kingdom, against the dictates of the prevailing worldwide era of sustainable development (SD), the agitation and activities of the Duawaris are centred on truth, namely overall truth, as well as natural justice and fairness in the Kingdom and society at large. So far, among other things, based on their organized activities and worldwide community of members, the Duawaris have been able to register their umbrella association in contemporary Nigeria, as the ‘Association of the Duawaris - Founding and Aboriginal Royal Houses - of Grand Bonny Kingdom, with Corporate Affairs Commission of Nigeria Registration Certificate No: CAC/IT/No. 100619, on which platform they are progressively embarking on specific programmes and projects within and outside Christianized Bonny Kingdom, in the ongoing worldwide era of SD. As indigenes, more so as Duawaris of Bonny Kingdom, the Incorporated Association of the Duawaris and its worldwide community of members, are protesting against the prevailing inhumane, unfair, unjust, inequitable and thus unsustainable situation of neglect, marginalization and oppression, depriving them of the fruits of their God-given, universal, fundamental, inalienable and inviolable natural rights in their aboriginal homeland (Christianized Bonny Kingdom). Therefore, in the prevailing era of SD in all countries and nooks and crannies of the world, the Association of the Duawaris and its worldwide members are agitating and demanding that they deserve to be treated better in their aboriginal homeland, particularly by successive Monarchs, who are members of the Association, as well as greatest beneficiaries of the natural rights being inherited from the Ibanise KoromaTaduapu.

GENETIC AND CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO MANAGE RYE LEAF RUST (PUCCINIA RECONDITA F.SP. SECALIS) IN NATURAL CONDITIONS FROM MARGINAL AREAS

Pathogens and pests are predicted to spread to areas where they were previously irrelevant due to climate change and human-induced changes, posing new management issues for crops, especially in cropping systems based on minimal cereal crop diversification. In temperate areas of Central and Eastern Europe, rye (Secale cereale) is a minor cereal that contributes to crops diversification particularly in marginal situations where soil and climate are unfavorable for wheat production. During 2021-2022 growing season, a plant–pest-pathogen interaction profile was observed on four rye genotypes (Binnto, Inspector, Serafino, Suceveana) and also was observed the effect of different chemical and biological pesticide formulations on rye leaf rust in a randomized complete block design with three replications in dry area from Research and Development Station for Plant Culture on Sands Dăbuleni in South of Romania. Among all evaluated rye genotypes the greatest resistance was noticed in Serafino that recorded the lowest AUDPC value (51,76), while the most susceptible was Suceveana genotype with AUDPC = 279,55. The best protection against leaf rust was provided by Poliversum (the 1st assessment – attack degree = 3,23%; the 2nd assessment – attack degree = 7,56%). Negative and significant correlation of leaf rust attack degrees with grain yield (r =-0,9393***) were found during 2021-2022 cropping season.

Urban regeneration of public housing settlements, in Rome: the case study of San Basilio district

The issue of urban regeneration has taken a strong centrality in recent European and national debates, particularly applied in the transformation of suburban settlements. Urban regeneration practices represent a potential tool to steer transformations toward criteria of environmental sustainability and resilience, resulting in reduced land consumption from decreased demand for new urbanization, and increased urban quality and collective well-being. The redevelopment of public housing requires a comprehensive rethinking of its use pattern and integrated and social cohesion tools to act with targeted measures in situations of marginality and physical, social and economic degradation. Working on these pieces of the city becomes fertile ground and a catalyst for opportunities in terms of regeneration of the urban fabric, with benefits and positive impacts, from the local level to a broader scale, driving ambitious measures to combat climate change. The research, articulated on closely related layers − public space and private space, outdoor space and indoor space − from the urban to the architectural scale aims to formulate meta-project guidelines applied to the case study of San Basilio, a suburban settlement of public housing within the city of Rome.

Continuity and Change in Modern Nahuatl Word Formation

Abstract The paper presents an analysis of Nahuatl coinages for six artifacts: ‘bicycle,’ ‘car,’ ‘clock,’ ‘key,’ ‘pen,’ and ‘umbrella,’ as attested in interviews with speakers from four communities in Mexico. These artifacts have been selected because of their shared characteristics: the terms for them do not belong to the core vocabulary; they tend to be referred to with Spanish loanwords or with terms created ad hoc using descriptive phrases; the non-borrowed terminology for them is highly varied. The analysis reveals that, despite the ongoing process of language shift and pervasive borrowing from Spanish, new terminology continues to be created in Nahuatl both innovatively and according to established patterns of word formation inherited from previous stages of language contact. This suggests that even a situation of language marginalization, displacement and massive substitutive borrowing, does not impair speakers’ ability to create new lexemes according to established patterns, or the ability to innovate morphosemantic patterns.

Marginality and the position value

We present a new characterization of the position value, one of the most prominent allocation rules for communication situations (graph-games or games with restricted communication). This characterization includes the PL-marginality property, an extension for communications situations of the classic marginality for TU-games, as well as component efficiency and balanced link contributions for necessary players.

Genome‐wide SNPs confirm plumage polymorphism and hybridisation within a Cyornis flycatcher species complex

AbstractMorphology has been a leading taxonomic guiding light to systematists for the last couple of hundred years. However, the genetic and – more recently – genomic revolution have produced numerous demonstrations of erroneous classifications that were based on labile morphological traits. We used thousands of genome‐wide markers to shed light on evolutionary dynamics in a confusing and taxonomically obscure group of Asian Cyornis flycatchers. Using genomic data, we corroborated recent findings based on three mitochrondrial and five nuclear genes that the two taxa hainanus and klossi which were previously treated as separate species (Cyornis hainanus and Cyornis rubeculoides klossi, respectively) are genomically homogeneous and form a single species, C. hainanus. We also uncovered a novel case of interbreeding between C. hainanus and a non‐sister species, C. glaucicomans, illustrating these flycatchers' ability to hybridise in marginal situations even after substantial times of divergence. Our study illustrates how genome‐wide loci can shed light on complicated taxonomic problems, resulting in a better integration of phenotypic and genotypic data.

A voyage in the Far East

IntroductionPatient who comes to the Hospital accompanied by the Emergency Services from the Santa Justa train station, coming from Madrid, after being repatriated from Bangladesh.There he was serving a five-year sentence for drug trafficking.He is a patient who has had several hospital admissions at UHSM and clinically prosecuted as a paranoid schizophrenic. In prison, the first years he had no antipsychotic medication and recognizes the presence of auditory pseudohallucinations.Objectivespsychopathological stabilizationMethodscase reportResultsIn the psychopathological assessment upon arrival, the patient was hostile and suspicious, even refusing to take food and medication because he was demanding his freedom. He also relates this point to delirious interpretations of passers-by who approached him at the Madrid airport.During the admission, the patient was referred to Internal Medicine for a global evaluation and analytical tests of his organic situation, finding normocytic anemia without other findings and with good response to the treatment established.The patient’s psychopathological evolution is very favorable. Progressively more approachable and critical of the phenomena of psychotic nature. Interventions are carried out with Social Work for his overnight stay.ConclusionsWe have the odyssey of one of many patients with a mental illness where their life journey leads them to marginal situations and where elements of a legal nature are intermingled; either by the stay in prison itself or by the need for an admission against their will for psychopathological stabilization and to redirect this shipwrecked life course.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Marginality: A Critical Review of the Concept

Marginality is a widely used concept in the literature on inequality and development. It has gained momentum, especially in the context of rising inequality in the post-liberalised and globalised world. This article looks into the evolution of marginality, analyses its role in the developmental discourse and argues that the interrelation between objective and subjective aspects of marginality constitutes the idea of it. This discussion identifies marginality as a measure of inequality in a given social context and time and indicates the degree of inequality experienced by individuals or groups. The article is divided into four parts. The first part looks into the change in meaning and components of marginality. The second part discusses marginality with other closely related concepts such as exclusion, poverty, the culture of poverty and precarity. The third part engages with the constituents of the marginal situation, and the fourth part discusses different typologies available to understand the dimensions of marginality.

Lifting the veil on Mary McLeod Bethune’s contribution to American historiography: the first African American woman in the statuary hall collection in Washington D.C

ABSTRACT This chapter seeks to complete the historiography on the hitherto unacknowledged dimension of Bethune’s intellectual endeavours and contribution to American history and culture. It will interrogate Bethune’s contribution to a more racialised and gendered narrative of American history which exemplifies the resistance and agency of her practice of history. Her exceptional trajectory will demonstrate how her marginal situation both in society and in the scholarly field of history proved inspirational in terms of civil rights activism and historical consciousness. Her pragmatic vision of history pushed her to use an arsenal of innovative methods and sources, such as the Black Women’s Archives Project, first hand testimonies of African American women’s lives, that would shape scholarly interpretation of Black women’s history. She broadened the scope of both American and Black history by focusing on a more inclusive narrative from her black feminist perspective. Bethune’s entrance into the Statuary Hall in 2022 – she will become the first African American woman to be honoured in the U.S. Capitol building – marks a long-overdue recognition of a prominent female African American figure and a historian who launched and popularised African American women’s history.

Macau no século XVIII coexistência e interculturalidade

the 18th century, Macao was a microcosm with very specific dynamics, where different authorities and varied powers converged resulting from the coexistence of two sovereignties in a single territory. The chronology under analysis is assumed to be a period of mutations for Luso-Chinese coexistence, coinciding with the strengthening of Qing dynasty tutelage, or even the creation of the “Canton System” which worsened the conditions of the city. However, the Portuguese community in Macao, represented by a mercantile oligarchy that controlled and governed the institutions of local power, such as the Senado da Câmara, managed to create and exploit several opportunities, playing with its marginal situation in the face of two empires in order to permanently renew their sense of existence. Thus, the analysis of attitudes, strategies, and permanent adjustments on the part of this local elite, especially in the face of the growing exercise of imperial influence, is essential for understanding the relations of coexistence and interculturality between the Portuguese-Asian community of Macau and the Chinese civilization during this period.

”Språket fick jag inte med mig som liten”. Unga meänkielibrukares samtal om språkbevarande på sociala medier

Young members of minoritized linguistic communities often face a situation of double marginalization. On one hand, many communities have struggled to maintain their languages due to oppression and assimilation politics, which often leads to a language shift. On the other hand, many young members also experience a language purism within the community, mostly from older generations, criticizing the young members’ linguistic practices and language skills. This paper explores how young Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset use social media as an arena for metapragmatic reflexions on minority language learning and Meänkieli maintenance. Drawing on data from the social media platform Instagram, this paper examines the role of Meänkieli in young peoples’ life and identity. The paper also explores how social media can contribute to create community among young Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset.

Role of society marginalization in spreading crime

The relevance of a problem of marginalization for the current state of crisis in Ukraine is considered in the article. Such social phenomena as violation of the principle of equality, sharp social delimitation, unemployment, inflation, corruption, poverty are the determining factors nowadays; they contribute to the marginalization of society. The special type of the personality with a crisis or catastrophic consciousness has already formed.
 The origin of the term "marginal man" is studied. The essence of marginalization and its causes, among which the main place is taken by transformational processes in society, which are always accompanied by an increase of negative phenomena in the spheres of economy, politics and spiritual life is characterized. In particular, marginalization of society promotes the imposition of Western values, which are not always acceptable to the mentality of Ukrainians. It leads to the alienation of citizens, their apathy and cynicism, mistrust of power. Such factors as the poorly thought-out national and migration policy of the state, the expansion of cultural ties between peoples, the availability of information through the Internet can contribute to the formation of the phenomenon of marginal person.
 Migrants, unattended minors, persons engaged in vagrancy or begging, persons without a definite place of residence, persons who do not have a permanent place of employment, prisoners, persons who were convicted, sentenced, released from prison and did not try to make some lifestyle changes, persons involved in prostitution, chronic alcoholics, drug addicts; toxicants and others belong to the category of people who have the marginal lifestyle.
 A characteristic feature of the marginal personality is legal nihilism. A typical form of manifestation of the legal nihilism of marginalized groups can be called a deliberate violation of current legal acts, massive non-compliance with legal requirements. The lack of norms generates a total criminalization of social relations. It is grounded that the marginal situation can be a serious crime-causing factor. Marginal persons are often the victims of various crimes or criminals. The marginal lifestyle usually precedes the commission of crimes, and the deepening and spreading of marginalization processes negatively affects the quantitative and qualitative state of crime.

Intimacy and its violation: on the experience of illness in contemporary women's poetry

This article discusses selected aspects of the problem of self-perception by a sick individual, specific to the poetry of Polish women of the last few decades. The aim of the analysis is to show that the body is central to the illness experience and that a new type of intimacy appears in connection with its ailment. This is a „clinical intimacy”, the specificity of which is defined by a confrontation with suffering, the proliferation of the feeling of isolation, the intensity of emotions related to making the body public, its discovery and exposure in a hospital setting. The issue of „gender expropriation” in a marginal situation is also important, as is the scar, wound, physical violation of the body boundary, read as the „punctum” of the patient's body. The interpretation emphasises the individualization of artistic representations of the aforementioned aspects of „clinical intimacy”. The anthropological research perspective adopted in the sketch allows for the diagnosis of the subject matter in the context of the process of shaping subjective identity.

Social problems in health, housing, and education of the afro-descendent community in the department of Cordoba Colombia

Afro-Colombian communities in our country have been subject to the vulnerability of their rights for decades, so much so that this phenomenon is reflected in the statistics of the different censuses conducted throughout the territory. For this reason, the objective of this article of reflection seeks to verify the state of the matter, taking information from 2005 to 2015, aimed at the whole community in general to know more closely the situation that Afros are living in Colombia and the department of Cordoba, in relevant aspects such as health, education, housing, and then in a second work to verify how much progress has been made so far. In turn, in order to identify the problem, this researcher made a documentary review and bibliographical consultation of primary and secondary sources that led to the fulfillment of the objective. As a result, it was possible to bring to light the identification of policies, recommendations and causes that different international, state and private organizations have been working on these aspects in order to design a solution proposal to improve the situation of marginality and inclusion of which the alluded communities have historically been victims. Finally, it is concluded by indicating that, with respect to aspects related to culture, race and customs, these communities continue to be mistreated, a phenomenon that has had an evolutionary behavior in most nations, in what has been the human evolution.

“GAME OF THRONES”. LEBANESE CLANS AND STATE IN GERMANY

In the article it is analyzed the process of criminalization of Lebanese clans arrived in Germany in the early 1980s. It is noted that it was caused by a number of reasons, including the marginal situation of Lebanese immigrants, the lack of attention of the authorities to integration problems, specifics of mentality, etc. Starting with petit thefts and street drug trafficking, the clans gradually began to create their own economic structures, which included both legal business and criminal activities (extortions, robbery, money laundering, etc.). At the end of the article, it is concluded that an effective fight against clan crime involves a set of measures that include not only police operations, but also the fight against the “business” of clans and work with their individual members.

Felaket Dönemlerinde Deneyim Mimarisi, Anlam-Krizi ve Istırapları Dinî Referanslarla Anlamlandırma

Toplum, bir insanî inşadır; inşa edilen dünyada bir anlam sistemi kurulduğu gibi ona referansla bir düzen de kurulur. İnsanın toplumsallığı aynı zamanda nomos inşasına yönelik arzu ve eğiliminin de bir ifadesidir. Onun toplumla olan ilişkisi, uzun bir hikayedeki bir perde olması bağlamında etkileşimseldir. Varlık bulduğu dünyada içselleştirdiği anlam kodları ve bilgi stoklarıyla dünyanın varlık bulmasında etkin olur. Onun bu dünya kurma ve idame etme girişiminin en temel öğesi dindir. Din, özellikle marjinal dönemlerde bir anlam referansı olarak işlev görmektedir, tıpkı olağan dönemlerde olduğu gibi. Günümüzde bir salgın COVID-19 pandemisi ile deneyimlenen marjinal durum, insanın eğiliminin bir uzantısı olarak açıklanmak ve yorumlanmak isteğine muhataptır; çünkü insan, acı ve ıstırap kaynağı olayların izahına yönelik bir arayış içindedir. İlk defa Max Weber’in sosyal zeminde tartıştığı teodise özünde felsefî bir tartışma olsa da kurucu sosyologlardan beri sosyolojinin de konusudur. Bu incelemede Peter Berger ve Thomas Luckmann’ın fenomenolojik yaklaşımlarında teodise meselesi ve marjinal durumların insanın anlam arayışındaki yeri ve işlevi sorgulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda dokümantasyon yöntemiyle elde edilen bulgular incelemenin temel iddiası düzleminde değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç itibarıyla birey ve grupların yalnızca mutluluk verici olaylara dayanarak bir dünya kurmadıkları, ölüm, salgın, acı ve ıstırap gibi marjinal deneyimlerin de anlam kaynağı olarak yüksek düzeyde bir işlev gördüğü tespit edilmiştir. Peter L. Berger ve Thomas Luckmann, din sosyolojisi ile bilgi sosyolojisinin etkileşime girdiği kavşak olan anlam meselesine kuramlarının merkezinde özellikle yer vermektedirler. Hem günümüz salgın deneyiminin anlaşılmasına yönelik çabalar hem de bu çabaların sosyolojide anlaşılmasında söz konusu kuramcıların yaklaşımlarının izah önerisi bu çalışmanın problematiğini şekillendirmektedir. Böylece bu çalışmada kriz dönemlerinde anlam meselesi, "insan hayatı salt mutluluk kaynağı olan olaylara dayanılarak anlam üretmez, marjinal deneyimler de anlam kaynağıdır" iddiasını sınamak için sorunsallaştırılmıştır. Berger ve Luckmann'a göre dinin temel fonksiyonu, gündelik hayatın deneyimlerini anlamlandırmasıdır. Düzen nosyonunun yanı sıra ona yönelik tehditlere de odaklanan bu anlam verme çabası bireysel değil kolektiftir; ortaya koyduğu ürün, “cılız ve kırılgandır” ve bu nedenle “sürekli olarak yeniden inşa edilmelidir. Berger, ıstırapları meşrulaştırılması bağlamında dinin işlevine odaklanır ve ona göre “din, bir dünya görüşünün yaptığını yapar; sarsıcı deneyimlerin haklı gösterilmesi. Luckmann ise dünya görüşü kavramıyla insanın verili toplumun anlam dünyasını içselleştirmesi ve onunla deneyimlerini izah etmesine odaklanır. Modern toplumlarda dinî kurumsal tekel söz konusu olmadığı için çoğulculuk içinde bireyin kendi anlamlandırma tercihini yapması gereği söz konusudur. Günümüz salgın deneyimi başta olmak üzere majör olaylarda özellikle gündeme gelen anlam krizi, dinî alan için belirgin bir form taşır. İnsanın marjinal deneyimlerini anlamlandırması, bir anlam topluluğuna referansla şekillenir. Salt bireysel bir anlam dünyasının varlığı ise sorgulanmaktadır. Anlam krizi ve teodise arasındaki bağ, gündelik yaşamın ıstıraplarına dayanma gücünün kaynağı olacak bir açıklama arayışı ve onun muktedir kılan niteliğine yönelik talepkârlık dikkat çekicidir. Günümüz toplumunu risk üzerinden tanımlayan yorumlar aynı zamanda risk argümanı üzerinden teodise meselesinin anlaşılmasında da bir zemin tanımlamıştır. Anlamlandırılmış bir dünya Berger için bir ev anlamına gelir; anlamlı, düzenli ve güvenli. “İnsanlık tarihi, bir ıstırap tarihidir” diyen Berger, günümüzde yaşandığı gibi salgın dâhil doğadan kaynaklanan acıların öyküyü biçimlendirme gücüne işaret eder. Son tahlilde, Berger ve Luckmann'ın kuramlarında görüldüğü gibi, günümüz COVID-19 salgını da insanın bir açıklama aradığı ve anlamlandırmak istediği bir deneyimi temsil etmektedir; bu bitimsiz çaba, insanın kendini evinde hissetmesi bağlamında vazgeçilmez görünmektedir.