Marginal Cilia Research Articles

Parmotrema clavuliferum and P. reticulatum are independent species

Parmotrema clavuliferum (<TEX>$R{\ddot{a}}s{\ddot{a}}nen$</TEX>) Streimann and P. reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina) have similar morphological characters such as wide lobes with soralia, reticulate-maculate on upper surface of lobes, and marginal cilia. In addition, they both produce salazinic acid and atranorin as major chemical substances. These similar properties found in both species have led to confusion in recognizing them as distinct species; however, P. clavuliferum is distinguished from the latter by capitate soralia on short laciniae which are always mottled white and by the production of fatty acid and gyrophoric acid together with salazinic acid. In addition, the most likely phylogenetic tree of these species shows that they are nested in well-supported monophyletic groups. Therefore, it is reasonable to recognize them as two separate species, P. clavuliferum and P. reticulatum.

Parmotrema internexum (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae): an overlooked macrolichen in southeastern North America highlights the value of basic biodiversity research

Abstract Parmotrema internexum is shown to be a morphologically, chemically and phylogenetically distinct species whose occurrence in North America has been previously overlooked and largely based on misidentifications. Prior accounts of the species being similar to P. crinitum but differing in having an adnate thallus, few marginal cilia, and in producing norlobaridone in addition to the stictic acid complex, are confirmed. An extensive review of the taxon, including the use of the name P. internexum in the literature, is provided. Taxonomic treatments of P. crinitum and P. internexum are also provided and both species are illustrated.

A new species of the lichen genus Parmotrema from Argentina (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

A new Parmotrema species, P. pseudoexquisitum, was found in Araucaria angustifolia forests in northeastern Argentina. It is characterized by a coriaceous thallus with very sparsely ciliate lobes, strictly marginal soralia with farinose to subgranular soredia, a white medulla and containing conalectoronic and subalectoronic acids in addition to alectoronic and α-collatolic acids. It is closely related to P. exquisitum, which differs in lacking marginal cilia, in having submarginal to laminal soralia with farinose soredia, and its medullar chemistry. This new species is described and illustrated in this paper. Comparisons with other sorediate Parmotrema species with medullary alectoronic acid are included.

Five new species ofCoraandDictyonema(Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) from Colombia: chipping away at cataloging hundreds of unrecognized taxa

A recent phylogenetic study by our working group found that the foliose-macrosquamulose basidiolichen genera Cora and Corella contain at least 126 species, over 110 of them as yet undescribed. With this contribution, we begin the herculean task to formally describe these species and discuss their morphological and ecological features within the framework of their molecular phylogeny. Here, we treat four new species of Cora plus an additional new species of Dictyonema, all found in the same area in the Orinoquia region in eastern Colombia. Cora casanarensis L. Vargas, Moncada & Lücking resembles C. reticulifera but differs in the branched lobes with incised sutures and with broad, shallow concentric ridges; it grows on rock instead of soil. Cora fimbriata L. Vargas, Moncada & Lücking can be distinguished from C. casanarensis in the olive color when fresh, the absence of distinct concentric ridges, and the marginal cilia. Cora setosa L. Vargas, Moncada & Lücking is a very distinctive taxon, with a similar ecology as C. aspera but with a smaragd-green color when fresh and with broad, concentric ridges; it is also unique by forming almost circular lobes. Cora undulata L. Vargas, Moncada & Lücking is morphologically close to C. ciferrii; it differs, however, in the smaller lobes with dark olive-green color when fresh and in the saxicolous growth. Finally, Dictyonema giganteum L. Vargas, Moncada & Lücking can be separated from D. sericeum s.str. by the large, thick lobes with broad white prothallus and with abundant, white surface setae. All new species of Cora fall into only one of the two major Cora clades and are not closely related to the morphologically most similar taxa.

Pequenas espécies de Parmeliaceae ciliadas no Parque Estadual da Cantareira, São Paulo, SP, Brasil: gêneros Bulbothrix, Parmelinella e Parmelinopsis (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

O levantamento das espécies pertencentes aos gêneros de pequenas parmélias ciliadas no Parque Estadual da Cantareira e arredores revelou a ocorrência de duas espécies de Bulbothrix, uma de Parmelinella e quatro de Parmelinopsis. As espécies são caracterizadas pelos talos foliosos com lobos ou lacínias em geral &lt; 0,5 cm larg., sendo que Bulbothrix apresenta cílios marginais bulbados, Parmelinella apresenta cílios simples axilares e Parmelinopsis apresenta cílios simples conspícuos. Constituintes químicos medulares são muito diversos em Bulbothrix e Parmelinopsis, enquanto que o ácido salazínico é predominante em Parmelinella. São apresentados uma chave de identificação, descrições, comentários e ilustrações.

Morphological and nuclear ribosomal DNA data support distinguishing two new species ofUmbilicaria(Umbilicariaceae, Ascomycota) from Europe

AbstractUmbilicaria ibericaandU. maculataare described as new to science on the basis of morphological and molecular data.Umbilicaria ibericais similar toU. polyphyllabut differs in having a monophyllous thallus with a distinctive white reticular pattern over the umbilicus and actinodisc apothecia.Umbilicaria maculatais similar toU. cylindricabut this new species is distinguished by its grey-brown thallus with sparse marginal cilia and white stains on the upper surface especially in the marginal zone, as well as by sessile apothecia with one or a few sterile fissures. Nuclear ITS and LSU rDNA have been used as molecular markers. In the phylogenetic analysisU. polyphyllafalls into two well supported clades (A and B), one of which corresponds to the morphotype that is described here as a new taxon. Specimens previously recognized asU.cylindricafall into three well supported clades: clade C corresponds to the typical morphotype, clade D corresponds to morphotype II described here as a new taxon, and clade E is morphotype III which is recognized asU.cf.umbilicarioides. Typical group I introns have been found in position 1506 of the nuclear SSU rDNA ofUmbilicaria; a consensus secondary structure of these introns is presented and we conclude that they represent an important and valuable molecular marker which gives additional support to the ITS and LSU sequence phylogeny obtained.

Disjunct distribution of Uzelothripidae (Thysanoptera) new to Australia

The order Thysanoptera (thrips) is divided into two sub-orders, Terebrantia with eight families, and Tubulifera with just one family. Within Terebrantia, the family Uzelothripidae contains only a single genus and species, Uzelothrips scabrosus Hood. This is believed to have derived independently from an early offshoot of the thysanopteran sub-order Terebrantia (Mound &amp; Marullo, 1996), and has no close phylogenetic relationship with any other thrips taxa (Mound &amp; Morris 2007). The form of the wings, antennae, cephalic tentorium and female ovipositor are unlike those of any other Thysanoptera (Fig. 1). The forewings (when present) have no longitudinal veins, but have marginal cilia arising from sockets. The antennae are exceptionally long and slender, and the third segment has a unique circular sensorium ventrally near the apex. The cephalic tentorium is well developed, and the ovipositor is membranous and protusible with no developed valves (Mound et al. 1980, Moritz et al. 2001).

The subspecies of Melanelixia fuliginosa

The delimitation of the genus Parmelia s.lat. has been a subject of controversy for the past 30 years. Originally this large group of lichens was split into smaller genera for convenience, based mainly on the colour of the thallus and the presence of marginal cilia (Hale 1974); later conidial and other vegetative characters were used (Hale 1984: 18–20). With time several quite small genera of parmelioid lichens were recognized by a number of authors (e.g. Elix 1994), whilst others, because of the sparsity of characters, continued to regard most of them as still belonging to Parmelia (Purvis et al. 1992). Recent molecular studies have ended this polarization, and an agreed classification is now being adopted (Blanco et al. 2004a, 2004b, 2005).

Early development of metanephridia in the caudal budding zone of a clitellate annelid, Dero digitata (Naidida): an electron‐microscopical study

AbstractUltrastructural analysis has revealed that metanephridia in Dero digitata arise from three nephroblast cells in the frontal epithelium of a septum suggesting its mesodermal origin. Each cell has a fixed developmental destination, one nephroblast cell produces the entire canal part and two cells give rise to the nephrostome. The nephroblast cell nearest to the body wall enlarges and proliferates a first set of canal cells, then one of the two proximally adjacent nephroblast cells differentiates into the envelope of the nephrostome generating the marginal cilia of the opening (mantle cell) and the second one transforms into the anteriormost cell of the funnel, producing a flame of cilia that beats into the canal lumen (flame cell). Thereafter, new canal cells appear, mainly by mitosis of the first cell, enlarging the body of the nephridium whose further differentiation was not analysed. Comparison with other clitellate species suggests a mantle cell (or some marginal cells) and a flame cell (or a central cell) to be special characters of the metanephridium in the stem species of the Clitellata and that, compared to many polychaete species, its early development assumes a special course by a precocious determination and arrangement of nephroblast cells, which, in both groups, probably originate from an identical mesodermal stem cell. Results further indicate that the nonclitellate Aeolosomatidae, by virtue of corresponding nephrostomata, are possibly closer related to the Clitellata.

Baynesia, a New Genus of Stapeliad from the Northwestern-Most Corner of Namibia (Apocynaceae)

A new genus of stapeliad, Baynesia (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae), is described with a single species, B. lophophora Bruyns. This is known from the mountainous area in the northwestern-most corner of Namibia, where it was relatively plentiful but very local. Its relationships to Caralluma R. Brown and Pseudolithos P. R. O. Bally are discussed. At present the group of highly succulent plants known as the stapeliads is considered to form a monophyletic group within the Ceropegieae, and it consists of 25 genera (Bruyns, 2000). The present new species does not fit comfortably into any of these genera, and consequently it is placed in a new genus, Baynesia. Its closest relationships appear to lie with Caralluma and Pseudolithos; the differences between them are discussed in detail. Baynesia Bruyns, gen. nov. TYPE: Baynesia lophophora Bruyns, sp. nov. A Caralluma caulis rugulosis et papillatis differt; a Pseudolithos pagina caulium sine polygonis elevatis, praesentia interdum denticulorum stipularium et pollinario multum dissimili distinguenda est. Dwarf spineless clump-forming succulent 3080(-150) mm diam. Stems erect, not rhizomatous, fleshy and fairly soft, glabrous, somewhat transversally rugulose and finely papillate, 30-80 x 6-12 mm, green to suffused with brown; tubercles obscurely conical, slightly spreading, fused into 4 obtuse and obscure angles along stem with concave area between them; leaf-rudiment spreading, caducous, cordate-acute, 1.0-1.5 mm long, inserted just below base of next tubercle, with very occasional stipular denticles. Inflorescences glabrous, usually 3-10 per stem, arising toward apex, each bearing 1-3(-5) flowers developing in gradual succession, without peduncle, with minute linear bracts < 1 mm long without lateral teeth; pedicel 1.5-2.5 x < 1.0 mm, descending and holding flower facing partly downward, usually somewhat longitudinally ridged, suffused with red; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ca. 1.5 x 0.5 mm. Corolla campanulate, 3-4 X 6-8 mm; outside smooth and glabrous, pale green suffused with red; inside deep maroon becoming cream in lower half of tube, glabrous, papillate only in two lines along edges of fold in lobes (? around mouth of tube); tube ? hemispherical, ca. 1.5 x 3-4 mm; lobes erect, ca. 2 x 2 mm, ovate-acute, folded along midrib so that inside crested toward apex, apex recurved, without marginal cilia. Corona ca. 1 x 2 mm, consisting of 2 series of lobes arising from staminal tube and close together on it, glabrous, with very short basal stipe; outer lobes deltoid, acute, ca. 0.5 mm long and broad, spreading, dark maroon in patch beneath guide-rail, otherwise transparent; inner lobes adpressed to backs of anthers and mostly equaling them, dorsiventrally flattened and slightly convex above, obtuse, ca. 0.5 mm long, with obtuse swollen dorsal projection between outer lobes, cream. Anthers horizontal on top of style-head, margins shrinking back to expose pollinia, rectangular. Pollinium ellipsoidal, much broader than long, insertion crest exactly along outer edge, caudicle minute. Follicle 25-35 x 2.5-3.5 mm, glabrous, smooth, faintly streaked with brown on creamgreen. Seeds 5 x 1.5-2.0 mm, uniformly pale brown, with margins folded upward. Baynesia lophophora Bruyns, sp. nov. TYPE: Namibia. Kaokoveld, Baynes Mtns. near the Cunene River, Dec. 1999, P V Bruyns 8000 (holotype, BOL; isotypes, K, MO, PRE, WIND). Figures 1, 2. Species unica, a speciebus Caralluma lobis corollae porcatis cristatisque et pollinario polliniis insolenter latis corpusculoque alis lateralis minutis differt. Distribution and habitat. This new species is, at present, known only from the north-facing aspects of the higher parts of the Baynes Mountains overlooking the Cunene River in the northwestern corner of Namibia. Here it occurs at an altitude of 1500-1600 m just above the large, sandstone cliffs that dominate the landscape in this area. The vegetation of these cliffs is quite different from that of the surroundings and consists mainly of succulents. Species such as Aloe corallina VerNovoN 10: 354-358. 2000. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.44 on Sat, 24 Sep 2016 04:13:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 100* Missouri Botanical Garden Baynesia lophophora (Apocynaceae), a new genus and species. (See page 355.) A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature

Floral structure and development of Ceratiosicyos laevis (Achariaceae) and its systematic position

The morphology and development of the flowers of Ceratiosicyos laevis (Achariaceae) were investigated. Plants are monoecious and the inflorescence is a thyrse composed of a single female flower and two male cymose partial inflorescences. The sympetalous flowers of both sexes have an unusual urceolate shape. In young buds the free parts of the petals are postgenitally united. Before anthesis the fusion is ruptured but the petals remain coherent due to marginal cilia. Nectary-like bodies situated at the floral base seem to stabilize the shape of the flower additionally. The anthers are coherent by interlocking epidermal cells and form a narrow tube. They lack an endothecium. In anthesis only the style and the anther tube respectively protrude out of the flower. The synorganization of the anthers, the powdery pollen and the lack of an endothecium are suggestive of a buzz pollination syndrome. Some characters point to an affinity of Achariaceae with Cucurbitaceae. However, the family seems to be more closely related to Passifloraceae.

Floral structure and development of Ceratiosicyos laevis (Achariaceae) and its systematic position

The morphology and development of the flowers of Ceratiosicyos laevis (Achariaceae) were investigated. Plants are monoecious and the inflorescence is a thyrse composed of a single female flower and two male cymose partial inflorescences. The sympetalous flowers of both sexes have an unusual urceolate shape. In young buds the free parts of the petals are postgenitally united. Before anthesis the fusion is ruptured but the petals remain coherent due to marginal cilia. Nectary-like bodies situated at the floral base seem to stabilize the shape of the flower additionally. The anthers are coherent by interlocking epidermal cells and form a narrow tube. They lack an endothecium. In anthesis only the style and the anther tube respectively protrude out of the flower. The synorganization of the anthers, the powdery pollen and the lack of an endothecium are suggestive of a buzz pollination syndrome. Some characters point to an affinity of Achariaceae with Cucurbitaceae. However, the family seems to be more closely related to Passifloraceae.

The Genus Heterodermia in the Sonoran Desert Area

The Genus Heterodermia in the Sonoran Desert Area

Two Trichodinid Species from the Gills of Cultured Tiger Puffer. Takifugu rubripes, in Japan, with the Description of a New Species.

Two species of trichodinid ciliates were found on the gills of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes; one was a new species, described as Trichodina fugu n.sp., and the other was identified as Trichodina jadranica (Raabe, 1958). This new species was discriminated from the known species by its slender blade of denticle in the adhesive disc. A scanning electron microscopy of T. fugu revealed an aboral ciliary complex consisting of sparsely arranged marginal cilia, a basal ciliary ring with short cilia, and strong locomotory wreath. Basal septum consisting of two layers was also observed between the locomotor ciliary wreath and the basal ciliary ring. The border membrane was narrow. Denticles and radial pins were also clearly observed by scanning electron microscopy.

Syrrhopodon simmondsii New to Panama and Central America

Syrrhopodon simmondsii Steere is reported new to Panama and Central America on a specimen collected on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. During a recent trip related to the survey of the hepatics of Barro Colorado Island, I (with S. R. Gradstein) collected a sample of a limbate Syrrho- podon on protruding roots of a tree on Balboa Trail, 500-600 m (stakes 5-6) from the beginning of the trail (SalazarA. & Gradstein 15126, PMA). Two lim- bate species of Syrrhopodon have been previously reported for the Island (Salazar Allen et al. 1991): S. gaudichaudii Mont. and S. parasiticus (Brid.) Besch. Nevertheless, the specimen found was very different from these species in that the leaves bore prominent short marginal cilia at the shoulders, the plants were very small (perhaps one reason why it has been overlooked in previous surveys) growing in dispersed turfs, and rhizoids were purple-red. A close examination of the plants under the micro- scope and comparisons with herbarium duplicates of limbate species of Syrrhopodon from Central and South America indicated that the specimen was S. simmondsii Steere, described by Reese (1993) as an endemic species of northern South America. The plants were growing intermixed with the moss Oc- toblepharum albidum Hedw. and the leafy liverwort Pictolejeunea picta (Gott. ex Steph.) Grolle. With this new report, the geographical range of the species is amplified to include Panama. It is most probable that it also occurs in other areas of Central America. In relation to habitat, Reese (1987) has indicated that the majority of Syrrhopodon species appear to be plants of warm, humid lowlands. The localities from which S. simmondsii have been previously reported and the one at Barro Colorado Island fit well with this habitat definition. Other bryophytes that grow in similar habitats are, e.g., the leafy liv- erworts Radula macrostachya Lindenb. & Gott., Pictolejeunea picta, and the mosses Calymperes ero- sum C. Miill., C. palisotii Schwaegr., Octoblephar- um albidum, Pilosium chlorophyllum (Hornsch.) C. Miill., and Taxithelium planum (Brid.) Mitt.

Trichodinid species from the gill of cultured Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, with the description of a new species based on light and scanning electron microscopy

Trichodinid ciliates infested on the gills of cultured Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, were surveyed. A new species was detected in addition to Trichodina jadranica and T. acuta, and was described as T. japonica n.sp. Scanning electron microscopic observations on the new species revealed an aboral ciliary complex which consisted of long and sparsely arranged marginal cilia, a basal ciliary ring having very short cilia, and a well developed locomotor wreath. A thin anterior septum existed between the marginal ciliary ring and the locomotor ciliary wreath, and a thicker basal septum was observed between the locomotor ciliary wreath and the basal ciliary ring. On the adhesive disc, denticles and radial pins were clearly observed by scanning electron microscopy. The basal membrane, which forms the periphery of the adhesive disc, consisted of three layers. A dented ring caused by attachment of T. japonica was observed on the gill surface of the eel examined.

Parmotrema arteagum, a New Lichen Species from Mexico

Parmotrema arteagum Egan is described from west-central Mexico. This new species belongs to the Parmotrema perforatum complex and is charac- terized by a robust thallus, the production of marginal cilia, perforate apothecia, a white lower surface, large spores and conidia, and atranorin and salazinic acid. Soredia and isidia are lacking. Parmotrema arteagum grows on branches of oak and other deciduous trees in woodlands between 600 and 900 m elevation in the state of Michoacan.

Refinements on American Syrrhopodon (Musci; Calymperaceae)

The Amazonian moss Syrrhopodon cymbifolius C. Muell., recently treated as a synonym of S. parasiticus (Brid.) Besch. var. parasiticus, is recognized as a distinct species; S. flexifolius Mitt., also recently treated as a synonym of S. p. var. parasiticus, is recognized as S. p. var. flexifolius (Mitt.) Reese, comb. et stat. nov.; it occurs in Amazonia and Costa Rica. Both taxa are described and illustrated. Marginal cilia and the variable ornamentation of leaf cells are illus- trated for S. annotinus Reese & Griffin, an Amazonian endemic. In my treatment of the limbate taxa of American Syrrhopodon (1978), I included in the synonymy of S. parasiticus (Brid.) Besch. var. parasiticus the names of S. cymbifolius C. Muell. and S. ramicola Broth. However, on the basis of new material that has become available for study through the Projeto Flora Amaz6nica project, it is now clear that S. cymbifolius (with S. ramicola as a synonym) and S. flexifolius must be recognized as distinct taxa.

Two New Species of Hypotrachyna (Lichenes) from India

Two new species of Hypotrachyna are described from the Western Ghats region of India. Hypotrachyna awasthii Hale & Patwardhan, sp. nov. (FIG. 1) Thallus corticola, laxe adnatus, 6-10 cm diametro, albido-cinereus, lobis latis, subirregularibus, apice rotundatus, usque ad 1 cm latis, isidiatis, isidiis densis, simplicibus vel ramosis, cylindricis, 0.1-0.2 mm diametro, 0.5 mm altis; superne planus, nitidus, cortex superior 12-14 /m crassus, stratum gonidiale 16-18 /m crassum, medulla alba, 90-110 [tm crassa, cortex inferior 16-18 p/m crassus; subtus niger, modice rhizinosus, rhizinis sparse dichotome ramosis. Apothecia (ex coll. Hale & Patwardhan 40070) rara, adnata, 1.0-2.5 mm diametro; hymenium 50-60 /m altum, sporis octonis, simplicibus, 8 X 10 p/m. Holotype: India. Wilson Point, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, elevation 1580 m, Awasthi 4041, 14 October 1959 (AWASTHI HERBARIUM; isotype in us). Chemistry: Atranorin, norstictic acid, salazinic acid (at times trace only). Additional specimens examined. India, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, Degelius As-48 (DEGELIUS HERBARIUM), Hale & Patwardhan 40070 (us and M.A.C.S. HERBARIUM, POONA). This species was initially identified as Parmelia wallichiana Taylor, which has simple rhizines, marginal cilia, and salazinic acid alone. Careful examination of ample material from Mahabaleshwar, however, showed that the rhizines are dichotomously branched, placing the species in the genus Hypotrachyna (Vainio) Hale. The combination of acids is typical of Old World members of the genus. Comparable New World species would have usnic acid instead of atranorin in the cortex. The one exception, H. rhabdiformis (Kurok.) Hale, has dense rhizines and sublinear lobes. Parmelia wallichiana also occurs rather widely in India and care should be taken to separate it from Hypotrachyna awasthii. This new species grows abundantly on trunks of small trees, both planted and naturally growing, in open areas on the Mahabaleshwar plateau, a region of low but dense rain forest. Hypotrachyna dodapetta Hale & Patwardhan, sp. nov. (FIG. 2) Thallus corticola, laxe adnatus, ad 12 cm diametro, cinereo-albus, lobis subirregularibus, apice rotundatis, 0.5-1.0 cm latis; superne planus, nitidus, mox valde pustulatus, pustulis fragilibus, erumptentibus, esorediatis; cortex superior 11-12 [km crassus, stratum gonidiale 22-24 [tm crassum, medulla alba, 90-110 [tm crassa, cortex inferior 8-10 /m crassus; subtus niger vel marginem versus castaneus, modice rhizinosus, rhizinis dense dichotome ramosis. Apothecia ignota. Holotype: India. On roadside Cupressus on road to Dodapetta, elevation about 2600 m, Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, Hale & Patwardhan 40218, 8 November 1973 (us, holotype; isotypes in AWASTHI HERBARIUM and the M.A.S.C. HERBARIUM, POONA). Chemistry: Atranorin, salazinic acid, and traces of norstictic acid. This robust species of Hypotrachyna has, as do many Old World species, rather broad subirregular lobes, in contrast to the more usual narrow sublinear lobes found in most New World species. The closest relative is another Indian endemic, H. thryptica (Hale) Hale, known only from Kerala. It has a much smaller, more fragile thallus and This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:01:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 638 THE BRYOLOGIST [Volume 77

The Lichen Genus Trichoramalina

The Lichen Genus Trichoramalina