Marangoni Convection Effect Research Articles

Spiral eutectic growth dynamics facilitated by space Marangoni convection and liquid surface wave

Eutectic alloys display excellent application performances since the essential function of coupled microstructures is quite different from that of single-phase and peritectic alloys. However, due to the strong natural convection within liquid alloys under normal gravity, the eutectic growth process on earth usually produces traditional rod-like or lamellar composite microstructures, which hinders the exploration of distinctive coupled growth patterns. Here, we carried out the rapid solidification of hypoeutectic Zr64V36 alloy to explore novel coupled growth dynamics aboard the China Space Station under a long-term stable microgravity condition. An extreme liquid undercooling of 253 K was achieved for this refractory alloy, displaying a strong metastability in outer space. We find that a radial coupled pattern grew out of the nucleation site, accompanying a ripple-like surface microstructure. This resulted from the rapid eutectic growth within a highly undercooled alloy in combination with a liquid surface wave excited by the electrostatic field under microgravity. Especially, a spiral coupled growth mode occurred during radial eutectic growth and surface wave spreading, which were controlled by the Marangoni convection effect on the fluid flow pattern and eutectic growth dynamics. Our findings contribute to the coupled growth investigation by modulating gravity levels to develop multi-pattern microstructures.

Finite element heat transfer analysis in selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg alloy using bi-directional scan strategy: Enhanced thermal conductivity considerations

In the present work, a 3D finite element model was created using the commercial ABAQUS software to analyze the selective laser melting process of AlSi10Mg powder in a bidirectional multi-track, multi-layer configuration. The focus of this investigation was to examine distribution of temperature, melt pool geometry, thermal history, and the temperature change rate. To improve the accuracy of the results, the enhanced thermal conductivity was utilized to incorporate the Marangoni convection effect. The results revealed that, in the initial track, the maximum temperature and dimensions of the melt pool increased, ultimately reaching a plateau as the deposited path extended. However, using a bidirectional scan strategy, the maximum temperature at the second track reached its peak and then stabilized. While the maximum heating and cooling rates in the first track showed a nearly identical trend, both parameters decreased at the beginning of the second track and then began to rise again. It can be attributed to the overlapping of the molten zone between the first and second tracks. With an increase in the number of tracks, the maximum temperature, melt pool width, and depth increased until they reached a steady state, with specific values of 2093 K, 258 μm, and 150 μm, respectively. Introducing more layers initially caused an increase in the maximum temperature and dimensions of the melt pool, which eventually reached a steady-state condition. Finally, temperature distribution of the steady-state simulated melt pool was found to match with thermal behavior and eutectic Si features of the experimental sample.

Numerical study of ultrashort laser-induced microjet formation on the metal film based on the Navier–Stokes equation

A two-temperature model (TTM) for the electron-phonon thermal equilibrium is used to determine the heat distribution and laser fluence threshold for melting a thin metal film coated on a glass substrate and irradiated by an ultrashort laser pulse. This study proposes a novel model based on the Navier–Stokes equation to explain the formation of jet-shaped structures in the film's molten region. By solving this equation and obtaining the temporal evolution of the velocity distribution and displacement in the molten region, the Marangoni convection effect can be numerically demonstrated, and the circular motion of the fluid can describe the formation of a jet-shaped structure in the central region of the radiation. The results are compared to those obtained by numerically solving the thermo-elastoplastic equations, and also, to the previously reported experimental results to ensure the accuracy of the microjet height calculated by the Navier–Stokes equation. Good agreement is observed, particularly when the temperature of the irradiated area is significantly over the film's melting temperature. In addition, several calculations are performed for various pulse fluences. In both models, increasing the pulse fluences leads to an increase in the height of microjets.

Influence of laser power on microstructure and tensile property of a new nickel-based superalloy designed for additive manufacturing

The microstructure and tensile properties of a new Ni-based superalloy specially designed for additive manufacture (AM) were investigated under different laser power (LP) conditions. The results measured by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy show that no cracks are observed in as-deposited alloy, which has typical crystallography orientation and non-equilibrium solidification dendrite/cellular morphology. The elements such as Nb, Si and Ti are enriched in the interdendritic regions, while Al, Cr and Co segregate in the dendritic cores. When the LP is low, the cellular crystals of the alloy are arranged orderly, the primary dendrite arm space (PDAS) is small, the porosity is large, the strength is high and the elongation is low. With the increase of LP, the PDAS increases, the porosity decreases, the strength decreases and the elongation increases. When the LP is elevated further, Marangoni convection effect is enhanced and shows unique impacts, that is, the disordered arrangement of cellular crystals occurs. Then, the PDAS decreases, the porosity increases, the strength increases and the elongation decreases. The smaller PDAS favors the reduction for elements segregation, as well as microstructure refinement and strength improvement. The fitting formula between PDAS and yield strength (YS) was proposed, and the concentric ring patterns inside microstructure were rationalized.

Dynamics of growth and detachment of single hydrogen bubble on horizontal and vertical microelectrode surfaces considering liquid microlayer structure in water electrolysis

The dynamics of the growth and detachment of a single hydrogen bubble on both the horizontal and vertical microelectrode surfaces in water electrolysis were synthetically investigated by combining the numerical simulation, force balance analysis, and available experimental data. Approximately, multiple steady simulation cases with different bubble diameters for different growth instances were conducted to state the actual unsteady bubble growth and detachment behavior. The numerical simulations of the temperature distribution considering the heat transfer caused by the liquid microlayer and induced Marangoni convection effects were performed. Then, a force balance model for predicting the bubble detachment diameter was developed by fully utilizing the simulated multi-physical field parameters and the experimental results of some key bubble geometric parameters. The presented numerical model and the force balance model were validated by comparing them with previous experimental data on the potential and the bubble detachment diameter, respectively. The simulation results indicate a significantly larger potential value occurs within the microlayer, and hence, the Joule heat of the electrolyte is mainly generated in the microlayer and then transferred to the bulk flow region. Obviously, the temperature gradient distribution is formed at the bubble interface, causing unstable Marangoni convection structure. The distribution patterns and evolutions of the electrolyte temperature, Marangoni convection velocity, and microlayer thickness for the horizontal and vertical microelectrode systems are significantly different. The present force balance model presents higher prediction accuracy for the bubble detachment diameters. Moreover, the in-depth force analysis results reveal that some dominant forces influence the bubble growth and detachment.

Interface analyses and mechanical properties of stainless steel/nickel alloy induced by multi-metal laser additive manufacturing

Multi-metal laser additive manufacturing is an emerging technology to fabricate complex components with excellent comprehensive performances. In this study, stainless steel/nickel alloy multi-metal has been induced by laser direct energy deposition. The microstructural evolution, compositional segregation, and crack formation at the interface of the two metals have been investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron backscattering diffraction, and microhardness test. The results show that the microstructure morphologies are predominated by equiaxed dendrite and columnar dendrite for stainless steel and nickel alloy, respectively. The Marangoni convection effect promotes the serious compositional segregation of stainless steel on the nickel alloy side and serious segregation of 316L SS occurs locally in near the IN 718 side of the interdiffusion region. During the cooling process, the segregated stainless steel has a lower solidification temperature than the surrounding nickel alloy. The compositional segregation and different physical properties of the two metals are the main causes for the ductility dip cracking near the interface. During tensile deformation, the multi-metal fractures on the stainless steel side, and the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the multi-metal have achieve 524 MPa and 24.8 %, respectively.

Theoretical investigation on microstructured hybrid surface heat transfer characteristics with Marangoni convection effect

The vapor condenses on the surface as a liquid film or distinct droplets, depending on the surface and fluid properties and the environmental conditions. The maximum droplet radius, micro-structure geometry, and Marangoni convection have proved to have a significant impact on the heat transfer characteristics. This paper investigates and compares the effects of different parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of three distinct hybrid surface models. The Marangoni convention effects originating from the temperature gradient are considered in all calculations. The results showed that an optimum maximum droplet radius exists in all three models in which the maximum hybrid heat flux can be obtained. The maximum hybrid heat flux is 133.94 (kW/m2) for the smooth model, 102.34 (kW/m2) for the Wenzel model, and 93.05 (kW/m2) for the Cassie-Baxter model. The results indicated that shorter micropillar heights result in higher complete dropwise and hybrid heat fluxes in the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel models. The increase in the solid fraction is observed to increase the complete dropwise and hybrid heat fluxes as well.

Microstructures and mechanical behaviors of reinforced aluminum matrix composites with modified nano-sized TiB2/SiC fabricated by selective laser melting

TiB2/SiC/AlSi10Mg composite powders were prepared by adding nano-sized TiB2/SiC particles modified by γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570), and TiB2/SiC/AlSi10Mg composites were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The microstructures and mechanical behaviors of modified nano-sized TiB2/SiC reinforced AlSi10Mg alloys were explored. The results showed that KH-570 was stably adsorbed on the surface of modified powders, making mechanically mixed TiB2/SiC/AlSi10Mg composite powders distribution more uniform. Compared with the unmodified materials, the relative density of the modified nano-sized TiB2/SiC particle reinforced AlSi10Mg alloy was higher, reaching 98.7%. The average grain size of AlSi10Mg alloy was reduced from 8.9 μm to 2.7 μm by utilizing modified reinforced particles, and the tensile strength and elongation increased by 11.4% and 41.0%, respectively, which were better than the enhancement effect of unmodified materials. This work reveals that modified nano-sized TiB2/SiC helped to alleviate the load of the Marangoni convection effect during the SLM process, and significantly improved both strength and plasticity of composites.

Microstructures, mechanical properties and formation mechanisms of tungsten heavy alloy brazed joints using Cu-Ti-Ni-Zr amorphous filler

Vacuum brazing of tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) was conducted with a design of Cu-Ti-Ni-Zr amorphous filler. The effects of key brazing parameters (brazing temperature T, holding time t) on interfacial microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated. The typical microstructure of brazing seam was composed of CuTi eutectic, CuZr dendrites along with (Cu, Ti) (Ni, Zr) and (Cu, Ni) Ti2 phases. With the brazing temperature increased from 850 °C to 1000 °C, the phenomenon of “infiltration induced separation of adjacent W grains” was intensively expanded, which was addressed in view of the Marangoni convection effect, atom diffusion, internal reaction, and grain boundary wetting. The maximum shear strength of the joint brazed at 925 °C for 20 min reached 366.6 MPa. This first detailed study on wettability, interfacial microstructures, and joining mechanism of WHAs brazed joints can benefit an in-depth understanding in joining process of WHAs, which can also provide guidance for joining of sintered dual/multi-phase refractory composites.

Theoretical analysis on condensation heat transfer on the hydrophobic–hydrophilic hybrid surfaces with the impact of the Marangoni convection

Condensation occurs in the forms of filmwise condensation and dropwise condensation. Over the past decade, hybrid hydrophobic–hydrophilic surfaces have received significant attention due to their potential to enhance the heat transfer rate compared to complete dropwise condensation. The maximum condensed droplet radius in the hydrophobic region has a considerable impact on the heat transfer characteristics. This paper discusses the effect of the maximum droplet radius on hybrid surface heat transfer characteristics. On top of that, Marangoni convection effects originated due to the temperature gradient as a heat transfer resistance on the heat transfer rate is considered, modelled and investigated. Three models were investigated in this paper. The results indicate that there is an optimum maximum droplet radius for each model that can improve the heat transfer rate. When the filmwise region width increases from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm, the optimum maximum droplet radius increases from 0.25 mm to 0.3 mm. For a fixated droplet contact angle and filmwise and dropwise region widths, the hybrid heat flux of the smooth dropwise model can be up to 1.55 times higher than that of the Cassie–Baxter model, and the hybrid heat flux of the smooth dropwise model can be up to 1.38 time higher than that of the Wenzel state. Finally, considering Marangoni convection showed up to a 30% increase in the heat transfer coefficient in some cases.

Dynamics of thermosolutal Marangoni convection and nanoparticle aggregation effects on Oldroyd-B nanofluid past a porous boundary with homogeneous-heterogeneous catalytic reactions

The current study is designed to analyze the thermal assessment of Oldroyd-B nanofluid past a porous boundary with a heat source/sink. The investigation is achieved by considering the nanoparticle aggregation effect. The revised model for thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are employed to simulate nanoliquids with the nanoparticle aggregation feature. The prospective of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions and thermosolutal Marangoni convection is also considered. A comparative analysis is performed to verify the approximated solution. A mathematical model is developed for the flow problem with corresponding boundary constraints in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs). Later, similarity transformation is introduced to assist the investigation and to attain the reduced ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Further, using the Runge-Kutta method of order fourth fifth along with the shooting technique, the numerical calculation of this model is computed. The manuscript aims to discuss various issues that occurred for the said model. The outcome reveals that the fluid flow with nanoparticles aggregation case shows improved heat transport than for improved heat source/sink parameter values. Furthermore, for augmented values of strength of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction parameters, the mass transfer is greater in fluid flow with aggregation conditions.

Controllable hydrophilic titanium surface with micro-protrusion or micro-groove processed by femtosecond laser direct writing

Smart surfaces with switchable wettability have aroused enormous interest, due to their multifunction in chemistry, biology and medicine. In this paper, a controllable hydrophilic titanium surface with either micro-protrusion or micro-groove is processed by femtosecond laser. The relationship between laser processing parameters of defocus value (Df), scanning speed (Vs), power (Po) and the shape/size of structures are systematically studied. Results show that Df and Vs mainly affect the shape of structures, while Vs and Po influence size. The surface structures can change from micro-groove to micro-protrusion, for the first time, by adjusting processing parameters. After laser processing, morphology and chemical composition are analyzed. It is found that the oxygen content in the middle area of micro-protrusion is higher than the recast layer of micro-groove. The formation mechanism can be attributed to the photo-thermal effect and Marangoni convection effect. Furthermore, the surface roughness and contact angle (CA) measurement results show that the surface roughness of micro-groove array is greater than micro-protrusion array, while micro-protrusion array can promote hydrophilicity compared with micro-groove array. Moreover, the micro-protrusion array with high scanning interval (△) can maintain the hydrophilicity better than micro-groove array even after 90 days. The selected area modification of femtosecond laser processing can potentially be applied to improve biological activity in titanium implants.

Comparative studies on weldability and mechanical characteristics of semi- killed steel using different arc welding technique

The main objective of this study is to examine the weldability and mechanical properties of semi-killed steel of E250BR grade which is mostly used in gear box casing. Three different arc welding methods i) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) ii) GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), and iii) A-GTAW (Activated Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) were employed in this study, and the respective weld joints mechanical properties were evaluated and compared with each other. Visual inspection of the specimens shows that the GTAW and A-GTAW processes offer excellent weld bead geometry. Visual and radiographic inspections showed no crack or discontinuity is in the weld joints. The weldment produced by A-TIG welding has the highest aspect ratio, which is due to the reverse Marangoni convection effect. The tensile and hardness test outcomes exhibited that the mechanical properties of the parent metal were not affected by the welding processes, but impact test results showed a lack of energy absorption by the specimen from the A-GTAW process. A-GTAW welding had the highest Ultimate Tensile strength, which was 2.5 percent to 5 percent higher than the other processes employed in this study. Weldments fabricated using GTAW welding have the highest impact toughness, which is 43.5 percent and 51.85 percent more than the other two processes. Vickers hardness test reveals that joints made with the GTAW process are better than the other counter parts.

The Marangoni Convection Effect on Melt Pool Formation during Selective Laser Melting Process

In order to predict the effect of the Marangoni convection and the morphology of melted stainless steel powder, during the selective laser melting (SLM) process, a transient three-dimensional numerical model is developed at the mesoscale. The evolution of the temperature and velocity fields’ is then studied. The initial powder bed distribution is obtained by the discrete element method (DEM) calculation, and the temperature distribution and the molten pool shape deformation are calculated and analyzed by the Ansys-Fluent commercial code. The molten pool shape is obtained by considering the influence of Marangoni convection on the internal flow behavior. The recoil force was not considered in our calculation. As main results, a slight deviation between the position of the maximum temperature of the molten pool and the center of the laser spot is observed. The direction of the heat diffusion is more likely to be horizontal and the flow centrifugal, which causes the melt track to be wide. Finally, the Marangoni convection is the main driver of the flow.

Fabrication of periodic Ag tetrahedral nanopyramids via H2O2-assisted nanosphere lithography for plasmonic applications

Nanosphere lithography (NSL) has been developed to prepare the monolayered hexagonally close-packed nanospheres in a large area. In our work, polystyrene (PS) sphere array was prepared by air-water interfacial floating method using hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) solution. Compared to the conventionally used H 2 O in the air-water interfacial floating method, since the viscosity and density of 30% H 2 O 2 solution increase from 1.0 to 1.074 mPa·s and 1.0 to 1.14 g/cm 3 , respectively, the highly ordered array of PS spheres (with a density of ~1.05 g/cm 3 ) could float and self-assemble on the surface of H 2 O 2 solution without adding the surfactant or surface modification during the NSL process. Also, H 2 O 2 solution could generate the higher surface tension gradient to not only alleviate the presence of second-layer defects induced by the submerged PS nanospheres but also facilitate the self-assembly of PS sphere array due to the Marangoni convection effect. We demonstrated the effects of H 2 O 2 -assisted NSL on the second-layer defects formation, single domain size and self-assembly. In addition, the periodic Ag tetrahedral nanopyramids array (PATNA) on glass substrate was fabricated using the PS spheres array as the mask, and the optical properties of transmittance and extinction were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The PATNA prepared using the PS sphere array with H 2 O 2 assistance showed the stronger extinction and narrower FWHM compared to the one without H 2 O 2 assistance. The measured localized surface plasmon resonance peak was in good agreement with simulation results, and the PATNA with a large area on glass substrate had the potential for plasmonic applications. • Monolayer close-packed spheres are prepared by H 2 O 2 -assisted nanosphere lithography. • Second-layer defects are reduced by H 2 O 2 with higher density and viscosity than H 2 O. • Periodic Ag tetrahedral nanopyramids array on glass substrate is fabricated. • Transmittance and extinction spectra are studied experimentally and theoretically. • The nanostructure shows excellent localized surface plasmon resonance behavior.

Mesoscopic Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling for the Laser-Melting Deposition of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Single Tracks with Experimental Correlation: A Novel Study

For laser-melting deposition (LMD), a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed using the volume of fluid and discrete element modeling techniques. A method was developed to track the flow behavior, flow pattern, and driving forces of liquid flow. The developed model was compared with experimental results in the case of AISI 304 stainless steel single-track depositions on AISI 304 stainless steel substrate. A close correlation was found between experiments and modeling, with a deviation of 1–3%. It was found that the LMD involves the simultaneous addition of powder particles that absorb a significant amount of laser energy to transform their phase from solid to liquid, resulting in conduction-mode melt flow. The bubbles within the melt pool float at a specific velocity and escape from the melt pool throughout the deposition process. The pores are generated if the solid front hits the bubble before escaping the melt pool. Based on the simulations, it was discovered that the deposited layer’s counters took the longest time to solidify compared to the overall deposition. The bubbles strived to leave through the contours in an excess quantity, but became stuck during solidification, resulting in a large degree of porosity near the contours. The stream traces showed that the melt flow adopted a clockwise vortex in front of the laser beam and an anti-clockwise vortex behind the laser beam. The difference in the surface tension between the two ends of the melt pool induces “thermocapillary or Benard–Marangoni convection” force, which is insignificant compared to the selective laser melting process. After layer deposition, the melt region, mushy zone, and solidified region were identified. When the laser beam irradiates the substrate and powder particles are added simultaneously, the melt adopts a backwards flow due to the recoil pressure and thermocapillary or Benard–Marangoni convection effect, resulting in a negative mass flow rate. This study provides an in-depth understanding of melt pool dynamics and flow pattern in the case of LMD additive manufacturing technique.

The effect of laser energy density on the geometric characteristics, microstructure and corrosion resistance of Co-based coatings by laser cladding

In view of the urgent problem of oil pipeline corrosion in the petroleum industry, Co-based coating was prepared on 42CrMo pipeline steel through laser cladding technology to realize the surface strengthening. The objective of the paper is to investigate the effects of process parameters (Led = 64–100 J/mm2) on the geometric characteristics, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the coating. It can be seen from the results that the increase of Led led to the increase of the dilution ratio and the Marangoni convection effect. At the Led of 90 J/mm2, the grain size of the coating was refined, and the dendrite growth direction was clearly visible. In the electrochemical test, the corrosion resistance of the coating first increased and then decreased with the increase of Led. Using the appropriate process parameters, the corrosion current density of the coating was only 1.740 × 10−7 (A/cm2), and a dense passive film was formed on the Co-based coatings. The Led was closely related to the properties of the coating. While at the Led of 64 J/mm2, the passive film resistance reached 6.474e+003 Ω cm2, and many microcracks appeared on the surface of the coating after corrosion. However, at the Led of 90 J/mm2, the corrosion products on the coating surface were less with excellent corrosion resistance. Therefore, the process parameters of laser cladding showed great effect on the forming quality and corrosion resistance of the coating. The coating with excellent corrosion resistance could be obtained by the adjustment of the process parameters.

Irreversibility analysis in Marangoni forced convection flow of second grade fluid

Marangoni forced convective MHD flow of second grade liquid is scrutinized. Heat source/sink, Joule heating and dissipation are addressed in energy equation. Physical aspects of entropy optimization with binary chemical reaction are addressed. Energy and entropy expressions are computed. Marangoni convection influenced on the surface pressure difference is calculated through temperature gradient, magnetic field and concentration gradient. Nonlinear PDE’s are reduced to ordinary one through suitable variables. Nonlinear system is computed for convergent solution by employing of OHAM. Characteristics of different influential parameters on entropy generation, concentration, temperature, Bejan number and velocity are graphically deliberated. Velocity enhances via Marangoni ratio parameter. Velocity and temperature have reverse effects for higher approximation of magnetic variable. For higher second grade fluid parameter the velocity is augmented. An increment occurs in temperature against higher values of Brinkman number and fluid parameter. Concentration decrease versus higher Marangoni ratio parameter. Entropy optimization upsurges for rising values of fluid parameters. Some relevant applications of Marangoni convection effect include atomic reactor, semiconductor processing, thin-film stretching, silicon wafers, soap films, material sciences, nanotechnology and applied physics etc. Entropy supports to progress the importance of numerous engineering and electronic devices development.

Fluid flow behavior and solidification process of welding pool under rapid cooling condition based on cellular automata‐lattice Boltzmann method (CA‐LBM) couple model

AbstractBased on the basic principle of lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), this paper first establishes a numerical model for simulating the evolution process of flow field, temperature field and concentration field. Then the cellular automata‐lattice Boltzmann method (CA‐LBM) coupling model is established to simulate the solidification process of welding pool. Finally, the solidification process of the welding pool under different rapid cooling powers is analyzed. It is found that the solidification process of the welding pool is significantly correlated with the magnitude of the rapid cooling power. As the rapid cooling power increases, the maximum temperature, the temperature interval and the size of the welding pool decrease, which lead to the Marangoni convection effect in the welding pool increases obviously and the unevenness of the concentration field is reduced. Meanwhile, due to the increase in the degree of supercooling, the nucleation rate increases. Finally, under the combined action, the microstructure of the weld is refined. The results of the coupling model accurately reflect the complex changes of the physical fields in the solidification process of welding pool under different cooling power. It lays a foundation for solving practical engineering problems in large calculation area.

Temporal instability of a confined nano-liquid film with the Marangoni convection effect: viscous potential theory

The current paper utilizes the viscous potential theory to analyze the temporal stability of a swirling annulus of two nano gas–liquid layers. The analysis depends mainly on the normal mode technique. The distributions of the heat, volume fraction, and velocity field are achieved. Furthermore, surface tension is considered as a function of the heat and the volume fraction distributions. Therefore, the impact of the Marangoni convection is taken into account. The balance of the normal stress tensor at the interface yields a complicated transcendental dispersion equation. Actually, this equation has no exact solution. Consequently, numerical calculations are established to indicate the relation between the growth rate and the wavenumber of the surface waves. Graphically, the influences of the various physical parameters are depicted. It is found that the Brownian motion accelerates the particles which leads to a destabilization of the interface. Simultaneously, the thermophoresis produces a motion of hot particles from the interface towards the boundaries, which stabilizes the interface. Furthermore, the increase of the surface tension, due to the Marangoni effect, enhances the interface rigidity and stabilizes it.