Maple Leaf Research Articles

Methodological artefacts in the XANES analysis of hexa-coordinated pentavalent arsenic

Using XANES, we studied the recently identified hexa-coordinated pentavalent arsenic, specifically, octahedral As(V)-glycerol compound As(V)(OCH2CH(O)CH2OH)3. It is stable at all pHs tested (1–12), but is transformed to the conventional tetrahedral AsO43− compound in the presence of water. Dehydration of environmental samples (i.e., Manitoba maple leaf and hare muscle) spiked with a AsO43− standard resulted in XANES features of the As(V)-glycerol compound. Therefore the compound we hypothesize to be the As(V)-glycerol in environmental samples is likely only visible using XAS analysis, and does not appear to survive wet environments such as those in biological systems, where toxicity may be experienced, or in conventional speciation methods, which generally use aqueous separation techniques.

The Ship Supplier’s Lien: Taking a (Maple) Leaf out of the Canadian Statute Book?

Ship suppliers’ claims have traditionally not enjoyed maritime lien status in Common Law jurisdictions outside the United States. Instead, ship suppliers have been treated as unsecured creditors with a mere right of action in rem against the relevant vessel. However, Canada has recently introduced a statutory maritime lien for certain ship suppliers’ claims. This article provides a comparative analysis of the historical development of ship suppliers’ claims in maritime law, evaluates the Canadian reform, and discusses its potential implications for the Asia-Pacific region.

Nitrogen turnover in the leaf litter and fine roots of sugar maple

In order to better understand the nitrogen (N) cycle, a pulse of 15NO3- was applied in 1998 to a sugar maple (Acer saccharum) dominated northern hardwood forest receiving long-term (1994-2008) simulated atmospheric N deposition. Sugar maple leaf litter and live fine-root 15N were quantified for four years prior to labeling and for 11 subsequent years. Continuous sampling of 15N following addition of the tracer enabled calculation of leaf litter and fine-root N pool turnover utilizing an exponential decay function. Fine-root 15N recovery peaked at 3.7% +/- 1.7% the year the tracer was applied, while leaf litter 15N recovery peaked in the two years following tracer application at approximately 8%. These results suggest shoots are primarily constructed from N taken up in previous years, while fine roots are constructed from new N. The residence time of N was 6.5 years in leaf litter and 3.1 years in fine roots. The longer residence time and higher recovery rate are evidence that leaves were a stronger sink for labeled N than fine roots, but the relatively short residence time of tracer N in both pools suggests that there is not tight intra-ecosystem cycling of N in this mature forest.

Reconfigurations of Native North America: An Anthology of New Perspectives. Ed. by John R. Wunder and Kurt E. Kinbacher. (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2009. xii, 314 pp. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-89672-641-3.)

The seventeen essays in this volume are the result of the Ninth Biennial Maple Leaf and Eagle Conference on North American Studies, hosted by the University of Helsinki in 2002. The conference has earned a positive reputation for its ambitious efforts to initiate international discussions on topics that cross the interpretive borders between Canada and the United States. In this case, the organizers dedicated an entire conference to thinking about Native North American history and culture. The editors, John R. Wunder and Kurt E. Kinbacher, explain that “for this particular book … reconfigurations denote new ways to consider scholarship concerning indigenous North Americans” (p. 7). Although there are several excellent essays in the volume, the book has many of the problems associated with conference proceedings. The essays are uneven in their development. Some are highly polished pieces of scholarship, while others are so brief and suggestive that there is hardly space to present complex ideas or fresh insights. The editors organized the chapters into five thematic sections, but despite their best efforts the connections sometimes appear forced. The section “Comparative Historical and Cultural Perspectives” joins essays on colonial treaties in the United States and Canada, modern issues of self-determination among the James Bay Crees and the Navajos, and bear ceremonialism in the subarctic and plains regions. The latter essay simply does not fit well. Surprisingly, the book also contains a number of minor mistakes that should have been corrected in the copyediting process. These errors are mostly just annoying, but they do not look good in a book produced by a respected academic press. In the end, we miss the most important part of the meeting: the many stimulating conversations that took place in the conference rooms, restaurants, and bars of Helsinki.

Value Innovation in Export Marketing Strategy: The Case of a Canadian Firm in Japan

Maple Leaf Foods Inc. maintains a market leadership in Canada for its food processing and export business and sustains its relatively high growth. MLF has an innovative approach to strategy as it reduces head-to-head competition with other major pork exporters in Japan and raises its premium image with an innovative food safety program. MLF is creating a new market segment in Japan's pork market by positioning itself between the domestic premium segment and the import commoditized segment and attracting consumers who are interested in both brand and price. This article illustrates how MLF innovates value in a competitive marketplace, using Kim and Mauborgne's blue ocean strategy framework.

Herding Cats at Maple Leaf Consulting

This context for this case is an un-bureaucratic, medium-sized engineering firm engaged in knowledge work. The challenge for students is to use various forms of management control to resolve a pending organizational crisis, i.e., Maple Leaf Consulting is expected to fail within 18 months unless it develops a different and more effective means for managing and motivating employees. Regular management accounting controls will not be sufficient; the forms of control required are those with which students are likely to have less familiarity. Students will need to understand the balanced scorecard as well as cultural and personal controls to provide an effective response.

Winter climate change implications for decomposition in northeastern forests: comparisons of sugar maple litter with herbivore fecal inputs

AbstractForests in northeastern North America are influenced by varying climatic and biotic factors; however, there is concern that rapid changes in these factors may lead to important changes in ecosystem processes such as decomposition. Climate change (especially warming) is predicted to increase rates of decomposition in northern latitudes. Warming in winter may result in complex effects including decreased levels of snow cover and an increased incidence of soil freezing that will effect decomposition. Along with these changes in climate, moose densities have also been increasing in this region, likely affecting nutrient dynamics. We measured decomposition and N release from15N‐labeled sugar maple leaf litter and moose feces over 20 months in reference and snow removal treatment (to induce soil freezing) plots in two separate experiments at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. Snow removal/soil freezing decreased decomposition of maple litter, but stimulated N transfer to soil and microbial biomass. Feces decomposed more rapidly than maple litter, and feces N moved into the mineral soil more than N derived from litter, likely due to the lower C : N ratio of feces. Feces decomposition was not affected by the snow removal treatment. Total microbial biomass (measured as microbial N and C) was not significantly affected by the treatments in either the litter or feces plots. These results suggest that increases in soil freezing and/or large herbivore populations, increase the transfer rate of N from plant detritus or digested plants into the mineral soil. Such changes suggest that altering the spatial and temporal patterns of soil freezing and moose density have important implications for ecosystem N cycling.

Institutional and relational determinants in high- and medium-extent food product crises: the inner perspective of a public health crisis

In 2008, Canada enacted its biggest-ever food recall in response to a Listeria crisis, stemming from a Maple Leaf Foods plant, that killed 22 Canadians. Afterwards, Maple Leaf's market share quickly returned to pre-crisis levels, but the long-term repercussions of the scare still reverberate in Maple Leaf's brand. In this case study, which offers an organizational perspective on the food recall, data was collected, through in-depth interviews of persons involved in the crisis response, and analyzed. The aim of this paper is to make transparent the ways in which Maple Leaf Foods organized their resources to manage the 2008 food recall. Results reveal that institutional and relational determinants are the most important factors in high- and medium-extent food product crises, whereas external and internal effects primarily influence an organization's capacity to cope with severe crises. Based on these findings, a conceptual framework is presented and managerial implications are discussed.

Maple Leaf Foods: Crisis and Containment Case Study

Crises can impact an organisation’s viability, credibility and reputation. Communication can preserve and protect the valuable reputation of an organisation, by demonstrating an acceptance of responsibility for the crisis and addressing victim concerns. The research illustrates that Maple Leaf Food’s crisis communication strategy was effectual and in supported to its purported organisational values as an organisation focused on health and safety. This case highlights why it is crucial for organisations to develop and apply a cohesive crisis communication strategy.

Olympic tears

Olympic tears

Inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and b‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase by different species of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid

It is important to develop new antibiotics aimed at novel targets. The investigation found that the leaf extracts from five maples (Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum and Acer truncatum Bunge collected in Denmark, Canada and China) and their component tannic acid displayed antibacterial ability against 24 standard bacteria strains with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3-8.0 mg/mL. Unlike the standard antibiotic levofloxacin (LFX), these samples inhibited Gram-positive bacteria more effectively than they inhibited Gram-negative bacteria. These samples effectively inhibited two antidrug bacterial strains. The results show that these samples inhibit bacteria by a different mechanism from LFX. These samples potently inhibited b-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG), which is an important enzyme in bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Tannic acid showed the strongest inhibition on FabG with a half inhibition concentration of 0.78 microM (0.81 microg/mL). Furthermore, tannic acid and two maple leaf extracts showed time-dependent irreversible inhibition of FabG. These three samples also exhibited better inhibition on bacteria. It is suggested that FabG is the antibacteria target of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid, and both reversible and irreversible inhibitions of FabG are important for the antibacterial effect.

The Maple Leaf and the Chrysanthemum

This year marks the 8oth anniversary of Canada-Japan diplomatic relations, although the first Japanese immigrants came to Canada at least 50 years earlier. Eighty years ago, Canada was a small country emerging from its status as a British colony, the first in the British empire to achieve independence through the statute of Westminster in 1931. Slowly but steadily, Canada built a bureaucratic and foreign service machinery to start a very successful diplomatic corps, well beyond its embassies in London, Washington, and Paris. The initiative to have close diplomatic ties with Japan was the start of a long friendship with this vital Pacific country.1In that early period, the tasks were anything but easy. Like its American neighbour to the south, Canada was isolated from the momentous events taking place in Europe, largely preoccupied with the troublesome legacy of the great depression, and struggling with the need to build an industrial base to compete against the economic colossus in the great republic. Trade with the US was resource-based and US branch plants, in the era before free trade, dominated the manufacturing sectors in central Canada. It would take the Second World War to accelerate Canada's manufacturing base, and advanced sectors like shipbuilding, aerospace, telecommunications, steel, and energy took their modern form during this period.At the same time, Japan, faced with its own economic downturn, was caught in a whirlwind of complicated forces within its own complex political system. One group preferred an isolationist stance, ready to confine Japan to its traditional agricultural base, alienated from the rise of giant industrial groups and industrialism in general. A small but significantly influential group, soon to be led by the Japanese army, understood that industrialism, with its natural expansionist needs for raw materials and markets, required Japan to play a significant international role, if the big players like Britain, Holland, and the US would allow it. China became the target. And a third group, playing off the deep resentment of past injustices and the high unemployment, sought an aggressive international role in Asia. Indeed, if Britain, the European powers, and the United States could be members of the colonial expansion club near Japan, why couldn't Japan itself play this role? The Washington naval treaty of 1922, with its 5:5:3 ratio of naval strength, forced a subordinate role on Japan, led to bitter resentment of Anglo-American condescension in government circles, and started the march to militarism and ultimately war with the United States.2In the postwar period, Japan's industrial growth was the fastest wealth-creation economy in world history, shifting a second-world industrial structure to one of the world's richest economies. Many will recall the plaudits of writers like Herman Kahn's The Emerging Japanese Superstate or Ezra's Vogel' s polemic, Japan as No. One. It was all great reading and the Japanese appreciated it, but few Japanese really believed it. Serious analysis of the Japanese economy did, however, illuminate the many strengths of Japanese society, its history and culture, and how its combination of western industrial values, Asian and Japanese Confucian culture, and respect for education and the long term could be a role model for other Asian societies, now including China. This article addresses an overview of current CanadaJapan relations, present shortcomings, and possible proactive strategies for the future.THE ECONOMIC MELTDOWNThe financial downturn in the global economy portends a dramatic reversal of postwar global economic growth. In the final quarter of 2008, GNP declined at a tremendous rate, an annualized 20.8 percent in South Korea, 12.7 percent in Japan, 8.2 percent in Germany, 5.9 percent in the UK, and 3.8 percent in the US. In China, which needs about seven or eight percent growth to absorb rural workers into its urban factory-based economy, industrial output stagnated for the first time in a decade. …

The Taegeukgi and the Maple Leaf: The Pursuit of South Korean Export Markets by Atomic Energy Canada Limited

In the 1980’s Canada’s nuclear technology company, Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL), designed and attempted to sell a next-generation, small-scale nuclear reactor called the Slowpoke Energy System (SES). AECL pursued export markets for the SES, of which the most promising was South Korea. The SES project was forced to compete for funding and this necessitated the formation of partnerships with private and public sector agents in South Korea. AECL’s experience in South Korea suggests that crown corporations are more commercially oriented than established policy scholarship admits, and that in some cases competitive forces work to blunt innovation rather than reward it.

Culinary Landmarks: A Bibliography of Canadian Cookbooks, 1825–1949 (review)

Reviewed by: Culinary Landmarks: A Bibliography of Canadian Cookbooks, 1825–1949 Alison Norman Culinary Landmarks: A Bibliography of Canadian Cookbooks, 1825–1949. Edited by Elizabeth Driver. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008. Pp. 1,257, $185.00 cloth A few years ago, my great aunt gave me a set of old cookbooks called The Maple Leaf Cooking School. She told me that she had ordered them by mailing in coupons from bags of flour when she was newly married in the early 1930s. At the time, I had no way of learning anything more about these books, as no secondary source mentioned them. I wasn’t sure where they were published, or how widely they were available, and I wanted to know more about them. The publication of Liz Driver’s new bibliography of Canadian cookbooks has solved my problem and also filled a gaping hole in Canadian culinary history. The book is an immense achievement. It took over ten years to complete and provides information on every cookbook over sixteen pages printed in Canada between 1825 and 1949. There are entries for 2,276 books, and the lovely, massive tome is about the size and weight of a volume of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Driver is one of the world’s, and certainly Canada’s, foremost experts on culinary history, a small but growing field. She is past president of the Culinary Historians of Ontario, current curator of Campbell House Museum in Toronto, and teaches a course titled Applied Food History: A Toronto Museum Experience, at George Brown College. Her previous experience compiling A Bibliography of Cookery Books Published in Britain, 1875–1914 (1989) did not entirely prepare her for putting together a bibliography for Canada. In the United Kingdom, cookbooks were collected by the national copyright-deposit libraries. This is not the case in Canada; Driver had to search high and low for cookbooks that survive often only in peoples’ homes. Of the 2,276 individual books profiled, over 1,000 were found in private collections. This may be the most important aspect of the project, as many of these books have since been donated to archives or libraries, and/or microfilmed. The book begins with a thoroughgoing introduction in which Driver records ‘The Evolution of the [Cookbook] Genre in Canada.’ She concludes that cookbooks are ‘expressions of the values and aspirations of the people who produced them,’ and this is perhaps why historians are increasingly using them as primary sources (xxix). Cookbooks can be used to learn about women who worked as cookbook writers, or for educational institutions or government; women’s role in community associations and their attempts to contribute to [End Page 554] society; and aspects of Canada’s early economic and industrial development (xxix–xxx). These sorts of topics are being pursued by culinary and women’s historians, as evidenced by new publications and recent conferences. This bibliography makes cookbooks easier to find and access, and so, it is to be hoped, more historians will make use of them. Each cookbook entry includes the author or editor, a biography of the author or corporation, the edition date and number, a transcription of the title page, a physical description, the contents, citations of the cookbook, a list of where copies are available, additional notes, and information about other editions. The entries are arranged by province and territory, and then chronologically so that the reader can see the development of culinary history in a particular region. There is a lengthy introduction to each section where Driver gives an overview of the culinary history of the region and notes important books and food trends. Aside from the cookbook entries that make up the bulk of the book, it also includes lengthy biographies of cookbook writers and corporations that published cookbooks. The book has maps and twenty colour plates with images of cookbook covers and photos of some of the authors. It is clear that Driver has made every attempt to make the book as user friendly as possible. Upon receiving Culinary Landmarks, I first looked up the Maple Leaf Milling Co., which published my cookbooks (741). The series promised to be ‘A Complete Home Study Course...

Going South: Professional Baseball's Contraction in Canada

Historically, Canada is second only to the United States as a baseball nation. The League Alliance, recognized by many as the first minor league, had the Tecumseh club of London, Ontario, as a charter member in 1877. The Ontario and Canadian Leagues appeared in the mid-188os, and before the turn of the twentieth century, baseball franchises existed as far west as British Columbia. (1) Later franchises, like the Montreal Royals and Toronto Maple Leafs, loom large in any account of minor-league history; the Royals, of course, were the AAA team with which Jackie Robinson played prior to his elevation to the major-league Dodgers. Finally, Canada remains the only nation other than the U.S. to host MLB teams. Despite all this history and cultural resonance, the professional baseball situation in Canada at present is, to put it kindly, rather bleak. Only two Organized Baseball (OB) teams called Canada home in the 2009 season: the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB) and the Vancouver Canadians (short-season Northwest League). Four more professional teams (in Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, and Winnipeg) can be added if independent leagues are counted (see table 1). Table 1. Canadian pro baseball teams as of 2009 Team Year began MLB Toronto Blue Jays 1977 A (Short-Season) Vancouver Canadians 2000 Independents Winnipeg Gold Eyes 1994 Quebec Capitales (Capitals) 1999 Calgary Vipers 2005 Edmonton Cracker Cats 2005 The situation was much different as recently as the early 1990s. Canada then had two MLB teams (Montreal Expos, Toronto Blue Jays), four AAA (Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, Vancouver), one AA (London), and five short-season or rookie teams (Hamilton, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, St. Catharines, Welland) in OB (see table 2). In addition, independent baseball thrived in several other centers. Today, the decline in professional baseball's Canadian footprint is manifest; the independent Can-Am Association has only one Canada-based team (Quebec City) out of eight franchises, while teams in Calgary and Edmonton shifted for the 2008 season from the well-established Northern League (leaving only the highly successful Winnipeg Goldeyes) to the upstart Golden League. TABLE 2. Canada's pro baseball exodus since 1990 Team Life-span Relocated as MLB Montreal Expos 1969-2004 Washington Nationals AAA Ottawa Lynx 1993-2007 Lehigh Valley IronPigs Edmonton Trappers 1981-2004 Round Rock Express Calgary Cannons 1985-2002 Albuquerque Isotopes Vancouver Canadians 1978-1999 Sacramento RiverCats AA London Tigers 1989-1993 Trenton Thunder A (SHORT-SEASON) St. Catherines' Stompers 1986-1999 Queens Kings Welland Pirates 1989-1994 Erie Sea Wolves Hamilton Redbirds 1988-1992 Glens Falls Redbirds ROOKIE Medicine Hat Blue Jays 1978-2002 Helena Brewers Lethbridge Black Diamonds 1992-1998 Missoula Osprey Our paper explores some possible reasons for the decline of professional baseball in Canada. …

A Cold Cut Crisis: Listeriosis, Maple Leaf Foods, and the Politics of Apology

In the summer of 2008, one of the worst cases of food contamination in Canadian history was confirmed when the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Maple Leaf Foods issued a “health hazard alert” warning the public not to serve or consumer Sure Slice brand cold cuts. This localized warning quickly spiralled into a major listeriosis epidemic. More than 200 Maple Leaf Foods products were recalled, but not in time to prevent 20 deaths, the illness of thousands more and a class action lawsuit. This article explores Maple Leaf’s crisis response strategy. Locating our analysis in relation to theorizing about the legitimacy problems that corporations and other powerful actors face in late modernity, it demonstrates that Maple Leaf’s apology was effective in terms of restoring consumer trust and confidence to the extent that it addressed the uncertainties and anxieties that are endemic to contemporary risk society; and, more broadly, it ‘worked’ by disrupting the distribution of risk and blame to other stakeholders.

Adaptation of a leaf wetness model to estimate dewfall amount on a roof surface

Most leaf wetness and dew studies are rural, however, there is growing scientific interest in urban dew. This study investigates the feasibility of adapting an existing leaf wetness (dew) model for urban use. The approach predicts dewfall amount for (a) a maple leaf, and (b) an asphalt-shingle roof, using a computed surface energy balance (which includes a roof subsurface heat flux), latent heat fluxes, and an inferred surface water balance. Simulations are run and verified to a first-order using data collected in Vancouver, BC, Canada, in 1996. Too few data are available to adequately test the ‘leaf’ model. The skill of the ‘roof’ model to predict dewfall amount is confirmed by several statistical indices, e.g. a root mean square error of 0.04 mm per night, and Willmott's index of agreement of 0.87. Skill is seen also in the timing of dewfall onset and maxima. It seems feasible to estimate dewfall on an artificial surface, such as a roof, using a ‘leaf wetness’ approach, with suitable modifications. Approaches could readily be applied to other surfaces, and are a first step towards a comprehensive urban dew model.

Decoupling carbon effects and UV protection from terrestrial subsidies on pond zooplankton

Studies on spatial subsidies have overwhelmingly addressed their trophic nature. However, certain subsidies might affect recipient communities beyond the feeding pathway. Terrestrial colored dissolved organic matter (DOM) is such a subsidy providing a carbon source for bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates which zooplankton can consume (trophic pathway), but also protecting zooplankton against damaging UV radiation through its color (non-trophic pathway). These mechanisms have been quantified separately, but few studies have attempted to decouple them and evaluate their effects in the context of subsidies. In this study, I experimentally isolated the trophic and non-trophic pathways by which DOM (as maple leaf leachate) affects zooplankton, and also addressed how local food resources (i.e., phytoplankton) could mediate the response of zooplankton to DOM subsidies. Terrestrial subsidies (DOM) effectively shielded zooplankton against damaging UV radiation. Local resources (i.e., phytoplankton), however, did not seem to mediate the fitness response of zooplankton to UV radiation. This study also suggested that the carbon in DOM might be slightly detrimental to zooplankton independent of the UV protection effect. High levels of local resources combined with carbon subsidies from DOM did not translate into higher zooplankton survival, presumably because of the detrimental effects of DOM on zooplankton. This study provides further support for the importance of terrestrial subsidies in affecting communities through non-trophic pathways (UV attenuation) and documents that the trophic pathway might be strongly dependent on subsidy quality. Further studies on the role of subsidies that include the less documented non-trophic pathways are needed to improve our mechanistic understanding of how communities and ecosystems respond to spatial subsidies.

Magmatic and structural controls on porphyry-style Cu–Au–Mo mineralization at Kemess South, Toodoggone District of British Columbia, Canada

Kemess South is the only Cu–Au–Mo mine in the Toodoggone district and a major Cu and Au producer in British Columbia. Porphyry-style Cu–Au–Mo mineralization is mainly hosted by the tabular, SW-plunging, 199.6 ± 0.6-Ma Maple Leaf granodiorite, which intrudes tightly folded, SW-dipping, Permian Asitka Group siltstone and limestone and homogeneous Triassic Takla Group basalt. Southwest-dipping 194.0 ± 0.4-Ma Toodoggone Formation conglomerate, volcaniclastic, and epiclastic rocks overlie the granodiorite and Asitka Group rocks. Minor Cu–Au–Mo mineralization is hosted by the immediate Takla Group basalt country rock, whereas low-tonnage high-grade Cu zones occur beneath a 30-m-thick leached capping in supergene-altered granodiorite and in exotic positions in overlying Toodoggone Formation conglomerate. Granodiorite has an intrusive contact with mineralized and altered Takla Group basalt but displays a sheared contact with unmineralized and less altered Asitka Group siltstone. The North Block fault is a deposit-scale, E-striking, steeply S-dipping normal fault that juxtaposes the granodiorite/basalt ore body against unmineralized Asitka Group rocks. Younger NW- and NE-striking normal–dextral faults cut all rock types, orebodies, and the North Block fault with displacements of up to 100 m and result in the graben-and-horst-style block faulting of the stratigraphy and ore body. Both basalt and granodiorite host comparable vein sequence and alteration histories, with minor variations in hydrothermal mineral assemblages caused by differing protolith chemistry. Early potassic alteration (and associated early-stage Cu ± Au ± Mo mineralization) is partly replaced by phyllic and intermediate argillic alteration associated with main-stage Cu–Au–Mo mineralization. Two main-stage veins have Re–Os molybdenite ages of 201.3 ± 1.2 and 201.1 ± 1.2 Ma. These mineralization ages overlap the 199.6 ± 0.6-Ma U–Pb zircon crystallization age for the Maple Leaf granodiorite. Late-stage pyrite-rich stringer veins and related phyllic alteration assemblages are cut by anhydrite-rich, carbonate-rich, and chlorite veins. Fluids and metals associated with early-, main-, and late-stage veins were probably derived principally from the same deep magma chamber as the Maple Leaf granodiorite. These magmatic-derived fluids interacted with Asitka and Takla Group country rocks and possibly with meteoric and metamorphic fluids prior to mineralization.

Gas-phase optrode measurements of oxygen in calorimetric vessels

Simultaneous measurements of oxygen and heat rates are useful for the determination of thermodynamics and kinetics of metabolic and chemical reactions involving oxygen. Optrodes have not previously been used to measure oxygen inside calorimetric vessels. The optrode used in this study produces <2 μW and can be used to make measurements in both gaseous and aqueous systems. An external syringe injection of air was used to calibrate the optrode, and zinc–air batteries were used to evaluate the system. Data on maple leaf buds were collected to demonstrate application to respiration measurements.