Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate Research Articles

Using synchrotron based ATR-FTIR, EXAFS, and XRF to characterize the chemical compositions of TSP in industrial estate area

In Thailand, the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTPIE), a prominent industrial hub, has substantial environmental and health issues caused by industrial pollution. This study uses advanced synchrotron-based techniques, such as Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), to fully examine the chemical make-up of total suspended particulate (TSP) in the given area. Notable findings include the detection of remarkably high enrichment factors for magnesium and sulfur, indicating the presence of industrial operations. Additionally, we found that magnetite, which accounts for an average of 40 % of the total iron oxides in the samples, is the main iron oxide. The study also highlights about how calcium carbonate and different organic functional groups are found in large amounts, which shows that industrial emissions and natural sources are connected in a complex way. The findings underscore the susceptibility of children to TSP exposure, revealing increased rates of inhalation and significant health hazards. In order to safeguard public health in industrial areas such as MTPIE, it is imperative to implement more sophisticated pollution control techniques and maintain ongoing environmental monitoring.

The Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Enhancing the Warehouse Management Efficiency in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong

The purposes of this research were 1) to analyze the confirmatory factors of enhancing the warehouse management in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province, and 2) to verify the tests based on the consistency between the confirmatory factor structure of enhancing the warehouse management in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province and the empirical information. The sample group was 400 warehouse employees in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province with simple random sampling. The research instrument used was the questionnaire with item objective congruence (IOC) index of 0.99. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (S.D.), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis, and second-order confirmatory factor analysis. The data were analyzed by simple statistics: percentage and standard deviation. The results of the study found that the efficiency enhancement of warehouse management in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province based on the POLC theory of Louis A. Allen. The principles of management can be distilled down to four critical functions. These functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The results of the first-order confirmatory factor analysis found that all the indexes passed the criteria. The Chi-square minimum probability (CMIN/P) was 0.108, the Chi-square minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) was 1.137, the goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.98, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was of 0.02. The factor loading was between 0.90 and 0.98 at the statistical significance level of 0.01. Lastly, the factor loading ranged from the highest to the lowest as follows: organizing, planning, controlling and leading, respectively to be the guidelines for the enhancement of warehouse management efficiency in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province.

Risk assessment and biodegradation potential of PAHs originating from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong, Thailand

ABSTRACT Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination is a serious concern across the globe. Here, the capability of native bacterial consortium enriched from sediment samples of Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTPIE), Rayong, Thailand was described. The distribution of PAHs was assessed from the sediment samples collected from MTPIE by GC-FID and the toxic unit (TU) was calculated to assess the potential ecological risk to the surrounding biota. This study investigated the degradation potential and determined the PAH-degrading bacterial cultures by enriching collected sediments in PAHs mixtures (naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene). The TPH degradation capacity of each bacterial consortium was validated in a soil microcosm using aged crude oil-contaminated soil. The MTPIE sediments were highly contaminated with PAHs (843.99-3904.39 ng g-1) and posed extremely high ecological risks to benthic biota (TU > 1). The consortium S5-P most significantly removed naphthalene (90.03%) and phenanthrene (88.14%) while the highest removal of pyrene was achieved by the S3-P consortium. Other consortia only partially degraded the PAHs. The dominant microbes in the consortia were determined using PCR-DGGE, it was found that the PAH degrading consortia were known PAH degraders such as Annwoodia, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paracoccus, Rhodococcus, Sphingopyxis, Sulfurovum, and Sulfurimonas species and unknown PAH degraders such as Lithuaxuella species. The consortium S5-P showed the highest degradation capacity, removing 74.99% of TPHs in the soil microcosm. Furthermore, the inoculation of PAH-biodegrading bacterial consortia significantly promoted the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) and dehydrogenase (DHA) activities which directly correlated with the degradation efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons (p < 0.05).

Determination of perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in seafood and water from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate area, Thailand

ABSTRACT This initial study aimed to determine the concentrations of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in seafood, bottled drinking water, and surface and tap water collected from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in Rayong province, Thailand. Samples were collected during dry (January) and wet (June) seasons, 2019. The perfluorinated compounds were cleaned up by solid phase extraction and analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with stable isotopic labelled internal standards (13C8–PFOS and 13C8–PFOA). This study reports concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in seafood at levels between 29–6724 and <48–421 ng/kg wet weight, respectively. Surface water samples from rivers and the coastal sea had PFOS and PFOA between 0.60–465.65 and <0.25–59.29 ng/L, respectively. Contamination of PFOS and PFOA in bottled drinking water (<0.125–0.454 and <0.25–0.621 ng/L, respectively) did not exceed the USEPA standard of 70 ng/L. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in seafood and water samples between seasons did not show any definite trend. Seafood dietary assessments of PFOS exposure in the seafood eater population raised a health concern, as the exposure exceeded the latest EFSA tolerable weekly intake value for PFAS mixtures (4.4 ng/kg body weight/week). Therefore, environmental and food samples from Map Ta Phut area should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of people living in and around this area.

Ambient and Indoor PM10 and PM10-bound PAHs around the Vicinity of an Industrial Estate in Rayong, Thailand: Concentration and Source Identification

The ambient and indoor air concentrations of PM10 and PM10-bound PAHs (16 priority PAHs) were investigated in Rayong Province, Thailand. The locations of the selected study areas were Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate and its vicinity comprising six sampling sites (four industrial areas and two vicinity areas). The indoor and ambient air samples of were collected in March 2017. The sampling sites located close to the road were detected the greatest ambient average concentrations of PM10, with an average value of 56.06 µg m-3 (Map Chalut Area or MC). The levels of indoor PM10 were mostly dependent on the resident activities and the highest mean level of PM10 was 31.29 µg m-3 detected at Huai Pong. The Benzo(b)fluoranthene and acenaphthylene were the major PAHs found to have the highest 24-h average concentrations for both indoor and ambient air. The highest mean ambient and indoor air levels of benzo(b)fluoranthene were 49.18 and 30.88 ng m-3, respectively, found at MC. In terms of 16 total PAHs, MC was found to have the greatest level. Analysis of the diagnostic ratios determined that the traffic density was the major source of influence on particle-bound PAH concentrations for both ambient and indoor air samples, which indicated that the greater the traffic volume, the higher the level of PAHs.

Responsible Investment Issues in Special Economic Zone Investment in Mainland Southeast Asia

Responsible Investment Issues in Special Economic Zone Investment in Mainland Southeast Asia

Pipeline Balance and Monitoring for the Integrated Flare System in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate

This study aims to design flare pipeline network in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTP IE). This network is designed to transport waste gas from 6 companies in MTP IE to PTT LNG terminal for treatment. At typical operation case, there will be 12.46 tons/hr. of waste gas flow accumulated into the system. In an emergency case, this pipeline network is needed to handle the maximum load at 79.84 tons/hr. of waste gas, through the entire system. The difference of the mass flow rate needs the specific pipeline network design to minimize the back pressure to the system. The route of the network is selected by Google Earth to overview and to find the possible shortest way of waste gas transportation. The sizing of the pipeline system is then proposed. The flare pipeline network is designed using Aspen Flare System Analyzer program. The simulation result shows that the proposed flare pipeline network can handle all waste gas both in regular operation and in emergency cases. All plant back pressures are under the maximum allowable back pressure (MABP) limit, which means that the plant can be operated without any upset from other companies

Measurement and Identification Source Characteristic of VOCs in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate of Thailand using Multivariate Analysis Technique

Measurement and Identification Source Characteristic of VOCs in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate of Thailand using Multivariate Analysis Technique

Towards the development of eco-industrial estates in Bhutan

This paper investigates the potential of applying industrial ecology in the development of eco-industrial estates in Bhutan. It presents the factors contributing to the success or failure of eco-industrial estates along with the benefits arising from the set-up of such facilities to industry, the environment and local communities. The development strategies, policies, practices, laws, rules and regulations, market conditions and private-sector initiatives undertaken in Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park, Burnside Eco-industrial Park and Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in Denmark, Canada and Thailand, respectively, are used to analyse eco-industrial development in Bhutan. The existence of supportive legislation, a close working relationship between the government and private sector, enabling an environment for information sharing, and a diverse mix of industries in Bhutan are identified as the key opportunities and supportive conditions for as well as the challenges to eco-industrial development in Bhutan and realisation of the government’s vision for a ‘cleaner’ industrial sector.

Assessing atmospheric pollution in a petrochemical industrial district using a lichen-air quality index (LiAQI)

Physiological processes within the thalli of lichens respond differently to accumulated pollutants. The chemical and physiological responses of lichens to atmospheric pollution from a petrochemical industrial complex were used to develop a lichen-air quality index (LiAQI). Thalli of the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum collected from an unpolluted area were transplanted to eight monitoring sites in the surrounding area of the Map Ta Phut industrial estate, two sites in an agricultural zone and a control site in a national park. Thirty chemical substances and eight physiological parameters were measured and analyzed. These data were then used to calculate the LiAQI of each monitoring site. The LiAQI values suggested that three industrial sites within 3–5 km of the main industrial area had poor air quality, three sites at a distance of 4–7 km had moderate air quality and two sites at a distance of 8–9 km had good air quality. Both agricultural sites at a distance of 35–55 km had very good air quality when compared with the control site. Air quality was found to improve with greater distance from the industrial center. The LiAQI developed from lichens was effective at detecting atmospheric pollution.

Education and Skill Mismatches in Maptaphut Industrial Estate, Thailand

This paper examines educational and skill mismatches by using primary data from Maptaphut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province, Thailand, conducted from 226 respondents. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and unconditional quantile (UQR) regressions are used to examine the mismatches on earnings. The empirical findings are as follows: (1) returns to education of high income workers are larger than average income workers; (2) education mismatches affect earnings, such that over-education is statistically significant, whereas under-education is not significant, for both the OLS and UQR estimates; (3) UQR provides more information on size of the over-education to the returns on schooling; (4) specific training for some job positions also indicates educational and skill mismatches; and (5) firms should invest in training for workers to reduce weaknesses in educational mismatches.

Health risk evaluation in a population exposed to chemical releases from a petrochemical complex in Thailand

Emissions from petrochemical industries may contain toxic and carcinogenic compounds that can pose health risk to human populations. The scenario may be worse in developing countries where management of such exposure-health problems is typically not well-implemented and the public may not be well-informed about such health risk. In Thailand, increasing incidences of respiratory diseases and cancers have been reported for the population around a major petrochemical complex, the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTPIE). This study aimed to systematically investigate an exposure-health risk among these populations. One-hundred and twelve healthy residents living nearby MTPIE and 50 controls located approximately 40km from MTPIE were recruited. Both external and internal exposure doses to benzene and 1,3-butadiene, known to be associated with the types of cancer that are of concern, were measured because they represent exposure to industrial and/or traffic-related emissions. Health risk was assessed using the biomarkers of early biological effects for cancer and inflammatory responses, as well as biomarkers of exposure for benzene and 1,3-butadiene. The exposure levels of benzene and 1,3-butadiene were similar for both the exposed and control groups. This was confirmed by a non-significant difference in the levels of specific urinary metabolites for benzene (trans,trans-muconic acid, t,t-MA) and 1,3-butadiene (monohydroxy-butyl mercapturic acid, MHBMA). Levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA strand breaks between the two groups were not statistically significantly different. However, functional biomarkers, interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression was significantly higher (p<0.01) and DNA repair capacity was lower (p<0.05) in the exposed residents compared to the control subjects. This suggests that the exposed residents may have a higher risk for development of diseases such as cancer compared to controls. However, the increased expression of IL-8 and lower DNA repair capacity were not associated with recent and excessive exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene, which were at the similar levels as those in the controls. The data would indicate that previous exposure to the two chemicals together with exposure to other toxic chemicals from the MTPIE may be responsible for the elevated functional biomarkers and health risk. Further studies are required to determine which other pollutants from the industrial complex could be causing these functional abnormalities.

Loss of Value in House Properties due to Air Pollution in Map Ta Phut Industrial Area of Thailand

Air pollution in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in Thailand, has caused increasing risk of death, injury and health problems for local residents. Existing control measures are inef-fective due to weak law enforcement. Although the problem has drawn a lot of attention, the monetary value of the impacts of air pollution in Map Ta Phut is not known. The objective of this paper was to estimate the economic cost of air pollution damage in Map Ta Phut using theHedonic Pricing Method, with 192 house samples. The results showed that the marginal willing-ness to pay (MWTP) for a one unit reduction of AQI level was THB 2,815 or around USD 80, or each unit increase in air pollution would result in an estimated loss of THB 2,815 or around USD 80 in house price. The total value of losses to housing from one unit of air pollution in MapTa Phut which is comprise of 38 communities was THB 119.3 million (about USD 3.4 million).Detection of the loss of value has implications for local residents, housing development in-vestors, factories, and government and environmental institutions to manage air pollution as their top priority as well as to evaluate the efficiencyof existing measures and budget to deal with the problem more appropriately.

An AHP for Prioritizing and Selecting Industrial Waste Management Method Case Study: Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate

The objective of this paper is to present an evaluation method that can aid decision to prioritize and select industrial waste management method. An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision structure approaches to measure the relative desirability of disposal alternatives using value judgments as the input of the various stakeholders. The novel of this paper is a flexible analytical program that enables decision makers to find the best possible industrial waste management solution to complex problems by breaking down a problem into a systematic hierarchy structure among the various levels and attributes. The process of the evaluation method has been started from analyzing various factors which are used for designs the decision making structure.It is included with necessary data for consideration of management alternatives design that comprised of the technology, economics, environment, and also related regulations. The benefits of this method therefore may not only aid in selecting the best alternative but also help decision makers to understand why an alternative is preferred over the other options. A case study in Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT), recommendations, limitations, and further research are also presented.

Effects of air pollution related respiratory symptoms in school children in industrial areas Rayong, Thailand

The chronic effects of air pollution in school children living near industrial sites were investigated. There spiratory symptoms of 806 school children aged 9-12 years were examined by the American Thoracic Society’s Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD-78-C) questionnaire during February-August 2013. The selected elementary schools in this survey was based on the distance from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, area A within 1 km., area B 5 km. and area C 10 km. Logistic regression techniques were used to assess the association between prevalence of respiratory symptoms and independent variables. The average 24 hrs PM10 and VOCs concentrations from 2011-2014 in area A were significantly higher than in area C (p<0.05). Relatively, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in area A were high with odds ratios (OR) = 3.41, (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.70-6.85) and in area B with OR = 1.36, (95% CI = 0.54-3.45), in comparison to area C. The prevalent of non-specific respiratory diseases (NSRD) and Persistent Cough and Phlegm (PCP) in boy student were higher than girls students with OR=2.17, (95% CI=1.33-3.53), whereas those factors such as age, residential years, home size, parental smoking habits, use of air conditioners and domestic pets were not associated. Exposure to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds arising from Industrial sites was associated with worse respiratory impairments in children.

Erratum to: Evaluation of the performance of ADMS in predicting the dispersion of sulfur dioxide from a complex source in Southeast Asia: implications for health impact assessments

This paper reports on the performance of Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS) 4.2 in predicting peak and mean ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations at two sites adjacent to the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in Eastern Thailand, the centre of the country’s petrochemical industry. The model comprised 100 individual stacks and utilised four separate meteorological datasets from different points around the site. We show that model performance varies according to the location at which the meteorological data were obtained, with considerable differences in model outputs observed for meteorological stations that are relatively close to each other. The best performances were observed when there was co-location of the meteorological data and receptor. In such cases, acceptance criteria for the majority of performance parameters were satisfied across averaging periods ranging from 1 h to 7 days. We have also compared the results from this study with those obtained from a recent literature American Meteorological Society/United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) study for the same site and time period; the comparison indicates that AERMOD is likely to be similarly influenced by the choice of meteorological dataset. Using ADMS model simulations for all four meteorological datasets and a breakdown of the local population by electoral ward, we were able to estimate exposure over 1 h, 24 h and yearly averaging periods and compare these to air quality standards and guidelines published by Thailand, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Union (EU). The results of this analysis showed that despite the large variations in overall model performance, the impact of choice of meteorological dataset on prediction of compliance with the standards and guidelines is relatively small: the WHO 24-h guideline of 7.5 ppb (100th percentile) was predicted to be exceeded in all of the wards for all meteorological datasets, whilst compliance with Thai and EU standards was predicted for at least 86 % of the population, with relatively little variation between the different meteorological datasets.

Arsenic, cadmium, and manganese levels in shellfish from Map Ta Phut, an industrial area in Thailand, and the potential toxic effects on human cells.

Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate is a major industrial area in Thailand for both petrochemical and heavy industries. The release of hazardous wastes and other pollutants from these industries increases the potential for contamination in foods in the surrounding area, especially farmed shellfish. This study determined the arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) concentrations in the edible flesh of farmed shellfish, including Perna viridis, Meretrix meretrix, and Scapharca inaequivalvis, around the Map Ta Phut area using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that shellfish samples contained high levels of total As [1.84-6.42 mg kg(-1) wet weight (ww)]. High Mn concentrations were found in P. viridis and M. meretrix, whereas S. inaequivalis contained the highest Cd. Arsenobetaine (AsB) was found to be the major As species in shellfish (>45% of total As). The in vitro cytotoxicity of these elements was evaluated using human cancer cells (T47D, A549, and Jurkat cells). An observed decrease in cell viability in T47D and Jurkat cells was mainly caused by exposure to inorganic As (iAs) or Mn but not to AsB or Cd. The combined elements (AsB+Mn+Cd) at concentrations predicted to result from the estimated daily intake of shellfish flesh by the local people showed significant cytotoxicity in T47D and Jurkat cells.

Assessing Water Consumption of S-PVC Resin Manufacturing Process by Life Cycle Assessment

The rapid growth of industry has resulted in increased severity of water scarcity in the Eastern region of Thailand over the past decade. The assessment of water use by industrial manufacturing processes located in areas experiencing water stress is necessary to ensure a sustainable water resources management. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of life cycle assessment as a tool for assessing water use in an industrial manufacturing process. A case study of S-PVC resin manufacturing process located in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong province, Thailand, is presented. The studying results indicate that the amount of water used to produce 1 Kg of S-PVC resin is 14.72 liters, of which 6.22 liters are withdrawn from local water resources. Additionally, the direct and indirect water use along the production supply chain is accounted for in a streamlined life cycle assessment.

Pollution Management and Industrial Estates: Perceptions of Residents in the Vicinity of Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Thailand

Industrial pollution has become a serious problem in most states and has been tackled by initiatives at the national and transnational levels. However, public opinion is still affected by the events of the past. This situation is explored through the case of Map Ta Phut industrial estate in Thailand,which has been bedeviled by environmental and safety issues since it was opened in 1989. Despite improvements in management systems, notwithstanding the explosion in 2012 which killed 12 workers in one factory, the opinions of nearby residents has been badly affected by the memories of the past. This has led to mistrust and suspicion of the industrial estate among those residents and so protests and dissent have been more common. This study employs a quantitative survey of 400 residents living in the vicinity of Map Ta Phut with a view to understanding their perceptions of environmental management on the estate and, hence, some indications of how better flows of information might improve confidence among these important stakeholders. There will need to be more effective long-term methods of dealing with health issues relating to pollution and conveying knowledge about what is being done in order to recapture public trust.

Aromatic DNA adducts and number of lung cancer risk alleles in Map-Ta-Phut Industrial Estate workers and nearby residents

The Map-Ta-Phut Industrial Estate (MIE) in Rayong, Thailand, is the location of one of the largest industrial complexes in southeastern Asia. The MIE complex produces a mixture of air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, compounds capable to induce the generation of DNA adducts. DNA adducts are considered to be a biomarker of carcinogen exposure; however, its production can be modulated by genetic susceptibility. Thus, we analysed the influence of EPHX1 His139Arg (A>G, rs2234922) and NQO1 Pro187Ser (C>T, rs1800566) involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; MnSOD(2) Val16Ala (C>T, rs1799725) a gene that acts against the free radical generation; APE1/Ref-1 Asp148Glu (T>G, rs3136820) a gene involved in the repair of DNA, and in the control of cell-cycle and apoptosis on leucocyte DNA adducts in 77 MIE workers, 69 Map-Ta-Phut residents, and 50 rural controls, Rayong, Thailand. We searched for associations with the 'sum of at-risk alleles' by combining the variant alleles of EPHX1, NQO1 and MnSOD(2) together with the wild-type allele of APE1, since they appeared to influence lung cancer risk. Although our findings revealed significant associations between DNA adducts and the EPHX1 His139Arg and NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphisms, the combination of at-risk alleles was found to affect DNA damage much stronger. DNA adducts were significantly increased in the individuals bearing 4 and ≥ 5 at-risk alleles [mean ratio (MR) = 1.55, 95% CI 1.10-2.18, P = 0.012, and MR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.27-3.51, P = 0.004, respectively)]. After correction for residence/employment categorisation, a significant increment was present in the MIE workers with ≥ 5 alleles (MR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.46-5.71, P = 0.003). Our data indicate relationships between the generation of DNA adducts and the enzymatic activities of EPHX and NQO1. The combination of unfavourable genetic variants seems to determine the individuals' susceptibility, rather than a single polymorphism.