County Maps Research Articles

DEVELOPING AN INTERACTIVE COUNTY MAPPING TOOL TO ADVANCE AGE-FRIENDLY PROGRESS IN NEW JERSEY

Abstract This presentation will describe how a multidisciplinary team at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, leveraged a small, internal grant opportunity to partner with leaders of two County government systems to develop a “proof of concept” age-friendly County mapping tool. Based on the Image:NYC mapping tool, the team designed the tool to display the spatial locations of high concentrations of older adults with shared characteristics (e.g., by health status, income) alongside the spatial locations of assets in local communities (e.g., libraries, senior activity centers) at the census tract level within each of the two counties. The presenters will explain how gerontological expertise—in combination with insights, data, and resources from other disciplines and project contributors—were essential to design, produce, and disseminate the map. The presenters will describe how the mapping tool is one component of a growing body of work across the public, private, and academic sectors in New Jersey to advance and support the age-friendly communities movement. The presenters also will reflect on how the age-friendly mapping tool has served to kickstart age-friendly planning and systems change at the county level, with implications for advancing both state- and municipal-level efforts.

Estimation of gridded anthropogenic heat flux at the optimal scale by integrating SDGSAT-1 nighttime lights and geospatial data

Diverse human activities in megaregions have generated excellent anthropogenic heat (AH), which disrupts the urban energy balance and affects the urban climate. However, few studies have investigated the spatial scale effect (SSE) of estimating the multi-source AH flux (QF). Hence, this study proposes a method, i.e., a nighttime light index (NTLI)-based top-down inventory model, to investigate the optimal spatial scale (So) for estimating multi-source gridded QF at the county level and mapping gridded products for the central region of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) megaregion in 2018. The method combines the multi-scale (10–500 m) enhanced NTLI with a top-down inventory model. We generated the enhanced NTLI by integrating the Sustainable Development Science Satellite 1 (SDGSAT-1) nighttime lights (NTL), points of interest, and road network data. Then we analyzed the SSE of QF estimation to determine the So and evaluated the accuracy and characteristics of multi-source QF at the So. The results showed that (1) the So of estimation for six heat components varied between 10 m and 450 m, which related to the difference in energy source and spatial pattern; (2) considering the estimation accuracy, numerical characteristics, and spatial detail of critical urban features, the So of QF was 300 m; (3) the proposed method reduced the estimation error of QF more effectively than the NTL-based inventory model. The root mean square error (RMSE) decreased by 2.45–21.20 %, and the goodness of fit (R2) increased by 2.17–13.66 % among six heat components; and (4) our multi-source QF product at 300 m outperformed previous QF products in spatial heterogeneity and numerical accuracy. This study first explored the SSE of QF estimation and captured the spatial and numerical information of multi-source QF at the So, which could provide valuable knowledge for urban micro-climate.

DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS WILLIAM SMITH USED AS MANUSCRIPT MAPS IN THE FIELD AND ON HIS PUBLISHED MAPS

ABSTRACT William Smith (1769–1839) chose large scale topographic manuscript maps for recording his field observations. Those for the northeastern counties of Durham and Northumberland were at one inch to the mile. They were made by Andrew Armstrong, and published in 1768 and 1769, respectively. The copies acquired by Smith, and colored and annotated by him, are the only early large–scale manuscript maps to have survived. They offer a rare insight into how he carried out fieldwork in counties that were unfamiliar to him, as he began work on what would become his celebrated map of England and Wales with Part of Scotland, first published in 1815. The Durham map has a near complete delineation of the strata, but the Northumberland map has little more than an outline. The stratum Millstone Grit was added on both maps, and the ‘stratum’ Whinstone on the Northumberland map. These were omitted from Smith's 1815 map. On each map, Armstrong plotted lead mines and coal mines then operating. Smith made use of these, particularly on the Northumberland manuscript map. Armstrong gave names to several features on his Northumberland map, which hinted at some mining activity there. This did not escape Smith’s notice. In 1821 Smith, and his nephew John Phillips, began a fresh survey of northern England for the county maps that would form part VI of Smith’s New Geological Atlas. Some information was carried over from the early manuscript maps to later manuscript maps, for which the topographic county maps by John Cary were the base maps. This included some of the geological information that Armstrong had printed.

Geomorphology, Three-Dimensional Geology, and Seismologic Hazards of the New Madrid Seismic Zone in Dyer County, Tennessee

ABSTRACTGeomorphic and three-dimensional geologic mapping reveals two major fault systems of the seismically active Reelfoot rift pass beneath Dyer County in northwestern Tennessee, the Reelfoot South fault, and the east-bounding faults of the Reelfoot rift. The Dyer County mapping also indicates that the two principal Reelfoot South fault hanging wall structures, the Lake County uplift and Tiptonville dome, pass beneath the county. Quaternary displacement was identified on southeastern Reelfoot rift margin faults in Dyer County, thus indicating that this rift margin has been active during the Quaternary from adjacent Obion County through Dyer County to Lauderdale County, Tennessee, for a distance of at least 60 km. The three-dimensional geologic mapping also provides stratigraphic thicknesses of surface sediment and underlying Paleogene and Cretaceous strata that significantly contribute to the estimation of ground motion in the event of a future large New Madrid seismic zone earthquake. The new ground motion maps using the three-dimensional geology of Dyer County are compared to the current U.S. Geological Survey earthquake hazard maps. This comparison reveals generally lower acceleration for buildings less than four stories high and greater acceleration for buildings greater than 10 stories high in the event of a large New Madrid seismic zone earthquake.

Factors associated with naloxone availability and dispensing through Michigan’s pharmacy standing order

ABSTRACT Background Pharmacy standing order policies allow pharmacists to dispense naloxone, thereby increasing access to naloxone. Objectives To describe pharmacy standing order participation and associations of pharmacy and community characteristics that predict naloxone availability and dispensing across eight counties in Michigan. Methods We conducted a telephone survey of 662 standing order pharmacies with a response rate of 81% (n = 539). Pharmacies were linked with census tract-level demographics, overdose fatality rates, and dispensing data. County maps were created to visualize pharmacy locations relative to fatality rates. Regression models analyzed associations between pharmacy type, neighborhood characteristics, fatality rates, and these outcomes: naloxone availability, having ever dispensed naloxone, and counts of naloxone dispensed. Results The prevalence of standing order pharmacies was 54% (n = 662/1231). Maps revealed areas with higher fatality rates had fewer pharmacies participating in the standing order or lacked any pharmacy access. Among standing order pharmacies surveyed, 85% (n = 458/539) had naloxone available and 82% had ever dispensed (n = 333/406). The mean out-of-pocket cost of Narcan® was $127.77 (SD: 23.93). National chains were more likely than regional chains to stock naloxone (AOR = 3.75, 95%CI = 1.77, 7.93) and to have ever dispensed naloxone (AOR 3.02, 95%CI = 1.21,7.57). Higher volume of naloxone dispensed was associated in neighborhoods with greater proportions of public health insurance (IRR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.21, 1.58) and populations under 44 years old (IRR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.04, 1.48). There was no association with neighborhood overdose fatality rates or race in regression models. Conclusion As deaths from the opioid epidemic continue to escalate, efforts to expand naloxone access through greater standing order pharmacy participation are warranted.

New Light on John Rocque: His Career as Artist-Engraver and His Two Great City Maps of London (1746) and Dublin (1756)

ABSTRACT In the context of the sparse documentary evidence for the important mid-eighteenth-century mapmaker John Rocque, this article looks to examine the nature and development of the Huguenot’s professional career through a closer consideration of a broader sampling of his output than has previously been the case. This entails an acknowledgement of the importance of his work as a decorative and topographical engraver, which predates his more famous city and county maps, as well as a sustained consideration of his last great original city plan, An Exact Survey of Dublin. This was Rocque’s only house-by-house city map, one over which he had full control and that is more representative of his map making than the 24-sheet London map for which he is generally more famous. Rocque’s move from estate surveyor to city mapmaker is considered in the light of the previously only partly explored input into the surveying methodology of the London map by the Royal Society’s secretary Peter Davall. Attention is also drawn to two previously unpublished letters by Rocque to his nephew in Mannheim, written the year before Rocque went to Dublin in 1754, and which point to Rocque’s expectations of his own demise.

The Sandhill Crane State: A Naturalist’s Guide to Nebraska

This book includes the locations, descriptions, and points of biological, historical, geological, or paleontological interest of nearly 350 sites in Nebraska, most of which are free to access. Its 53,000 words include accounts of 9 state historical parks, 8 state parks, 2 national forests, 2 national monuments, and 7 national wildlife refuges as well as 181 wildlife management areas, 56 waterfowl production areas, and 54 state recreation areas. It also includes 48 state and county maps, 18 drawings, 33 photographs, and nearly 200 literature citations.

A Nationwide Analysis of Water Scarcity and Cloud Seeding Demand Levels From Analyzing Water Utilization Data, Agricultural Drought Maps, and Local Conditions in China Mainland

AbstractChina has lots of funds, materials, and human resources in cloud seeding operations to help with water shortage problems across the country. But there is little guide about when and where the operations would obtain better benefits. To fill this gap, the modified Water Utilization Level (WUL) map of China mainland was plotted with the acquirable water utilization data on sub‐watershed scales in this study. Then the agricultural drought levels map of different counties were integrated with the modified WUL Map under preset rules to generate an integrated water scarcity map. Lastly, the cloud seeding demand maps of different seasons were drawn by integrating the agricultural drought seasons map of different counties with the integrated water scarcity map and the modified WUL map. Results showed that the middle north of China should have the highest priorities for cloud seeding operations during spring and summer, and some regions at the south during winter and spring, a few scattered regions at the northwest during spring and summer and a few regions at the middle of southeast China during summer and autumn should also have high priorities of cloud seeding operations. This research can help rain enhancement operations to obtain better effects on easing water scarcity problems and deepen the cooperation of water resources department and weather modification department in China. The designed intersecting rules of different maps in this paper also might inspire other relevant researches.

An exploratory model to characterize the vulnerability of coastal buildings to storm surge flooding in Miami-Dade County, Florida

Miami-Dade County is highly susceptible to storm surge flooding. The current Federal Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), used to determine flood insurance rates for buildings, is an excellent resource yet lacks attributes that could provide a finer-resolution of actual vulnerability for building level characteristics from one parcel to the next within the same flood zone. This study developed a novel Storm Surge Building Vulnerability (SSBV) model to provide initial protocols for developing storm surge vulnerability county maps. The model was tested on transversal sections of 1254 buildings selected from Miami Beach, East Little Havana, and Sweetwater. Buildings in the county were determined to be moderately vulnerable to storm surge flooding. High-rises, masonry buildings, and buildings whose first habitable space is elevated above the ground constitute the majority of low and very low vulnerability buildings, but 97% of high and very high vulnerability buildings are between 0 and 2 story tall and three-quarters of these have slab-on-grade finished floor elevation. Our model exposes limitations of FIRM designated hazard zones: buildings within the same zone exhibit different vulnerability characteristics. This indicates the importance of creating initial protocols to consider upgrading flood insurance rate requirement from zonal categories to individual building level.

THE STUDY OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SOIL COVER OF THE AKSHAT RURAL COUNTY OF WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION ON THE BASIS OF GIS TECHNOLOGIES

The rational use and protection of soils in market conditions requires adequate application of new scientific and methodological approaches. One of such systematic-analytical methods of soil cadastre organizations is a combination of traditional terrestrial methods with technologies of geoinformation systems (GIS) based on extensive use of satellite images in different resolutions. The aggregate of information necessary for mapping soil cover patterns and their quantification has been described in GIS databases. Data integration has been realized through the spatial and attributive component in the form of: the results of topographic and thematic maps. At the same time, the creation of attributive GIS databases involves the digitization of thematic maps tied into a single cartographic projection (as a topographic map with a scale of 1: 50 000). As a result of the study, thematic maps and attributive databases of GIS of soils were formed. As a result of research, based on GIS technology, a digital soil map of the Akshat rural county of the Chingirlau district of the West Kazakhstan region has been developed using the ArcGIS software product.

Real-time, interactive website for US-county-level COVID-19 event risk assessment.

Large events and gatherings, particularly those taking place indoors, have been linked to multitransmission events that have accelerated the pandemic spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To provide real-time, geolocalized risk information, we developed an interactive online dashboard that estimates the risk that at least one individual with SARS-CoV-2 is present in gatherings of different sizes in the United States. The website combines documented case reports at the county level with ascertainment bias information obtained via population-wide serological surveys to estimate real-time circulating, per-capita infection rates. These rates are updated daily as a means to visualize the risk associated with gatherings, including county maps and state-level plots. The website provides data-driven information to help individuals and policy makers make prudent decisions (for example, increasing mask-wearing compliance and avoiding larger gatherings) that could help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in hard-hit regions.

A New History of Kentucky by James C. Klotter and Craig Thompson Friend

Reviewed by: A New History of Kentuckyby James C. Klotter and Craig Thompson Friend A. Glenn Crothers (bio) A New History of Kentucky, 2nded. By James C. Klotter and Craig Thompson Friend. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2018. Pp. xviii, 563. $44.95 cloth) Kentucky has not lacked in histories of the state. As early as 1874 Richard H. Collins published his two-volume A History of Kentucky, a chronicle of data about the state to that date. Numerous state histories followed in Collins's wake, including William Elsey Connelly and E. Merton Coulter's 1922 five-volume treatment, Temple Bodley and Samuel M. Wilson's 1928 four-volume effort, Thomas D. Clark's lengthy one-volume history, first published in 1937, and Steven Channing's more accessible 1977 survey. The 1997 publication of Lowell H. Harrison and James C. Klotter's A New History of Kentuckynonetheless represented a significant historiographical moment, providing readers a comprehensive overview of the state's history by two of its most respected historians. In the twenty years since, however, historians of Kentucky were busy and the second edition of A New History of Kentucky, with Craig Thompson Friend taking on the years before 1865 (Harrison passed away in 2011) and Klotter covering the years thereafter, offers readers a text that reflects both recent scholarship and brings the story up to the twenty-first century (though a county map, which appeared in the front endpaper of the first edition, is oddly omitted). In accessible prose, Friend and Klotter's text recounts Kentucky's history from its earliest Native American residents to the election of Republican Governor Matt Bevin in 2015. Friend's portion of A New History of Kentucky—the first nine chapters—constitutes more than a revision of the fourteen chapters Harrison contributed to the first edition. Though he covers the same time period, Friend has reorganized, rethought, and re-contextualized the material, in the process offering a fresh and much needed [End Page 317]reinterpretation of early Kentucky history. Though politics remains a primary concern, Friend's portion of the text reflects the way historians broadened their approach to studying the past, making the histories they tell richer and more inclusive. This change is apparent from the opening pages of A New History of Kentucky, where Friend includes an account of the first settlement of the state by Indigenous peoples and the ways Native American societies changed in the centuries before Europeans invaded (rather than explored) the region. Likewise, and again reflecting recent scholarship, Friend reframes eighteenth-century Kentucky as a "middle ground," a place where a diverse range of humans mingled, worked, disagreed, and figured "out how to live with each other," rather than as a "frontier" in which "uncivilized" Native Americans retreated before European invaders (pp. 18–19). Including the Indigenous perspective enables Friend to present the violence in the early Ohio Valley from the Seven Years' War through the War of 1812 as a product of Native American efforts to retain their homeland. Friend's narrative also emphasizes how changing concepts of gender—both femininity and masculinity—and honor shaped the cultural, military, and political life of early and antebellum Kentucky. Gender, Friend reveals, influenced everything from the military tactics employed by early Kentuckians, to the expectations, limitations, and life trajectories of frontier and antebellum women, to the decisions and appeals of politicians (including their propensity for violence). Friend also includes useful discussions of the increasing refinement of antebellum Kentucky society, the influence of romanticism on the state, and the importance of religious revivalism. Equally important, Friend emphasizes the significance of slavery in Kentucky from the earliest days of European settlement and the experience and resistance of enslaved people. He rejects the canard—repeated by generations of state historians—that slavery was somehow more "mild" in Upper South states like Kentucky (p. 125). "Slavery," Friend emphatically states, "was a brutal system" that denied the humanity of its victims and subjected them to lives of unremitting toil and frequent violence (p. 123). The destruction of Black families as a [End Page 318]result of the growing interstate slave trade—before the system's demise slaveholders forcibly removed over...

LATE REVISIONS TO WILLIAM SMITH'S 1815 MAP IN THE VICINITY OF CANONBIE AND BEWCASTLE IN THE BORDERLANDS

ABSTRACT Map Y is one of a small number of copies of William Smith's 1815 map A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with Part of Scotland that are now known to have been made after he was awarded the Wollaston Medal in 1831. These copies therefore postdated the publication of his reduced scale version of the great map in 1820, and of his four county maps of northern England in 1824. Map Y made changes to the strata on the English side of the Border from how they had been portrayed on all earlier copies of the 1815 map. Changes of outcrops were made between the colliery village of Canon-bie, just inside Scotland, and the hamlet of Bewcastle, ten miles across the Border in Cumberland. The addition of geological contact lines to Map Y for these added outcrops are evidence of transferring information from the county map to Map Y. Changes made to Map Y in Northumberland provide clues for copying from the northern county maps, but firm evidence of that having happened is harder to find in that neighbouring county.

Understanding geographic variations of indoor radon potential for comprehensive cancer control planning.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of U.S. cancer deaths and radon is the second leading risk factor for lung cancer. By better understanding geologic variations of radon production in states, comprehensive cancer control efforts could be improved. The study purpose was to assess states with the greatest potential for elevated radon and the likelihood of radon-related actions in National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program (NCCCP) awardee cancer plans. Two state-level variables were derived to approximate potential for elevated radon using the Environmental Protection Agency county map and the 2015 U.S. Census. The association between radon potential and inclusion of radon activity within cancer plans was evaluated using logistic regression. Fifty-one percent of cancer plans recognized an association between radon and cancer risk, and included measurable radon activities. Most states with high radon potential included radon activity in cancer plans. Both measures of radon potential were significantly associated with NCCCP cancer plans including radon activity. Geospatial analyses help to prioritize radon-related lung cancer activities. In areas with high potential for radon exposure, increasing knowledge about potential for radon exposure may result in increased radon testing, mitigation, or other radon reducing strategies, and ultimately reduction of lung cancer deaths.

A földrajzi tájak tipizálása európai kitekintéssel

Although the classification of geographical landscapes is an important field of landscape science, an accepted method concerning how to carry it out exactly does not exist. The traditional definitions of landscape types have focused on relief, natural vegetation, and landuse, though nowadays the focus has shifted increasingly to landcover, which can be classified according to remote sensing data. The traditional school of landscape classification appeared in German and Russian geography more than a hundred years ago, as well as in other European countries with a large territiory, where practically no detailed landscape-type map existed (France for example). There is a strong incentive at the EU-level to elaborate a general landscape classification and mapping system, which would be useful when checking agricultural subsidies in the member countries.This paper presents a European survey of the methods of landscape classification in different countries, with special attention to landscape-type maps of the neighbouring countries in the Carpathian Basin. We present here a new and detailed landscape-type map of the Northern Serbian county of Vojvodina. The landscape definitions and maps on the two sides of the Hungarian border (along the entire Hungarian border) are almost completely incompatible with each other, hence it is a necessary and very urgent professional task to elaborate a general landscape-type map of the Carpathian Basin. In the field of the historical landscape classification of the Carpathian Basin the situation is better, as we have a map referring to the landscape from approximately 900 AD and another one from the period between 1200 and 1600 AD. An important conclusion of the paper is that traditional descriptions of landscape types are suitable for a general survey but not for practical purposes such as landscape planning, landscape protection, or tourism geography.For these purposes more elaborate special classification methods are a must.

WILLIAM CAMDEN, SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ATLASES OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND THE PRINTING OF ANGLO-SAXON

The sixth edition of Camden’s Britannia was published in 1607 with over fifty county maps printed from engraved plates. It was a pioneering work. In 1611, John Speed published his Theatre of The Empire of Great Britaine, again with over fifty county maps, many of them engraved by Jodocus Hondius from Amsterdam, and with an abridged version of Camden’s text. These books established a model that was followed later in Amsterdam itself in the great atlases of Blaeu and Janssonius. One of the ways Camden sought to augment the authority of his work was by using Anglo-Saxon types in his text for county names and the occasional passage in Anglo-Saxon (Old English). As the practice persisted, the progress of these type-designs is examined in relation to the development of the atlases. While Hondius’ map-making skills were imported to add to the English text, when the English text was brought to Amsterdam to add to the Dutch maps, the Dutch printers had to use their own skills to reproduce the Anglo-Saxon characters.

A Study on the Types of Old Map on Jeju Island River Channel in 17~18th Century

이 연구는 17~18세기의 제주도 고지도의 하천 유로와 지명을 통하여 지도 계열을 분석하고, 지방 지도에 수록된 지리 정보가 군현지도에 어떻게 반영되었는지를 파악하고자 하였다. 분석 결과 지도는 3계열의 유형으로 분류됨을 확인하였다. 첫째 유형인 「탐라도」계열의 지도 하천 유로가 13곳이 그려져 있으나 지명은 전혀 기재되어 있지 않은 유형이다. 이중 「한라장촉」은 목판본 「탐라도」를 저본으로 그려졌다. 회화식 군현지도인 『해동지도』의 「삼현도2」와 1리방안지도인 『여지도』는 「탐라도」의 내용을 바탕으로 하였고 읍치 일대를 보완한 것이다. 둘째 유형인「탐라지도병서」계열은 하천 지리정보가 가장 상세하게 묘사된 유형이다. 지도별로 유로 형태와 수록 지명에서 차이가 나타나고 있으나, 「병서」를 바탕으로 지리 정보를 수정하여 제작된 지도로 보인다. 이 계열 지도 중 「삼현도2」는 「병서」를 모사한 것이다. 셋째 유형인 「좌표도」계열은 방안위에 그려진 지도이다. 초기 지도는 지방지도 위에 10리 방안이 그려졌다. 이에 반해 20리 방안에 그려진 『지도』는 북쪽으로 정치되면서 지리정보가 재구성되어 지방 지도와 내용상 많은 차이를 보인다.This study is to analyze the types of old maps of Jeju Island in the 17~18th century by comparing river channel and geographical names for understanding how local maps influenced the county maps edited by central government. As a result, three types of maps were identified. On the type of 「Tamnado(耽羅圖)」, 13 river channels were described but place names were not written at all. The manuscriptal 「Halla-jangchok(漢拏壯囑)」, 「Samhyeondo2(三縣圖2)」and map of Jeju in the atlas of county map were produced on the base of 「Tamnado」 (woodblock edition). In the maps included in atlas, contents of fortress were supplemented. In the type of 「Tamnajido-byeongseo(耽羅地圖竝書)」relatively detailed geographic information was described. With commonalities, there are partial differences in river channel and place names. These differences are the result of revising and supplementing the geographical information. Within maps in this type, manuscriptal 「Samhyeondo1 (三縣圖1)」is a copy of 「Tamnajido-byeongseo」(woodblock edition). A type of coordinate map is drawn on a regular grid system. On the initial map, 「Tamna-jwapyodo(耽羅座標圖)」10-ri grid was drawn based on the local map. But on the map in 『Jido』atlas, the 20-ri grid system was used and geographical information was reconstructed with re-orientation of map. The geographic information on this map became the basis for the large scale whole maps in the 19th century.

Overlapping geographic clusters of food security and health: Where do social determinants and health outcomes converge in the U.S?

We identified overlapping geographic clusters of food insecurity and health across U.S. counties to identify potential shared mechanisms for geographic disparities in health and food insecurity. By analyzing health variables compiled as part of the 2014 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation County Health Rankings, we constructed four health indices and compared their spatial patterns to spatial patterns found in food insecurity data obtained from 2014 Feeding America's County Map the Meal Gap data. Clusters of low and high food security that overlapped with clusters of good or poor health were identified using Local Moran's I statistics. Next, multinomial logistic regressions were estimated to identify sociodemographic, urban/rural, and economic correlates of counties lying within overlapping clusters. In general, poor health and high food insecurity clusters, “unfavorable cluster overlaps”, were present in the Mississippi Delta, Black Belt, Appalachia, and Alaska. Overlapping good health and low food insecurity clusters, “favorable cluster overlaps”, were less common and located in the Corn Belt and New England. Counties with higher black populations and higher poverty were associated with an increased likelihood of lying within overlapping clusters of poor health and high food insecurity. Generally consistent patterns in spatial overlaps between food security and health indicate potential for shared causal mechanisms. Identified regions and county-level characteristics associated with being located inside of overlapping clusters may be used in future place-based intervention and policy.

Political Geography of the South: A Spatial Analysis of the 2008 Presidential Election

The region identified as the "South" arguably has been and continues to be the most politically interesting and analyzed region in the United States. Using election results and county maps of the eleven southern states, this study provides a spatial analysis of the counties in this region. Through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this study analyzes the 2008 presidential election using counties as the unit of analysis within these states. This exploratory study will provide data as to which candidate won each county as well as a "landslide" county map that denotes counties that supported a candidate by a margin of twenty percent or more. This study will also investigate the difference in county-level voting between the 2004 and 2008 election to see how the preferences of the electorates changed. Finally, a contextual analysis, using data gathered from the United States Census Bureau will identify county population demographics that help explain voting behavior as well as the change in vote between 2004 and 2008.

THE SOCIETY OF ARTS MAP AWARDS AND THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF GEOLOGICAL MAPPING

The Society of Arts, recognising the inadequate state of mapping in Britain, introduced an award in 1759 to encourage the accurate survey and production of county maps at a ‘large’ scale of one inch to one mile (1:63,360) by private individuals. From 1761 to 1809, thirteen awards were made. By 1800 nearly all of England and Lowland Scotland and a third of Wales were mapped by the private enterprise of surveyors, cartographers and publishers before the publication in 1801 of the first Ordnance Survey map at an inch to the mile, of Kent. The role of the Society of Arts awards scheme, in the general rush to produce accurate large scale maps of England and Wales is appraised. Manuscript field maps by William Smith and Adam Sedgwick on SA prize-winning county one inch scale maps for their geological work and a completed example of one inch geological mapping by Arthur Aikin are examined. No geological mapping was published on one-inch county maps, but smaller scale reductions were. Less than a third of published large scale county maps won awards and more than half were published without reference to the Society of Arts; however, the rate of progress of survey and publishing suggests that the Society of Arts awards scheme accelerated the trend to produce one inch mapping in England. In the process, the modest accuracy and lack of standardisation demonstrated the need for government intervention. The Ordnance Trigonometric Survey was the government's response in 1791 to produce a rigorous national triangulation and a consistent high standard of national mapping. Published one-inch geological mapping waited until the Ordnance Survey initiated geological mapping in the 1830s. The Society of Arts offered awards for small scale mineralogical maps in 1803; William Smith's 1815 geological map won the award for England and Wales.