Many Women Of Childbearing Age Research Articles

Full title: “Hopes, worries and expectations” experiences of pregnancy with inflammatory bowel disease: An interpretative phenomenological analysis study.

Background and AimsInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects many women of childbearing age. High levels of voluntary childlessness and high levels of pregnancy-related fears have been reported amongst these patients in several quantitative studies. We investigated the lived experiences of pregnant patients to better understand decision-making processes around family planning. MethodsNine participants between 7 and 34 weeks pregnant (6 Crohn’s Disease/3 Ulcerative Colitis), with an age range of 22 – 39 were recruited prospectively from three United Kingdom hospitals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and audio recorded. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to interpret the data. ResultsTwo main themes emerged: 1) IBD is perceived as a threat to family planning; and 2) healthcare professional advice, support, and reassurance was important. IBD was viewed as a potential threat to fertility and reproductive health. Consequently, women’s lived experience of pregnancy is shaped by anxiety and pregnancy-related worries for mother and baby. Mothers actively sought out expert medical assurances to alleviate some of the perceived fears. ConclusionPrevious research has repeatedly found that women with IBD exhibit high levels of pregnancy-related worries and anxieties. Our findings find that high levels of anxiety are due to patients’ perceptions that IBD is a threat to their reproductive health and their offspring. Women relied on a medicalized discourse to understand their IBD experiences during pregnancy and actively sought biomedical resources for assistance before and during pregnancy. Consultants should be aware that when dealing with pregnant patients, some women may experience anxiety and require extra support.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF WUS ABOUT HIGH RISK IN PREGNANCY

Background: Every pregnant woman has the potential for danger during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Until now, in all parts of the world, high-risk pregnancies are still a problem in health services, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia, the MMR decreased during the period 1991-2015 from 390 to 305 per 100,000 live births. However, this achievement is still far from the MDGs target of 102 per 100,000 live births. Until 2015 the target of the MDGs has not been achieved. While the target for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the MMR target is 70 per 100,000 live births in 2030. In relation to high-risk pregnancies, at the Kramatwatu Health Center there were 739 high-risk pregnancies found in 2021, while in the village of Pejaten, there are still many women of childbearing age who are pregnant or give birth at a risky age of 83. From these conditions, complications can result from high-risk pregnancies such as miscarriage, premature birth, genetic disorders and death. This can occur due to lack of knowledge about highrisk pregnancies. This research method is descriptive research with cross sectional or cross sectional design. This research was conducted in Pejaten Village, Kramatwatu Serang Banten. The research sample was taken by purposive sampling. Primary data collection was carried out using a questionnaire containing 25 questions filled out by respondents. In addition, the research output will be published in the Poltekkes journal (Jurnal of Applied Health). More than half (58.3%) of respondents still have less knowledge about high risk in pregnancy. Factors Age, education, occupation, history of pregnancy and sources of information related to the level of knowledge of wus about high risk in pregnancy. This research can help provide information to develop new strategies that are more appropriate in an effort to reduce high risk in pregnancy in the Kramatwatu Health Center area, especially in Pejaten village.

Analysis Of Knowledge Of Women Aged (15-49 Years) About Personal Hygien And The Incident Of Vucility In The Krian Health Center Area Sidoarjo

The high rate of vaginal discharge in the Krian Sidoarjo Community Health Center area is because many women of childbearing age do not know about vaginal discharge so they consider vaginal discharge as something normal and trivial. In addition, the feeling of shame when women experience vaginal discharge often makes these women reluctant to consult a doctor. This research aims to analyze the knowledge of women aged 15-49 years about personal hygiene and the incidence of vaginal discharge in the Krian Sidoarjo Community Health Center area. Research uses analytical methods with a cross sectional approach . The sample used a sampling technique with a stratified random sampling method, namely 98 samples from a total population of women of childbearing age (15-49 years) of 4870 people. This research uses a questionnaire instrument and data analysis uses the Chi Square test. The research results based on the Chi Square test show that the statistical test results obtained a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001, which indicates that the value is smaller than 0.05 so that the p value is < α (0.05), so H1 is accepted. From this research there is a relationship between the knowledge of women aged 15-49 years about personal hygiene and the incidence of vaginal discharge in the Krian Sidoarjo health center area .

A minority of women of childbearing potential are tested for pregnancy before chemoimmunotherapy: an Australian cancer centre experience.

Chemotherapy is potentially harmful to a developing foetus, and there are limited data on the foetal impact of chemoimmunotherapy (CIT). Therefore, determining pregnancy status prior to initiation of CIT should be standard of care. To determine how many women of childbearing age are tested for pregnancy prior to immunochemotherapy administration. A retrospective chart review at a large Australian metropolitan cancer referral centre, including 304 women aged 18-51 years with a diagnosis of cancer receiving outpatient-based CIT between 1 May 2015 and 12 June 2020. We assessed the uptake of pregnancy screening and contraception counselling prior to and during first-line CIT. Only 17.3% of CIT cycles (n = 416) screened patients for pregnancy no more than 90 days prior to administration, and the median time between pregnancy screening and treatment was approximately 3 weeks. One patient with early breast cancer had a spontaneous miscarriage estimated at 3-4 weeks' gestation, and neither the patient nor the treating oncologist was aware of this event. This was also the only patient who had a pregnancy test beyond the first cycle of CIT during their treatment. Our results highlight a concerningly low rate of pregnancy screening in women of childbearing age receiving CIT. The implication of missing a positive pregnancy test in this group of women could result in foetal complications, accidental miscarriage, potential bleeding risks and avoidable psychosocial stress. This highlights the urgent need for guidelines to mandate pregnancy testing in women of childbearing age receiving CIT and evidence-based implementation tools.

Modulation of GABA by sodium butyrate ameliorates hypothalamic inflammation in experimental model of PCOS

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a known endocrine disorder that has affected many women of childbearing age, and is accompanied by various neurodegenerative conditions. Hence, this study investigates the impact of butyrate in reversing hypothalamic-related disorder, possibly through γ aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a rat model of PCOS. Eight-week-old female Wistar rats were allotted into four groups (n = 5), which include control, butyrate, letrozole, and letrozole + butyrate groups. PCOS was induced by administering 1 mg/kg of letrozole (oral gavage) for 21 days. After confirmation of PCOS, 200 mg/kg of butyrate (oral gavage) was administered for 6 weeks. Rats with PCOS were characterized by elevated levels of plasma insulin and testosterone. Increases in plasma and hypothalamic triglyceride levels, inflammatory biomarker (SDF-1), apoptotic marker (caspase-6), and decreased plasma GnRH were observed. Additionally, a decrease in hypothalamic GABA was revealed. Nevertheless, the administration of butyrate attenuated these alterations. The present study suggests that butyrate ameliorates hypothalamic inflammation in an experimental model of PCOS, a beneficial effect that is accompanied by enhanced GABA production.

Experience of Women of Reproductive Age in Overcoming Physiological and Pathological Leucorrhoea (Fluor albus)

Introduction: Leucorrhoea is divided into two, namely physiological vaginal discharge and pathological vaginal discharge. About 90% of women in Indonesia have the potential to experience vaginal discharge because Indonesia is a region with a tropical climate, so that fungi easily develop which results in many cases of vaginal discharge. Many women of childbearing age lack knowledge about vaginal discharge, either physiologically or pathologically. They often think that vaginal discharge is a normal thing to experience, and apart from being embarrassed to experience vaginal discharge, women of childbearing age feel uncomfortable having to see a health professional. Research Objectives: This study aims to explore the experiences of women of childbearing age (WUS) in dealing with physiological and pathological vaginal discharge (fluor albus). Method: This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Participants amounted to five people. Results: Data collection used in-depth interviews and data analysis using the Colaizzi technique. This study identified two themes, namely: 1) Physical and psychological complaints of vaginal discharge, 2) Efforts and effectiveness in overcoming vaginal discharge. Conclusion: there are differences in physical and psychological complaints experienced by participants who experience physiological and pathological vaginal discharge. How to deal with physiological vaginal discharge only requires natural medicines without medical drugs, while pathological vaginal discharge is not enough with natural medicines and requires medical treatment.

Knowledge Analysis of Women of Childbearing Age (15-49 Years) about Personality Hygiene with the Incident of Vaginal Discharge in the Krian Sidoarjo Health Center Area

The high rate of vaginal discharge in the Krian Sidoarjo Health Center area is due to the fact that many women of childbearing age do not know about vaginal discharge, so they perceive vaginal discharge as something that is normal and trivial, besides that the feeling of embarrassment when women experience vaginal discharge often makes these women reluctant to consult a doctor. This study aims to analyze the knowledge of youth aged 15-49 years about personal hygiene with the incidence of vaginal discharge in the Krian Sidoarjo Health Center area. Research using analytical methods with the approach cross sectional. The sample used a sampling technique with stratified random sampling method, namely 98 samples from a total population of women of childbearing age (15-49 years) of 4870 people. This study used a questionnaire as an instrument and data analysis used a test Who Square.

Obstetric Considerations in Pregnant Women with Crohn's Disease.

Crohn's disease affects many women of childbearing age. Fecundity rates are often lower than in the general population due to reduced fertility during active inflammation, effects of pelvic surgery or voluntary childlessness. Many women have concerns regarding the effects of pregnancy on their Crohn's, any potential effect of medication on the fetus, and passing on Crohn's disease to the offspring. International guidelines on reproduction for women with Crohn's disease provide evidence-based advice to patients and health care professionals. There is an increasing literature on the safety of advanced medication for Crohn's disease during pregnancy. This review article therefore focuses on obstetric considerations beyond medication safety. We provide information on fertility, factors affecting pregnancy and fetal outcomes, obstetric complications, factors influencing mode of delivery, management of intestinal stomas during pregnancy and general considerations around breast feeding.

Metabolic Interaction Between Folate, Vitamin B12, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy.

Fetal growth and development are influenced by maternal nutrition and gestational weight gain. Adequate intake of nutrients such as folate, vitamin B12, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for healthy fetal and placental development. Many countries havea national flour fortification program with folic acid (FA), together with pre-pregnancy supplementation of FA (400μg/day) during the first trimester of pregnancy. The latter has been recommended by the WHO and adapted to local requirements by perinatal guidelines. On the other hand, in population studies, many women of childbearing age have vitamin B12 deficiency (<148pmol/L), which can be additionally masked by high FA intake and maternal pregestational obesity. Under these conditions, these patients could be having pregnancies in a folate/vitamin B12 imbalance, which is associated with higher adiposity, insulin resistance, altered lipid metabolism, and low DHA levels in their offspring. However, if these neonatal consequences of maternal pregestational obesityand folate/vitamin B12 imbalance can be reverted by DHA supplementation during pregnancy has not been addressed. This chapter reviews the literature and exposes the current gaps in knowledge and challenges in maternal nutrition with a life-course perspective.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF WUS ABOUT HIGH RISK IN PREGNANCY

Background: Every pregnant woman has the potential for danger during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Until now, in all parts of the world, high-risk pregnancies are still a problem in health services, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia, the MMR decreased during the period 1991-2015 from 390 to 305 per 100,000 live births. However, this achievement is still far from the MDGs target of 102 per 100,000 live births. Until 2015 the target of the MDGs has not been achieved. While the target for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the MMR target is 70 per 100,000 live births in 2030. In relation to high-risk pregnancies, at the Kramatwatu Health Center there were 739 high-risk pregnancies found in 2021, while in the village of Pejaten, there are still many women of childbearing age who are pregnant or give birth at a risky age of 83. From these conditions, complications can result from high-risk pregnancies such as miscarriage, premature birth, genetic disorders and death. This can occur due to lack of knowledge about high-risk pregnancies. This research method is descriptive research with cross sectional or cross sectional design. This research was conducted in Pejaten Village, Kramatwatu Serang Banten. The research sample was taken by purposive sampling. Primary data collection was carried out using a questionnaire containing 25 questions filled out by respondents. In addition, the research output will be published in the Poltekkes journal (Jurnal of Applied Health). More than half (58.3%) of respondents still have less knowledge about high risk in pregnancy. Factors Age, education, occupation, history of pregnancy and sources of information related to the level of knowledge of wus about high risk in pregnancy.&#x0D; This research can help provide information to develop new strategies that are more appropriate in an effort to reduce high risk in pregnancy in the Kramatwatu Health Center area, especially in Pejaten village.

Pengetahuan dengan Motivasi Wanita Usia Subur (WUS) tentang Vulva Hygienen terhadap Pencegahan Keputihan

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the knowledge and motivation of women of childbearing age regarding vulva hygiene to prevent leucorrhoea. The method used is quantitative with a cross-sectional research design. The sampling technique was done using simple random sampling and data analysis using the chi-square test. The results showed that many women of childbearing age experienced leucorrhoea, knowledge was relatively low and motivation was low. In conclusion, there is no significant relationship between the knowledge and motivation of women of childbearing age about vulva hygiene to prevent leucorrhoea. &#x0D; Keywords: Leucorrhoea, Vulva Hygiene, Women of Reproductive Age

The Relationship between Covid-19 Pandemic Anxiety and Expenditures for Postpartum Mother's Breastfeeding at the Air Joman Baru Sub-Health Center, Air Joman District, Asahan Regency Year 2021

Many women of childbearing age (WUS) think that breast milk (ASI) is the best food for babies. The smoothness of breastfeeding is strongly influenced by psychological factors, one of which is anxiety due to the co-19 pandemic. This study aims to find out how the Anxiety of the Covid-19 Pandemic is related to the Expenditure of Breast Milk for Postpartum Mothers at the Air Joman Baru Sub-Health Center, Air Joman District, Asahan Regency in 2021. This research is a descriptive correlation study with a cross sectional approach. This research was carried out from 11 July 2021 to 24 July 2021. The population was 37 people. Sampling used total sampling with a total sample of 37 people, the research instrument used a questionnaire and data analysis with the chi-square test. The results of the study found that Covid-19 Pandemic Anxiety was in the anxious category, the majority of Postpartum Mothers' ASI expenditure was small. Based on the results of the chi-square test, it was found that there was a relationship between Covid-19 pandemic anxiety and breastfeeding for postpartum mothers at the Air Joman Baru Auxiliary Health Center, Air Joman District, Asahan Regency in 2021. The conclusion in this study is that there is a relationship between Covid-19 pandemic anxiety and postpartum mother's milk expenditure. Suggestions in this research are the Air Joman Baru Sub-district Health Center, Air Joman District, Asahan Regency, to conduct a psychological assessment of postpartum mothers during visits to the Health Center to maximize health services with special indicators for mother's milk production.

Pregnancy and Childbirth in Women With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Background Idiopathic intracranial hypertension affects many women of childbearing age. However, the literature is sparse regarding pregnancy outcomes for these women. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between pregnancy outcomes in patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Methodology The TriNetX Research Network database was used to query 57 healthcare organizations for patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension while pregnant (cohort 1) versus those who were pregnant without idiopathic intracranial hypertension (cohort 2). Cohorts were propensity-score matched for confounders related to pregnancy outcomes. The primary outcomes of interest were ectopic or molar pregnancy, cesarean section, abortion, preterm labor, depression, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, and mortality. Chi-square analysis and logistic analysis were used on categorical variables. Results Ectopic/molar pregnancy was seen in 106 (1.75%) versus 117 (1.93%) (odds ratio (OR) 0.904, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.694, 1.179), p = 0.4572) patients in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. Cesarean section was seen in 785 (12.94%) versus 886 (14.59%) (OR 0.869, 95% CI (0.784, 0.964), p = 0.0078) patients, abortion in 536 (8.83%) versus 682 (11.24%) (OR 0.765, 95% CI (0.679, 0.862), p < 0.0001), preterm labor in 498 (8.206%) versus 668 (11.01%) (OR 0.723, 95% CI (0.640, 0.816), p < 0.0001), depression in 1,057 (17.42%) versus 1,061 (17.48%) (OR 0.995, 95% CI (0.906, 1.093), p = 0.9238), and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in 501 (8.26%) versus 492 (8.11%) (OR 0.1.02, 95% CI (0.896, 1.161), p = 0.7657). Mortality was seen in 68 patients in cohort 1 versus 13 patients in cohort 2 (OR 5.279, 95% CI (2.913, 9.564), p < 0.0001). Conclusions This retrospective study examined pregnancy outcomes for pregnant women with a diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension do not have an increase in rates of abortion, ectopic/molar pregnancy, cesarean section, preterm labor, or depression when compared to women without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The mortality rate was higher in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension cohort, but still very low. This study demonstrates that pregnancy is generally well tolerated in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension population.

Preferences for seafood consumption advice in pregnant American women

Many women of childbearing age, and pregnant and nursing women in particular, do not consume enough seafood to derive optimal health benefits for themselves and their children. We sought to identify how seafood consumption advice could be designed to encourage pregnant women to eat recommended amounts of seafood. In three focus groups with pregnant or recently pregnant American women, we examined reactions to three aspects of seafood consumption advice. First, we found focus group participants preferred gain-framed statements emphasizing benefits of taking action vs. loss-framed statements emphasizing costs of failing to take action. Many participants indicated the gain-framed statements would encourage them to eat seafood and increase their consumption. Second, we compared responses to a recommendation to eat seafood and a recommendation to eat lower mercury seafood because fear of mercury is a known barrier to seafood consumption by pregnant women. We found no clear preference in our focus groups for either message, suggesting potential value of both messages in communication. Lastly, we examined preferences for systems of categorizing seafood into different consumption categories where the number of categories and the number of species listed in each category varied. We found shorter, dichotomous lists of species to eat and avoid were preferred by some participants for their clarity and ease of use. Longer, more comprehensive lists with additional species and consumption categories (e.g., eat once a week), however, were preferred by many participants because they provided more options and were more likely to be used as a reference. These findings suggest using a layered approach to communication might be helpful by providing short, dichotomous lists of best seafood to eat and seafood to be avoided followed by a link to a longer, more complete list of recommended seafood to be eaten and seafood that should be avoided.

Histori Of Child Death With Women Fertility Of Childbearing Age In Bengkulu Province

Background: Fertility in Bengkulu province shows 2.3, although it is lower than the national figure, this figure shows that there are still many women of childbearing age who have more than two children. Meanwhile, the neonatal mortality rate is increasing . The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the history of child mortality and the fertility of women of childbearing age. Method: Quantitative research with a cross sectional design. The data used is secondary data sourced from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2017, focusing on the childbearing age with a total sample of 274 people meeting the criteria. The location chosen is Bengkulu province. Data analysis was carried out by univariate and bivariate (chi square).Results: most of the respondents had 2 children (65.6%) and had no history of child mortality (90.2%). There is a relationship between Child Mortality History and fertility of urban age women. Conclusion: Age fertility in suburban Bengkulu province affects the history of child mortality.

The challenge in diagnosing abdominal wall endometriosis; a series of three cases.

IntroductionAbdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) is an understudied entity in which many women of childbearing age who have undergone pelvic obstetric surgeries suffer. In this series, we will present three cases of AWE and discuss the diagnostic challenge in this uncommon disease.Presentation of casesThese case series describe the different presentations of the entity and the various methods of diagnosing them. Many other reviews have discussed the possible preventative methods to decrease the chances of developing abdominal wall endometrioma.DiscussionWomen of childbearing age, with a previous C-section or hysterectomy, who present with chronic abdominal pain and bulging related to their wound should raise the suspicion and further go an abdomen pelvic CT scan at the time of menstruation. Diagnosis of abdominal wall endometriomas is usually delayed, as symptoms are non-specific, cyclical, and slowly progressive. After imaging, the patient must undergo surgical excisional biopsy to have a definitive diagnosis.ConclusionAbdominal wall endometriomas are only visualized on a CT scan during menstruation, increasing the challenge of diagnosing this entity significantly. To minimize the error in diagnosis, a raised suspicion of this pathology is the key to identifying this issue.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Management, and Drug Repurposing.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-gynecology disorder affecting many women of childbearing age. Although a part of the involved mechanism in PCOS occurrence is discovered, the exact etiology and pathophysiology are not comprehensively understood yet. We searched PubMed for PCOS pathogenesis and management in this article and ClinicalTrials.gov for information on repurposed medications. All responsible factors behind PCOS were thoroughly evaluated. Furthermore, the complete information on PCOS commonly prescribed and repurposed medications is summarized through tables. Epigenetics, environmental toxicants, stress, diet as external factors, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity as internal factors were investigated. Lifestyle modifications and complementary and alternative medicines are preferred first-line therapy in many cases. Medications, including 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucose-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, mucolytic agents, and some supplements have supporting data for being repurposed in PCOS. Since there are few completed clinical trials with a low population and mostly without results on PCOS repurposed medications, it would be helpful to do further research and run well-designed clinical trials on this subject. Moreover, understanding more about PCOS would be beneficial to find new medications implying the effect via the novel discovered routes.

Assessment of the nutritional status and dietary intake of women of childbearing age in the city of Comè, Benin.

Introductionover nutrition and undernutrition problems affect many women of childbearing age in Benin. The inadequacy of the diet is the major reason. The objective of this study is to assess their nutritional status and diet in Comè, a city with the highest proportions of adverse neonatal outcomes in the Mono regional department of Benin in 2015.Methodsdata were collected in June 2017 in a cross-sectional survey with a two-stage random sampling of non-pregnant or lactating women aged 15-49 years. Their sociodemographic characteristics, diet and nutritional status were reported and explored through descriptive and bivariate analysis.Resultsthe prevalence of underweight was 9.5% and overweight (overweight and obese) was 31.7%. The dietary diversity score was low for 47.9% of them. Compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances, the energy and protein intakes were insufficient for 78.7% and 11.8% respectively. None of them had an energy-balanced diet according to the energy distribution between macronutrients after normalization of intakes. The contribution of carbohydrates was high in 99.1%, low in 96.2% for fats and adequate in 60.2% for proteins.Conclusionthese results reiterate the importance of developing nutritional interventions to improve the nutritional status and the diet of women of childbearing age in Benin. Periodically national food surveys must be conducted to evaluate their real nutritional intakes and promote better nutrition.

Impact of Th-17 Cytokines on the Regulation of Transporters in Human Placental Explants.

Activated T helper 17 (Th-17) cytokines play a role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and infectious diseases. While these diseases affect many women of childbearing age, little is known about the effect of these cytokines on placental transporters. As several pro-inflammatory cytokines impact the expression of ABC and SLC placental transporters, we hypothesized that these transporters may be similarly altered by elevated levels of circulating Th-17 cytokines. Cultured term human villous explants were treated with IL-17A, IL-22, or IL-23, alone or in combination. Samples were analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The mRNA expression of OATP2B1 was significantly downregulated in explants by all individual cytokines and combination treatments, while decreased protein expression was seen with IL-23 and combination (p < 0.01). Combination treatment decreased the mRNA expression of BCRP and OAT4 but increased that of OCT3 (p < 0.01). Decreased accumulation of the OATP substrate, cascade blue, was seen in IL-23-treated choriocarcinoma JAr cells (p < 0.01). Elevated Th-17 cytokines, which are seen in infectious and autoimmune diseases, affect the expression and activity of OATP2B1, as well as mRNA expression of placental BCRP, OAT4, and OCT3. This dysregulation could impact the fetal exposure to endogenous and exogenous substrates.

Penggunaan KB Pada Wanita Usia Subur

Women of childbearing age are women who enter the age between 15-49 years without taking into account their marital status. Women of childbearing age have reproductive organs that are still functioning properly, making it easier to get a pregnancy, which is between the ages of 20 to 45 years. Injectable contraception has advantages and disadvantages. Lack of injection contraception is disrupted menstruation patterns among which are amenorrhea, menorrhagia, and spots that appear, delay in returning fertility after cessation of use, weight gain. Indonesian and English that meet the PICO and SPIDER criteria Because of the limitations of the article, quantitative studies are used to get a more accurate review. Based on the analysis of the journal there are nursing implications that have been compared from the 10 journal opinions of researchers of many women of childbearing age who diligently exercise and eat healthy foods to maintain a healthy diet to prevent weight gain in women of childbearing age who use KB injections.