Many Types Of Interactions Research Articles

Achieving a near-ideal silicon crystal neutron interferometer using submicrometer fabrication techniques

Perfect-crystal neutron interferometry, which is analogous to Mach-Zehnder interferometry, uses Bragg diffraction to form interfering neutron paths. The measured phase shifts can be used to probe many types of interactions whether it be nuclear, electromagnetic, gravitational, or topological in nature. For a perfect-crystal interferometer to preserve coherence, the crystal must possess a high degree of dimensional tolerance as well as being relatively defect-free with minimal internal stresses. In the past, perfect-crystal neutron interferometers have been produced by a two-step process. First, a resin diamond wheel would be used to remove excess material and shape the interferometer. Afterword, the crystal would be etched to remove surface defects and elevate strains. This process has had limitations in terms of repeatability and in maximizing the final contrast, or fringe visibility, of the interferometer. We have tested various fabrication and post-fabrication techniques on a single perfect-crystal neutron interferometer and measured the interferometer's performance at each step. Here we report a robust, nonetching fabrication process with high final contrast. For the interferometer used in this work, we achieved contrasts of greater than 90% several times and ultimately finished with an interferometer that has 92% contrast and a uniform phase distribution. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

(Invited) Iron Flow Battery with Slurry Electrode for Large Scale Energy Storage: Scale-up, Commercialization, and IP Challenges in an Academic Environment

Large-scale energy storage is required to meet a multitude of current energy challenges. These challenges include modernizing the grid, incorporating intermittent renewable energy sources (so as to dispatch continuous electrical energy), improving the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution, and providing flexibility of storage independent of geographical and geological location.Through efforts supported by ARPA-E and the Department of Energy Office of Electricity, one technology we are developing utilizes an approach based on sustainable, low cost iron electrolytes in an iron flow battery (IFB). Advantages of the IFB include abundant, non-toxic, and non-corrosive materials that are used to provide an energy storage solution that has inherently safe operation and is environmentally friendly. In our approach to the all iron RFB, we introduced a flowing carbon slurry as the negative electrode as a substrate for plating iron during charging allowing storage of the plated iron in a tank external to the stack. This configuration decouples energy and power capacities. The work supported by DOE allowed us to address challenges encountered in scaling up from small laboratory cells to a large commercial size slurry IFB single cell. 1 In this presentation, we will address some of the challenges we encountered for demonstrating the technology within an academic environment in order to position it for commercial development. Even with funding to overcome the valley-of-death and technology-to-market assistance given by ARPA-E, we faced many challenges including hiring expertise to address scale-up, design and testing. We will discuss challenges faced with identifying partners and licensees for moving discovery to product. Also, we will describe the many types of interactions we had with the university Technology Transfer Office including patent disclosure, IP protection, and negotiating licenses. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by ARPA-E contract DE-AR0000352. Partial support also was received from the DOE Office of Electricity Award #1111358,0 under Dr. Imre Gyuk. 1N.S. Sinclair, R.F. Savinell and J.S. Wainright, MRS Energy & Sustainability, 2022; doi: 10.1557/s43581-022-00046-8

Общественно ориентированная деятельность полиции в миротворческих миссиях ООН как модель эффективного сотрудничества полиции и общества

The community-oriented policing within the framework of UN peacekeeping operations was considered in the article. Emphasis is placed on the interaction of the police and civil society institutions in the implementation of the law enforcement function of a rule of law state as one of the necessary conditions for its creation and functioning. In the context of many types of interaction between public authorities and public, the partnership model and the concept of community-oriented policing were singled out separately. The definition of community-oriented policing is given and its constituent elements are considered within the framework of the functioning of the United Nations police in peacekeeping missions on a territory of states with a conflict and post-conflict environment. It is concluded that the mechanisms of interaction between the police and public during the implementation of the UN mandate on the territory of a hosting state have shown their effectiveness and can be used as models for effective cooperation between the police and society in the course of building and functioning of a rule of law state.

The microbiome of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cordatum in laboratory culture and its changes at higher temperatures.

In the ocean, phytoplankton are dependent on communities of bacteria living in the phycosphere, a hot spot of metabolic and genetic exchange. Many types of interactions between phytoplankton and phycosphere bacteria have been shown, but it is unclear if the microbial communities associated with microalgae strains in culture collections are beneficial or harmful to the host strain. Here, we studied the microbial communities associated with four strains of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cordatum that had been isolated from distant geographical locations and maintained in culture collection for hundreds of generations. Community composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The dinoflagellate host strain was the strongest parameter separating communities, while growth phase, lifestyle (particle-attached versus free-living) and temperature had only a modulating effect. Although the strains had been isolated from distant locations in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, 14 ASVs were shared among all strains, the most abundant ones being Gilvibacter, Marivita, uncultivated Rhodobacteraceae, Marinobacter, Hyphomonadaceae, Cupriavidus, Variovorax, and Paucibacter. Adaptation to higher temperatures resulted in specific changes in each phycosphere microbiome, including increased abundance of rare community members. We then compared the growth of the four xenic cultures to that of the axenic P. cordatum CCMP1329. At 20°C, growth of the xenic cultures was similar or slower than that of CCMP1329. At 26°C, all four xenic cultures experienced a death phase, while the axenic culture stably remained in the stationary phase. At 30°C, only two of the xenic cultures were able to grow. A shift of dinoflagellate metabolism from autotrophy to mixotrophy and competition between dinoflagellate and bacteria for limiting nutrients, including essential vitamins, may contribute to these differences in growth patterns.

Exo-Enzymatic Cell-Surface Glycan Labeling for Capturing Glycan-Protein Interactions through Photo-Cross-Linking.

Tools to interrogate glycoconjugate-protein interactions in the context of living cells are highly attractive for the identification of critically important functional binding partners of glycan-binding proteins. These interactions are challenging to study due to the low affinity and rapid dissociation rates of glycan-protein binding events. The use of photo-cross-linkers to capture glycan-protein interaction complexes has shown great promise for identifying binding partners involved in these interactions. Current methodologies use metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) to incorporate photo-cross-linking sugars. However, these MOE strategies are not amenable to all cell types and can result in low incorporation and cell-surface display of the photo-cross-linking probe, limiting their utility for studying many types of interactions. We describe here an exo-enzymatic strategy for selectively introducing photo-cross-linking probes into cell-surface glycoconjugates using the recombinant human sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 and a diazirine-linked CMP-Neu5Ac derivative. Probe introduction is highly efficient, amenable to different cell types, and resulted in improved cross-linking when compared to MOE. This exo-enzymatic labeling approach can selectively introduce the photo-cross-linking sugar onto specific glycan epitopes and subclasses by harnessing the specificity of the sialyltransferase employed, underscoring its potential as a tool to interrogate and identify glycoconjugate ligands for diverse glycan-binding proteins.

Anti-COVID-19 activity of some benzofused 1,2,3-triazolesulfonamide hybrids using in silico and in vitro analyses

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pandemic fatal infection with no known treatment. The severity of the disease and the fast viral mutations forced the scientific community to search for potential solution. Here in the present manuscript, some benzofused1,2,3triazolesulfonamide hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their anti- SARS-CoV-2 activity using in silico prediction then the most potent compounds were assessed using in-Vitro analysis. The in-Silico study was assessed against RNA dependent RNA polymerase, Spike protein S1, Main protease (3CLpro) and 2′-O-methyltransferase (nsp16). It was found that 4b and 4c showed high binding scores against RNA dependent RNA polymerase reached −8.40 and −8.75 ​kcal/mol, respectively compared to the approved antiviral (remdesivir −6.77 ​kcal/mol). Upon testing the binding score with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein it was revealed that 4c exhibited the highest score (−7.22 ​kcal/mol) compared to the reference antibacterial drug Ceftazidime (−6.36 ​kcal/mol). Surprisingly, the two compounds 4b and 4c showed the highest binding scores against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (−8.75, −8.48 ​kcal/mol, respectively) and nsp16 (- 8.84 and – 8.89 ​kcal/mol, respectively) displaying many types of interaction with all the enzymes binding sites. The derivatives 4b and 4c were examined in vitro for their potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 and it was revealed that 4c was the most promising compound with IC50 reached 758.8108 ​mM and complete (100%) inhibition of the binding of SARS-CoV-2 virus to human ACE2 can be accomplished by using 0.01 ​mg.

Tryptophan, an Amino-Acid Endowed with Unique Properties and Its Many Roles in Membrane Proteins

Tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid with unique physico-chemical properties. It is often encountered in membrane proteins, especially at the level of the water/bilayer interface. It plays a role in membrane protein stabilization, anchoring and orientation in lipid bilayers. It has a hydrophobic character but can also engage in many types of interactions, such as π–cation or hydrogen bonds. In this review, we give an overview of the role of tryptophan in membrane proteins and a more detailed description of the underlying noncovalent interactions it can engage in with membrane partners.

Interactions between all pairs of neighboring trees in 16 forests worldwide reveal details of unique ecological processes in each forest, and provide windows into their evolutionary histories.

When Darwin visited the Galapagos archipelago, he observed that, in spite of the islands’ physical similarity, members of species that had dispersed to them recently were beginning to diverge from each other. He postulated that these divergences must have resulted primarily from interactions with sets of other species that had also diverged across these otherwise similar islands. By extrapolation, if Darwin is correct, such complex interactions must be driving species divergences across all ecosystems. However, many current general ecological theories that predict observed distributions of species in ecosystems do not take the details of between-species interactions into account. Here we quantify, in sixteen forest diversity plots (FDPs) worldwide, highly significant negative density-dependent (NDD) components of both conspecific and heterospecific between-tree interactions that affect the trees’ distributions, growth, recruitment, and mortality. These interactions decline smoothly in significance with increasing physical distance between trees. They also tend to decline in significance with increasing phylogenetic distance between the trees, but each FDP exhibits its own unique pattern of exceptions to this overall decline. Unique patterns of between-species interactions in ecosystems, of the general type that Darwin postulated, are likely to have contributed to the exceptions. We test the power of our null-model method by using a deliberately modified data set, and show that the method easily identifies the modifications. We examine how some of the exceptions, at the Wind River (USA) FDP, reveal new details of a known allelopathic effect of one of the Wind River gymnosperm species. Finally, we explore how similar analyses can be used to investigate details of many types of interactions in these complex ecosystems, and can provide clues to the evolution of these interactions.

NCIPLOTand the analysis of noncovalent interactions using the reduced density gradient

AbstractNoncovalent interactions are of utmost importance. However, their accurate treatment is still difficult. This is partially induced by the coexistence of many types of interactions and physical phenomena, which hampers generality in simple treatments. The NCI index has been successfully used for nearly over 10 years in order to identify, analyze, and understand noncovalent interactions in a wide variety of systems, ranging from proteins to molecular crystals. In this work, the development and implications of the method will be reviewed, and modern implementations will be presented. Afterward, some sophisticated examples will be given that showcase the current advances toward the fast, robust, and intuitive identification of noncovalent interactions in real space.This article is categorized under:Software > Molecular ModelingQuantum Computing > Theory DevelopmentStructure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

Comparison of Back-Thinned Detector Ultraviolet Quantum Efficiency for Two Commercially Available Passivation Treatments

Back-thinned silicon detectors offer a high response over a very broad spectrum for direct detection by providing an efficient optical path into the sensing silicon avoiding front face structures manufactured from metal, polysilicon, nitrides, and oxides that may absorb the incident light before reaching the sensing silicon. We have tested two CCDs with different back-surface shallow p+ implant thicknesses (basic and enhanced) at the M4 line (wavelength between 40 and 400 nm) at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)'s Metrology Light Source in Berlin. This characterization in the ultraviolet spectral range extends the soft X-ray quantum efficiency (QE) data set previously acquired with the exact same devices. Due to the short absorption depth and the scope for many types of interactions of the device materials with ultraviolet photons, QE measurement and stability of the device against extended exposure in the UV are of ongoing interest. Therefore, QE measurements have been carried out before and after exposures to quantify any change in behavior. To allow characterization of the passivation processes only, the devices have no antireflection coating. The measured QE of the standard back-thinned CCD is below 10% between 70 and 370 nm. An average additional 5% efficiency is achieved in the enhanced device within the same range. At the limits of the measured spectrum, toward soft X-rays or toward the visible range, the QE increases and the difference between the standard and the enhanced process is reduced as the photon absorption length increases beyond the immediate back-surface. The measured QE after long high-flux exposures at 200 nm shows remarkable improvement.

The pragmatics of ritual

Abstract This introductory position paper aims to familiarise the reader with the pragmatics of ritual and previous research in this field. Ritual is a complex pragmatic phenomenon present in many types of interaction, and it has been subject to academic inquiries in various disciplines. We will draw on previous research to provide a working definition of ritual, which will help us to introduce the present collection of papers. We will then introduce the different, but interrelated, methodologies used in ritual research, categorising these complementary methodologies as ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ respectively. We use this categorisation to overview the contributions of the special issue from a methodological perspective. Finally, a summary of the contents of the special issue completes this introduction.

CFD Analysis of Dynamics of Interaction of ShockWave -Vortex Core over Flapped Wing of Supersonic Aircraft at different angle of attack & Mach number

The objective of this paper was to analysis the condition for the appearance of the many types of interaction of a vortex core with shock wave over a flapped wing of a supersonic aircraft. A five digit NACA 23012 aerofoil was selected for this work. Structured Mesh was generated by Quadrilaterals Method. Steady-state density based implicit solver and K-ω SST turbulent model was selected. Q criterion method with vorticity magnitude was used to calculate the vortex core. NACA aerofoil Scaled model was manufactured by using NACA profile for experimental work and CFD results were validated by pressure coefficient calculated by wind tunnel setup. Finally, concluded that weak interaction with no vortex breakdown was observed at M= 1.4 and a strong interaction with a bubble-like vortex breakdown formed at M= 1.8 and It found that when a shock wave interact with vortex core, disturbance is generated, which expands along the shock wave and deformed into many small vortices. The flow field is compressed behind the curved shock wave which is reason of acoustic waves. This principle are related to the shock–turbulence interaction which is one of major source of noise. Also concluded that initially at low angle of attack,it observed a strong organized flow field in the downstream region which is due to less strength of the shock. The development of a transmitted shock wave across the vortex core was observed because of shock scattering phenomenon. The moderate breakdown of the vorticity field that occurs after a very strong shock at M =1.4 also observed and the breakdown was more intense when increased Mach No. up to 1.8. Weak and strong interaction region were observed and three stages of interaction found by the flow field over aerofoil at high Mach No. =1.8.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF COMMUNICATION AT THE OPERATIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AT THE WORKPLACE

Among the many types of interaction at the workplace are communication at the organisation level and communication among employees. Effective communication at the operational level provides good foundation for interaction within and outside the organisation. effective communication at individual levels among the employers’ help create positive work environment and therefore enhance productivity of each employee in the long run. This quantitative pilot study was carried out in a government organisation. 68 respondents answered a 34-item survey on 5-likert scales. Findings showed that employees felt that besides effective communication at top-down level, there should also be good communication within the organisation and among the employees themselves. Positive interaction would lead to positive communication and thus improve motivation at work as well as productivity. Article visualizations:

The Problem of Designing the User Interface in the Interactive Websites (website of the Faculty of Fine Arts and Ways of Developing it)

The interactive websites are the interaction between the product and the user, and interactive design is based on the user interface for communication and how the interface responds to the user and how to help him to achieve his goals and enjoy the use of the interface. The interactive design is based on the design of interactive programs, i.e., programs that directly interact with the user, taking into account the different culture of the audience, the age group and many other factors. An example for the use of the user interface: Web designs, smartphone application designs and it even includes computer operating systems and electronic game interface. The interaction is the communication between the source and the receiver. The websites contain many types of interaction that vary from website to another by type, such as social networking websites that allow the user to interact with other users. The website has become a means of interaction between users and not limited to the content of the website. Some websites allow the user to add text, images, and all multimedia and in turn allow other users to interact with the user's content and to see reactions and discussions about that content. Here is the problem of the current research represented by the following question: Is the design of the user interface is a shortcut and simplification for the user during the use? The importance of research is the benefit of the workers in the field of interactive design represented by the visual communication. The objective of the research is as follows: Identifying the user interface and its ability to meet the needs of the user and submitting a design proposal. The limits of the current research include: Websites of the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad, Ministry of Higher Education of Iraq (2016-2017). Then, specific terms were defined for the subject matter (user interface, interactive designs). Concerning the theoretical framework and the previous studies, the theoretical framework consisted of two sections: the user interface and the interactive design. The most important indicators that emerged from the theoretical framework have been annexed. It includes two previous studies. As for the research procedures, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach (the method of content analysis) in the analysis of the research sample which is suitable to the research objectives. The research sample was chosen intentionally. The researcher came up with a number of results: Building websites depends on the main elements in the design and it applies to the websites in general, but their use can be changed according to the type of website, and although the website included elements yet they have not been fully, effectively and usefully exploited by the user. The research came up with a set of conclusions such as: the websites that give the user the freedom to interact, use, share opinions and engage in discussions are the ones that serve the user and give him the freedom to express. The researcher came up with a set of recommendations, including: paying attention to the principles and foundations of design in general and the structural principles in the design of interactive websites in particular.

Using multiplex networks to capture the multidimensional nature of social structure.

Network analysis has increasingly expanded our understanding of social structure in primates and other animal species. However, most studies use networks representing only one interaction type, when social relationships (and the emerging social structure) are the result of many types of interactions and their interplay through time. The recent development of tools facilitating the integrated analysis of multiple interaction types using multiplex networks has opened the possibility of extending the insight provided by social network analysis. We use a multiplex representation of interactions among the members of a group of wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), to study their social structure. We constructed a six-layered multiplex network based on three indices of overt social interactions (aggression, embraces, grooming) and three distance-based indices (contact, proximity, and association). With tools provided by the MuxViz software, we assessed the relevance of including all six indices in our analysis, the role of individuals in the network (through node versatility), and the presence of modules and non-random triadic structures or motifs. The multiplex provided information which was not equivalent to any individual layer or to the simple aggregation of layers. Network patterns based on associations did not correspond with those observed for overt-interactions or for the multiplex structure. Males were the most versatile individuals, while multiplex modularity and motifs highlighted the relevance of different interaction types for the overall connectivity of the network. We conclude that the multiplex approach improves on previous methods by retaining valuable information from each interaction type and how it is patterned among individuals.

Polymer-Nucleic Acid Interactions.

Gene therapy is an important therapeutic strategy in the treatment of a wide range of genetic disorders. Polymers forming stable complexes with nucleic acids (NAs) are non-viral gene carriers. The self-assembly of polymers and nucleic acids is typically a complex process that involves many types of interaction at different scales. Electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonds are three important and prevalent interactions in the polymer/nucleic acid system. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are the main driving forces for the condensation of nucleic acids, while hydrophobic interactions play a significant role in the cellular uptake and endosomal escape of polymer-nucleic acid complexes. To design high-efficiency polymer candidates for the DNA and siRNA delivery, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of the interactions between them in solution. In this chapter, we survey the roles of the three important interactions between polymers and nucleic acids during the formation of polyplexes and summarize recent understandings of the linear polyelectrolyte-NA interactions and dendrimer-NA interactions. We also review recent progress optimizing the gene delivery system by tuning these interactions.

Impact of asynchronous emergence of two lethal pathogens on amphibian assemblages

Emerging diseases have been increasingly associated with population declines, with co-infections exhibiting many types of interactions. The chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and ranaviruses have extraordinarily broad host ranges, however co-infection dynamics have been largely overlooked. We investigated the pattern of co-occurrence of these two pathogens in an amphibian assemblage in Serra da Estrela (Portugal). The detection of chytridiomycosis in Portugal was linked to population declines of midwife-toads (Alytes obstetricans). The asynchronous and subsequent emergence of a second pathogen - ranavirus - caused episodes of lethal ranavirosis. Chytrid effects were limited to high altitudes and a single host, while ranavirus was highly pathogenic across multiple hosts, life-stages and altitudinal range. This new strain (Portuguese newt and toad ranavirus – member of the CMTV clade) caused annual mass die-offs, similar in host range and rapidity of declines to other locations in Iberia affected by CMTV-like ranaviruses. However, ranavirus was not always associated with disease, mortality and declines, contrasting with previous reports on Iberian CMTV-like ranavirosis. We found little evidence that pre-existing chytrid emergence was associated with ranavirus and the emergence of ranavirosis. Despite the lack of cumulative or amplified effects, ranavirus drove declines of host assemblages and changed host community composition and structure, posing a grave threat to all amphibian populations.

Antonella Liuzzo Scorpo, Friendship in Medieval Iberia: Historical, Legal and Literary Perspectives. Farnham, Surrey, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014. Pp. ix, 248. $124.95. ISBN: 978-1-4724-1202-7.

Antonella Liuzzo Scorpo, <i>Friendship in Medieval Iberia: Historical, Legal and Literary Perspectives</i>. Farnham, Surrey, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014. Pp. ix, 248. $124.95. ISBN: 978-1-4724-1202-7.

The Participatory Management in the Enterprise through Digital Marketing: Enterprise 2.0

&lt;p&gt;From its birth to the nowadays lifestyle, web has strongly changed. Although once it was a “place’’ to find information, now it represents that virtual condition, in which it can be possible to share and collect information, thoughts, desires and doing shopping and so on and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Today, the company does not only make just a commercial communication. Instead, there exist many types of interaction: the internal communication, for instance. Enterprise 2.0 is that kind of business that uses the instruments of the web 2.0 both for external and internal communication. It means to use all the digital marketing tools to manage the entire organization, such that we have to think in a participatory management way. Indeed, we have to focus ourselves even more on a participatory organization, where the development of new projects derives from the ones who work into the company. The Social media that can be involved in this field are the same that are used for a commercial communication: social network, blogs, Wikipedia, podcasts, rss feed and so on and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even though there are very few Italian companies that apply the tools of web 2.0 to manage the entire organization, the paradigm of the enterprise 2.0 is slowly taking off.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this work paper is to identify how the company can efficiently adopt the digital marketing instruments, utilizing the participatory management: enterprise 2.0. The adoption of these participatory tools is fundamental, because only through their adoption, it can be possible to reach a vast audience and to satisfy the digital consumer needs, who is no more passive, but he is even more active and critic about the choices he is going to make.&lt;/p&gt;

Examining a one‐hour synchronous chat in a microblogging‐based professional development community

AbstractResearch on microblogging in education has suggested its potential to promote community building and collaborative learning, but little is known about the nature of interaction in such microblogging communities. More research is needed to understand how online learning communities can be designed in a way that supports effective learning. The purpose of the study is to explore how people interact in a popular microblogging‐based learning community by examining a one‐hour synchronous chat event and analyzing its network structure, levels of participation, major topics generated and types of interaction. The findings suggested that the levels of participation in the synchronous chat were largely uneven. During the chat, participants were engaged in many types of interaction and discussed a variety of issues related to the topic. Interestingly, people who were different in their levels of participation also varied on the types of topics generated, but not on the types of interaction.