Manurial Treatment Research Articles

THE PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSP), AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE FOR POULTRY FEEDING

This paper reviews the potential pigeon pea seed holds as a protein and energy source for poultry. The crop has both annual and perennial varieties occurring throughout the tropical and sub- tropical regions as well as the warmer temperate regions of the world and has adaptability to soils that have low nutrient (fertility) levels. The chemical composition of the pigeon pea seed differs with cultivar, growth condition, soil and geographical location, the manurial treatment they have received and the stage of ripeness at which they are harvested. Crude protein content of the seed ranges from 7.0% in the raw unripe seed, to above 26% in the ripe, dried seeds. Fat levels are between 0.6 to 1.3%, fibre 3.3 to 8.1%, carbohydrate 20.0 to 65.5% and ash 1.3 to 5.5%. The seed also contains antinutritional factors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, cyanogens, haemmaglutinins, tannins, phytic acid, alkaloids and oxalates at comparatively low levels which are destroyed by heat treatment. Reports from different authors state that the processed seeds are well utilized by poultry with comparative advantage in cost of production if not included at levels above 30% in the diet. Therefore, the pigeon peas adaptability to various geographical locations, tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, high yields of seeds with high nutritional value and low levels of antinutritional factors is recommended for inclusion in poultry diets. This will increase the productive base of protein and energy raw materials for poultry feeding.

Evaluation of different sources of organics on fertility status of soil and nutrient uptake of sweet corn [Zea mays (L.) saccharata

A field experiment was carried out during Kharif 2009-10 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to find out the influence of organic nutrients on nutrient uptake and fertility status of soil. The experiment has twenty four treatment combinations comprising of organic manures mainly green leaf manure (GLM), enriched compost, FYM and vermicompost and liquid organic manures mainly bio-digester liquid manure, Panchagavya and cow-urine. Irrespective of liquid organic manures, the nutrient uptake and fertility status of soil viz., N, P and K content and uptake, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status were significantly higher with 7.5 t FYM + RDF (100:50:25) N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O kg ha -1 + 10 kg ZnSO 4 (RPP) and RDF alone as compared to nutrient substitution through organic manures. Similarly, organic carbon and micronutrients (viz., Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe content) were significantly higher with application of organic manurial treatments over RDF and RPP. Among the organic manurial treatment combinations GLM + EC + VC (top dressing at GGS) was significantly superior over basal applied vermicompost.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on soybean (Glycine max)safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cropping system

To study the effect of various fertilizer doses and manurial treatment in soybean-safflower cropping system on soil properties , yield and nutrient uptake. The soil samples were drawn from the Research farm, Marathwada Ag- ricultural University, Parbhani with an objective to study changes in soil quality and crop productivity under soy- bean safflower cropping system included with various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, S fertilizers and mannurial FYM treatments. Results from the study showed that the maximum nutrient total uptake of N, P and K in soybean and safflower was recorded due to application of 100 % NPK + FYM @ 10 Mg/ha where as maximum total sulphur up- take in soybean (19.58 kg/ha) and in safflower (18.19 kg/ha) was recorded in treatments applied with 150% NPK and 100% NP + on residual effect of FYM respectively. Zinc uptake was maximum with 100% NPK + FYM @ 10 Mg/ha and in safflower it was recorded highest in 100% NP + residual effect of FYM. And also noticed that after continuous intensive cropping under various fertilizers with FYM treatment improvement occurred in the grain and straw yield and status of soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P O , K O, S and DTPA extractable Zn. Use of 2 5 2 FYM and micronutrients helped in maintaining soil fertility. Highest net returns were recorded with 100% NPK + FYM.

Functional analysis of soil organic matter as affected by long‐term manurial treatment

SummaryThe composition of soil organic matter (SOM) is influenced by land use and fertilization. We studied changes in the SOM in a long‐term field experiment on a sandy Podzoluvisol. The control plot and four combinations of manurial treatments of the experiment were selected: one with mineral fertilizer only and three combinations of organic manure with mineral fertilizer: cattle manure + NPK, cattle manure + PK and straw + NPK. The SOM was extracted by sodium pyrophosphate solution (pH = 10) and hot water (100°C). The extracts were analysed by Fourier‐Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The FT‐IR spectra from sodium pyrophosphate extracts indicate that composition of SOM is indeed influenced by different fertilization. The C=O band at 1710 cm–1 in the samples of the plots fertilized with cattle manure has the highest absorption intensity, whereas the material from the plot fertilized with straw + NPK has the least intense. The GPC analyses of the extracts showed that adding cattle manure + NPK increased the molecular size of SOM in comparison with the control plot. The analysis of hot‐water extracts with FT‐IR showed no significant differences in functional groups, but GPC chromatograms distinguished features in molecular size distribution. Fertilization with cattle manure increased the molecular size of the SOM in comparison with the control, but the differences in content of carboxylic groups and molecular weight were detected in sodium pyrophosphate extracts only.

Manuring of potatoes on fen silt soils in Holland, Lincolnshire

SummaryThe fen silts bordering the Wash are among the most important soils for crop production in eastern England. Derived from marine alluvial deposits occurring naturally or as a result of reclamation, they form deep almost stoneless soils containing little coarse sand but much fine sand and silt.Seven textural classes, ranging from loamy fine sand to silty clay, can be distinguished, but these can be grouped into (1) light silts, typically deep very fine sandy loams with a large available water-holding capacity but weakly developed structure; (2) medium silts, silty loams; and (3) heavy silts, silt loams or silty clay loams, less porous and more retentive of moisture than the light silts.Formerly under grass, the silts were at first capable of growing good crops of potatoes with P fertilizer alone, but as their organic-matter content decreased, potatoes became increasingly responsive to N.In 18 potato manurial experiments on silt soils in Holland, Lincolnshire, done between 1953 and 1963, the mean response to N was much larger than on most English soils, but response differed greatly from site to site and year to year; in most trials N was particularly effective in increasing tuber size and yield of ware. With long-continued use of P fertilizer, residues have accumulated and, particularly on light and medium silts, responses were quite small and differed little between sites; P tended to increase tuber numbers, and so to decrease ware percentage. Most silt soils are rich in K, and only small responses to K fertilizer can be expected, but on a few sites on the light silts, identified by soil analysis as being comparatively poor in K, potatoes responded well. Using these experimental results, recommendations are given for the manuring of potatoes on silt soils.Cooking tests showed little consistent effect of manurial treatment on the amount or degree of tuber blackening.

ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF SIMAZINE BY SOME ROTHAMSTED SOILS

Summary. The adsorption of simazine from, and subsequent desorption into, 0–01 M calcium chloride solution was investigated using twenty‐three Rothamsted soil samples from sites differing greatly in cropping history and manurial treatment. Organic carbon content was the only factor related to the ability of the soils to sorb simazine; this accounted for 90% or more of the variation between soils Equilibrium was attained during adsorption in from fewer than 2 to more than 24 hr. Equilibrium during desorption was only occasionally attained within 24 hr. Differences between theoretically predicted and measured concentrations of simazine in solution following desorption were least for soils that attained equilibrium fastest during adsorption. Differences in adsorption and desorption kinetics between soils could not be related to soil pH, organic carbon content or cropping and manuring history. Comparisons of unlimed and limed soils suggested that no simnazine was lost by acid hydrolysis during the experiments.Adsorption et désorption de la simazine par quelques sols de Rothamsted

Relation of nitrogen fertilizers and manure to vascular wilt of egyptian cotton caused by four fusaria species and strains

Four different species and strains ofFusarium, namely,F. oxysporum f.vasinfectum (Atk.)Snyder &Hansen,F. solani (Mart.)App. &Wr.,F. vasinfectum (Atk.) f1Wr. strainFahmy, andF. vasinfectumAtk. are responsible for cotton wilt in U.A.R. Pathogenicity experiments have shown that the four experimentalFusaria possess varying degrees of pathogenicity towards two susceptible cotton varieties, namely, “Karnak” and “Bahtim 190”. On the other hand, “Ashmouni” cotton proved resistant to the fourFusaria. Variability of pathogenicity of the experimentalFusaria is not only related to host cotton plant or parasite, but also to nitrogenous fertilizer or manurial treatment of the soil. Resistance of “Ashmouni” cotton was not broken in presence of sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate or stable manure added to soil inoculated with any of the fourFusaria. The application of nitrogen fertilizers or manure resulted on the whole, in increased wilt-disease incidence of the susceptible cotton varieties. Stable manure enhanced predisposition to vascular-wilt more than other nitrogen treatments, especially in presence of the virulentF. oxysporum f.vasinfectum or both strains ofF. vasinfectumAtk. Ammonium nitrate induced the sudden appearance of mottling characteristic of vascular-wilt of cotton when “Bahtim 190” plants were raised in nitrogen-fertilized soil inoculated withF. solani (Mart.)App. &Wr. At the same time, the raised affected plants showed increased growth-vigour and enhanced maturity of their leaves.

THE EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF FERTILIZER IN LONG-TERM FERTILITY PLOTS: II. PHOSPHORUS

Long-term annual applications of fertilizer phosphorus to an acid sandy loam podzol resulted in marked increases in total phosphorus content of the surface soil. However, downward movement was limited as no increase occurred below 9 in. The relationship between total phosphorus content of the profile and sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (r = 0.93) was significant at the 1% level. Phosphate retention capacity of the surface soil was not influenced by fertilizer or manurial treatment and increases in percentage phosphorus saturation were relatively small.Under conditions of intensive cropping in the greenhouse (12 crops), residual phosphorus was highly effective in supplying crop requirements. However, the results suggest that fertilizer phosphorus may be beneficial during the establishment period. The relationship between phosphorus uptake on the no P series in the greenhouse and levels of sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (r = 0.88) is further evidence of the value of this method in estimating phosphorus availability in soils.

The Use of a Mathematical Model for the Analysis of Manurial and Weather Effects on the Growth of Carrots

A model for the study of yearly and other variation in crop yields, based on a generalized form of the logistic equation of growth, was applied to three years' growth analysis data on carrot crops from 16 plots of a long-term manurial experiment. In the ideal case, it is postulated that the growth in different years of carrot leaves or taproots on soil receiving a given manurial treatment could be described by a single curve if time in days was replaced by a scale based on one or more meteorological elements which affect relative growth-rates. The equation fitted the data on the growth of the leaves but not that on the taproots. For leaf growth, the use of the sums of solar radiation, day degrees or evaporation from an open water surface did not give curves that fitted the growth data better than those obtained with time in days. Yearly differences in leaf (but not taproot) growth appeared to be related to corresponding differences in rainfall amounts, and it is suggested that a scale taking account of soil moisture tension might have given a better fit to the model. It appeared that whereas the relative leaf growth-rate was a function of leaf but not taproot weight, relative taproot growth-rate was a function of taproot weight and leaf weight. A further model for the growth of carrots, based on this hypothesis is described.

Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. II.—distribution of total N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the laminae and petioles of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) as influenced soil treatments

AbstractA study has been made of the concentrations of the major nutrient elements in the leaves and petioles from non‐fruiting raspberry canes, in relation to position on the cane and to manurial treatment. Laminae have a higher nitrogen concentration, and are more sensitive to nitrogen supply, than petioles; the lower‐third position best reflects soil nitrogen treatment. Laminae and petioles, from any position on the cane, reflect soil potassium treatment. The petiole is more sensitive to changes in potassium supply than is the lamina, but the values are more variable. Phosphorus concentration in the lamina is significantly greater than that in the petiole for all treatments, but in the absence of any response to soil phosphate it is not possible to decide which organ best reflects phosphorus supply. Calcium and magnesium increase basipetally.

A Factorial Nutritional Study of the Perpetual-Flowering Carnation Grown Under Glass

SummaryTwo varieties of glasshouse carnations (Improved William Sim and Saugus White) have been grown under 48 different combinations of manurial treatment. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen and two of potash in factorial combination, applied in solution through trickle irrigation equipment to beds of compost (steamed loam with 20% peat and 10% grit) containing two levels each of phosphate, magnesium sulphate and lime (carbonate).Soil samples were taken periodically for the determination of nitrate, available phosphate and potash, pH and pC. The distribution of nutrients was also studied in irrigated and non-irrigated areas of the beds.A tip-burn of the leaves of variety Saugus White, attributed tomanganese toxicity from the steamed loam, developed shortly after the plants became established in the beds. Symptoms of nitrogen and potassium deficiencies were observed in the second half of the trial.The total numbers of blooms of both varieties were increased by 6-9% at the intermediate and high levels of nitrogen as compared with the lowest level of this nutrient (P=0.001). The higher level of phosphate increased the flowering of Improved William Sim by 20%, but was not beneficial to Saugus White. The higher level of potash increased the flowering of Saugus White but somewhat depressed that of Improved William Sim. The main effects of magnesium and lime were not significant, but both factors occurred in significant interactions. Averaged over all combinations of treatments, Saugus White yielded 24% more blooms than Improved William Sim.Splitting of the calyx was markedly decreased at the higher levels of nitrogen (P=0.001), and increased to a lesser extent by the higher levels of phosphate (P=0.05), potash (P=0.001) and lime (p=0.05). Improved William Sim gave far more split calyces than Saugus White.The weight of the aerial portions of the plants at the end of the trial was reduced by the higher levels of nitrogen and increased by the higher level of potash. The combination of high phosphate with low potash was particularly unfavourable to variety Saugus White. THE visual symptoms of acute mineral deficiencies of the carnation have been described by Messing (1958). Chan et al. (1958) reported factorial nutritional studies of the carnation (variety Apollo) in relation to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in culture solution. Flower production increased significantly with increasing nitrogen concentration, and also to a lesser extent with potassium concentration, but the effect of phosphorus was relatively small and not significant. Much of the available data relating to glasshouse carnations grown in soil is contained in bulletins and periodicals published for commercial growers in America. Without attempting a comprehensive survey of such data, one notes beneficial responses to nitrogen (Beach and Mussenbrock, 1948; Holley et al., 1951) and potash (Holley, 1953).Despite the commercial importance of the carnation as a glasshouse crop, relatively little attention has been given to its nutritional requirements as grown in this country. A series of large-scale factorial nutritional studies was accordingly undertaken, the first of which is now reported.

THE PROBLEM OF NARDUS AND ITS PRODUCTIVITY IN RELATION TO SHEEP GRAZING AT MOOR HOUSE, WESTMORLAND

Attention is drawn to the increase of the unpalatable and unproductive grass, Nardus stricia, on hill grazings. This increase is considered to be related to a decline in soil fertility, which is being hastened by present‐day management.An experiment to measure the production of a typical Nardus‐dominated sward at 1700 feet O.D. on the northern Pennies is described. The results sliow that there was no increase in dry matter during the growing season. There was however an increase in some mineral elements. A manurial treatment showed poor response, but when the sward was cut and the herbage removed in spring, subsequent manuring gave spectacular yields.

Changes in Blood Constituents which Occur in Dairy Cattle Transferred to Spring Pastures

SUMMARY Changes in the packed cell volume, the concentrations of plasma calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, and the concentrations of red blood cell potassium and sodium which occur when dairy cattle are transferred from conditions of stall feeding to those of grazing pastures under different manurial treatments, have been studied. The plasma magnesium concentrations fell significantly during the first 2 weeks at pasture and then rose again, but the recovery could not be associated with any change in the magnesium content of the herbage. The magnitude of the fall in plasma magnesium concentration for individual animals grazing pastures which had received the same manurial treatment varied to such an extent that no effect of manurial treatment on this reaction could be demonstrated. Plasma sodium concentrations fell over the first 2 weeks of grazing and then rose again, whilst red blood cell sodium concentrations rose immediately after the animals were turned out to graze and thereafter gradually returned towards the pre-grazing concentrations. No significant changes in the plasma calcium and potassium concentrations or the red blood cell potassium concentrations were found. The packed cell volumes fell in the second and third weeks and rose again slightly in the last week. Concentrations of plasma magnesium as low as 0.6 mg/100 ml. were found, in the presence of normal plasma calcium, potassium and sodium concentrations, without the manifestation of any clinical signs of tetany. Analysis of blood samples taken from 3 field cases of grass tetany revealed reduced plasma concentrations of both calcium and magnesium. In spite of the fact that the manurial treatments produced pastures which had extremely high protein and potassium contents, no clinical cases of grass tetany occurred amongst the experimental animals, although in certain animals pronounced hypomagnesaemia occurred. It was concluded that high potassium and protein contents of the herbage do not invariably lead to the development of grass tetany.

Observations on the extra-matrical mycelium of a vesicular-arbuscular endophyte

Information is presented about the morphology of the extra-matrical mycelium and the extent of its connexion with a vesicular-arbuscular endophyte in mycorrhizal roots. The number of hyphal connexions varied from 2·6 to 21·1 per mm. root length according to the season, environment and manurial treatment. The possible interpretation of these results is discussed.

The yield and composition of kale and cabbage with and without nitrogenous top-dressing

In 4 consecutive years, 1948 to 1952, combined varietal and manurial trials were carried out to obtain information on the yields of marrow-stem kale, thousand-head kale and cattle cabbage in the presence and absence of sulphate of ammonia applied as a top-dressing at the rate of 6 cwt./acre.Yield and composition of all crops were apparently affected by differences in weather conditions. In most years, and particularly for cabbage, the yield declined with successive harvests.Increased green crop, dry matter and crude protein yields resulted from the application of nitrogenous fertilizer in 3 years, but in the other year, a very dry season, the response to the top-dressing was negligible.Marrow-stem kale both with and without the additional fertilizer, yielded more, in terms of fresh crop, dry matter and crude protein, than thousandhead kale with the same manurial treatment. Cabbage yields often approached those of marrowstem kale at the first harvest, but were nearer to those of thousand-head by the last harvest of each year.

Composition of the Nitrogen Fraction of Apple Tracheal Sap

Organic nitrogenous compounds accounted for most of the nitrogen present in apple tracheal sap. Aspartic acid, asparagine, and glutamine were quantitatively the most important compounds. Glutamic acid and other amino acids were also present as well as a peptide-like substance. While apple variety, rootstock, or manurial treatment may have had effects on level of nitrogen in tracheal sap they seem to have had little effect on proportions of nitrogenous compounds present. Through the growing season, however, there was a definite change in proportions of some of the constituents. The composition of the soluble� nitrogen fraction of leaves and fruits showed distinct differences from the composition of tracheal sap.

The Effect of Orchard Factors on The Chemical Composition of Apples: I. Some Effects of Manurial Treatment and of Grass

(1957). The Effect of Orchard Factors on The Chemical Composition of Apples: I. Some Effects of Manurial Treatment and of Grass. Journal of Horticultural Science: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 74-84.

Soil sterilization. III. The effect of cultivation on ammonia and nitrate production in a glasshouse soil steam‐sterilized in situ

AbstractAmmonia and nitrate production and the nitrifying capacity of the soil, as measured by incubation with ammonium sulphate, have been periodically determined in a glasshouse soil steam‐sterilized in situ and subsequently cultivated under commerical conditions. The soil was apparently not contaminated with nitrifying organisms to any extent before the pre‐planting manurial treatment. Flooding the soil had little effect on either the soil ammonia or on the nitrifying capacity of the soil, but some nitrate was washed out. The application of a fertilizer dressing, including stable manure, three months after steaming, resulted in increased ammonia‐production followed within a few weeks by renewed nitrification. The planting of tomatoes after the manurial treatment markedly accelerated the onset of nitrification. In contrast, recolonization of the steamed soil by nitrifying organisms was very slow where the soil, apart from periodical watering, was left undisturbed. Evidence is presented to indicate that the steamed soil in which the tomato plants were raised was contaminated with nitrifying organisms when the seeds were sown. The infection was then introduced into the potting soil and finally into the glasshouse border.

Some data on palestine olives and olive oil

Abstract(1) Field experiments have shown that varying manurial treatment combined with proper irrigation does not increase the oil and protein content of Palestine olives up to the standard of other Mediterranean brands.(2) Careful picking, selecting, washing and pressing of the olives under hygienic conditions produces an oil of low acidity.(3) Dark colouring may be avoided by employing a suitable pressing process whereby the crushing of olives and maceration of cells containing the colouring matter is prevented. A lower yield is thus obtained, which may, however, be increased by employing a corresponding higher pressure.(4) Rancidity can be avoided by storage of the oil in air‐tight containers filled to capacity and kept in a dark, cool place.

The vitamin‐c content of potatoes grown on reclaimed land. II. Potatoes grown in 1946

AbstractPotatoes grown on reclaimed fenland in 1946 showed certain significant varietal differences, and an attempt has been made to classify potato varieties according to their vitamin‐C contents. Average values obtained in November‐December, 1946, and May, 1947, agreed closely with those previously found for the corresponding times in 1943‐44.Varying the manurial treatment for Majestic potatoes did not have any noticeable effect on their vitamin‐C concentration.