Manufacture Of Herbal Medicines Research Articles

Modern Herbal Technology

People are growing more interested in herbal medicines today because of their numerous advantages. Herbal formulations are now widely recognised as successful therapies for a variety of diseases. More than 80% of people throughout the world utilise herbal items and drugs to maintain a healthy lifestyle, even though the majority of these applications are unusual. A number of product abuses and adulterations have also been brought on by the rising use of herbal products, disappointing consumers and manufacturers and, in some cases, having disastrous outcomes. The development of trustworthy analytical methods that can quantitatively analyse marker/bioactive compounds, other essential elements, and accurately profile the phytochemical composition is extremely challenging for scientists. Standardization is a key step in creating a uniform biological activity, consistent chemical profile, or even merely a quality assurance programme for the production and manufacturing of herbal medicines. The current review article describes various conventional methods as well as more recent developments. In fields including DNA fingerprinting, metabolomics, differential pulse polarography, chemometrics, X-ray diffraction, and others, recent advancements have been noticed. The standardisation of herbal remedies benefits from chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis techniques are also described. Objective: 1. Recognize the origin of herbal drugs in their raw materials, from their cultivation to their finished products. 2. Be familiar with the WHO and ICH guidelines for evaluating herbal medications. 3. Understand natural sweeteners, nutraceuticals, and herbal cosmetics 4. Value GMP and the patenting of herbal remedies

Pharmacognostic characteristics and antioxidant studies of Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson

• Psydrax subcordata is a small flowering tree or shrub that grows in central and western Africa belonging to the family Rubiaceae. • Pharmacognostic (organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic and physico-chemical) parameters of P. subcordata leaves can serve as simple means to identification and also for the quality control of the plant material. • Antioxidants are endogenous or exogenous substances that interact with and neutralize free radicals • Numerous stomata of paracytic type occurred on both the upper and lower surfaces but more abundantly on the lower surface of the plant P. subcordata . • P. subcordata leaf microscopic features include shiny, circular and irregularly shaped calcium oxalate crystals, fibres, unicellular trichomes and starch granules. Psydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae with over 80 accepted plant species. Psydrax subcordata is a small tree or shrub that grows in Central and Western Africa countries where its roots, leaves and stem are used locally by traditional healers for medicinal purposes. These local uses include the treatment of malaria fever, inflammation, haemorrhoids, enteritis, stomach ulcer, epilepsy and cardiovascular ailments. This study was carried out to examine parameters for identification of the plant and investigate potential antioxidant activity. The macroscopic, microscopic and physico-chemical characteristics of the leaf were determined using standard procedures. Antioxidant activity was also investigated using five different antioxidant models namely; DPPH Radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, Total antioxidant capacity (Phosphomolybdenum) assay, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and Reducing power assay. The leaves of the plant are simple, broad and entire. Ovate in shape, shortly acuminate apex and subcordate at the leaf base. The dark green upper surface is hairy or pubescent while greyish-green lower surface is sparely pubescent. The leaf showed microscopic mono-cyclic calcium oxalate crystals, unicellular trichomes, xylem vessels and other diagnostic features. The in-vitro antioxidant assays conducted, suggested that the extract contains antioxidant compounds. The characteristic macroscopic, microscopic and physico-chemical parameters evaluated for the plant sample can be used in rapid identification, authentication and for the quality control of the plant material before they are used for treatment and manufacturing of herbal medicines. The results of the antioxidant study showed that the extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity.

Microscopic analysis of Trichosanthes dioica

One of the most nutrient-dense cucurbit vegetables is the pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.), which enjoys a prized spot in the Indian market during the warm and wet months. It is a perennial crop that is quite popular because it is available for eight months out of the year (February–September). It has certain medical effects due to its high protein and vitamin A content, and there are numerous studies about its involvement in decreasing blood sugar levels. In this paper, an effort was made to examine the microscopic characteristics of Trichosanthes dioica. Leaf exhibited uniceriate glandular epidermis with a single cellular head. Spongy parenchymatous cells, collenchymatous cells, pericycle, phloem, and xylem were all present after the epidermis. The Xylem vessels were spiral and reticulate. The collenchymatous cells' inside. The existence of uniseriate multicellular trichomes was shown by powder microscopy. crystal sheath oil globules, anomocytic stomata, liginified spiral arteries, and epidermis cells. The powders were subjected to various reagent treatments during the powder analysis, and various colours were visible to the naked eye and under UV light. There was quantitative microscopy. Vein termination and vein islet averages were 13.6 and 12, respectively. The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf had average stomatal counts of 12.5 and 16.33, respectively. The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf had average stomatal indices of 22.87 and 24.62, respectively. Data from these studies were helpful for evaluating the raw materials used in the manufacturing of herbal medicines and for anatomical research.

Development and Application of Nanoparticle Technology in Herbal Drug Formulation- A Review

Formulations of Herbal medicine are continuously being developed to improve health and treatment through natural ingredients obtained from the surrounding environment with scientific evidence. Common problems in herbal medicine are bioavailability, solubility, absorption of active substances and low stability. Recently, it has become a development trend to enter the realm of nanoparticle technology to its application in herbal drug formulations. Nanoparticle technology is a technology of drug particles are made on the nanoscale (10 nm-1000 nm). Many studies have been carried out on the development and application of nanoparticle-based delivery technology containing natural ingredients, from these results nanoparticle-based delivery technology has succeeded in delivering these natural materials through certain mechanisms in increasing the activity and bioavailability of herbal medicinal compounds. Particles at the nanoparticle scale have distinctive physical properties compared to particles at a larger size, especially in increasing the amount and purpose of delivering drug compounds. Another advantage of nanoparticle technology is the potential to be combined with other technologies, thus opening up opportunities to produce more perfect and targeted delivery systems. Examples of nanotechnologies that can be used are polymer nanoparticles, solid lipid particles, magnetic nanoparticles, and others. The manufacture of preparations based on nanoparticle technology is an alternative in the manufacture of herbal medicines and it is hoped that the bioavailability and therapy produced in the body will be better.

Potent water extracts of Indonesian medicinal plants against PTP1B

ObjectiveTo examine the potent of water as a solvent agent in the preparation of traditional herbal medicine. MethodsWater extracts of 18 plants were prepared through reflux and examined (25 μg/mL) to evaluate their possibility for inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The determination of IC50 values was performed for the samples possessing more than 80% inhibition. Meanwhile, those exhibiting IC50 values more than 7.0 μg/mL were further profiled for their chemical constituents through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement. ResultsAbout 44% (8) of the examined samples showed more than 80% inhibition against PTP1B. The water extracts of Elephantopus scaber, Helicteres isora aerial parts, Elaeocarpus grandiflorus (E. grandiflorus) fruits, Melaleuca leucadendron leaves, and Quercus infectoria gum had IC50 values ranging from 2.05 to 6.90 μg/mL. Meanwhile, Andropogon nardus and Centella asiatica were at the area of δ 3.0–4.0 ppm. Further, the 13C NMR observation of samples possessing the most intensive signals in their proton NMR Cinnamomum burmannii and E. grandiflorus showed the peaks at the area of δ 60–90 ppm as the supportive evidence for sugar group signals. Intriguingly, a disaccharide from E. grandiflorus could be an active inhibitor towards PTB1B. ConclusionsIn contrast to the mainstream solvents currently used in modern herbal manufactures especially Jamu medicine in Indonesia, pure-water-extracted materials should be reconsidered and could be reemerged for future studies and for the manufacture of herbal medicines. In addition, the activity of Jamu components should be confirmed that their antidiabetes and antiobesity activities could be through the inhibition of PTP1B.

Evaluation of extraction method on the chemical composition in Apeiba tibourbou Aubl's extracts.

Background:The extraction method of bioactive compounds is an important step in the manufacturing of herbal medicines, because secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential are usually found in small quantities in plant materials.Objective:Due the potential of Apeiba tibourbou Aubl, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the extraction method on the quality of herbal extract and optimize the extraction of fatty acid, rosmarinic (Ra) and caffeic (Ca) acid from A. tibourbou.Materials and Methods:Determinations of residual moisture (Rm), proteins (Pt), lipids (Lp), total fiber (Tf), and carbohydrate (Cy) were performed in triplicate samples according assessment of antioxidant capacity. Extraction of fatty acids was carried out by two different methods: (i) By shoxlet and (ii) bligh and dyer. The optimized conditions were determined by surface response methodology (RSM), and the criterion of desirability was the maximum extraction of Ra and Ca.Results:The method of bligh and dyer was able to extraction more total Lp than the shoxlet. However, the extraction of fatty acid was different for the two methods. The optimized conditions to extract RA and Ca was calculated by RSM, 42°C, 30% (alcohol degree) and 24 min, this conditions maximize simultaneously the extraction of Ca (0, 04%) and Ry (1.89),Conclusion:It was observed that the extraction method alters the chemical composition of extract, and it is possible to extract Ca and Ra from A. tibourbou's leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction.

The effects of extraction method on recovery rutin from Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae).

Background:Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) is a Mediterranean specie, but in Europe and America it is cultivated for ornamental or medicinal purposes. This species is widely used for presenting activities, antiinflammatory antibacterial and antioxidant. However the therapeutic action is linked to the amount of assets of the extracted raw material. The extraction method of bioactive compounds is an important step in the manufacturing of herbal medicines, because secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential are usually found in small quantities in plant materials.Objective:Due the medical and commercial importance of C. officinalis, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the extraction method on the quality of herbal extract and optimize the extraction of rutin from C. officinalis.Materials and Methods:The extraction of rutin was performed by ultrasound and shaker and the optimized conditions were determined by response surface methodology.Results:The results of ultrasound extraction assisted (UEA) and maceration dynamic (MD) showed that rutin yield ranged from 0.218 to 2.28% (w/w) when extract by ultrasound and 0.1-1.44% by MD. The optimal extraction condition for rutin (2.48% to UEA or 1.46% to MD) from C. officinalis by UEA or MD were a 19-22 min extraction, ethanol: water ratio of 35-40% and 0.05-0.056 mg/mL to raw material: solvent ratio.Conclusion:The UEA is more efficient to extraction rutin.

An Overview of Important Ethnomedicinal Herbs ofPhyllanthusSpecies: Present Status and Future Prospects

The genus Phyllanthus consists of more than 1000 species, of which many are used as traditional medicines. The plant extracts have been used since ancient times, for treating hypertension, diabetes, hepatic, urinary, and sexual disorders, and other common ailments. Modern day scientific investigations have now confirmed pharmacognostic properties of Phyllanthus herbs. The phytochemicals attributing these medicinal properties have been identified in many of the Phyllanthus herbs. The morphologically similar herbs of Phyllanthus grow together and admixture of species during collection for manufacture of herbal medicines is quite common. Hence, along with pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies, appropriate protocols for correct identification of species are also important. As the use of these herbs as green medicines is becoming more popular, it is imperative to assess its genetic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness for future conservation strategies. This review is an attempt to present an overview of the existing studies on pharmacognostics, phytochemistry, species identification, and genetic diversity of Phyllanthus herbs and consequently (i) highlight areas where further research is needed and (ii) draw attention towards extending similar studies in underutilized but potentially important herbs such as P. maderaspatensis, P. kozhikodianus, P. rheedii, P. scabrifolius, and P. rotundifolius.

Development of standard operating procedures of Habbe Shifa: A polyherbal Unani formulation

Background:Unani medicines are being used since antiquity. However, in spite of their efficacy, they have been widely criticized due to lack of standardization and poor quality presentation. For this reason, application of good manufacturing practices and development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in the manufacture of herbal medicines became an essential tool to assure their quality.Objectives:Therefore, the objective of the study was to develop the SOP of Habbe Shifa (HS) regarding the particle size (PS), binder, temperature of drying, and duration of drying.Materials and Methods:In this study, 24 batches of HS were prepared according to the instructions given in formulary to develop SOP. Three particle sizes (i.e., 80, 100, and 120 No. Mesh sieve), were taken for preparation of pills. Water and Samaghe Arabi (Gum Acacia mucilage [GAM]) were used as binder for preparing the lubdi (mass) in different batches. Different temperature and duration of drying were used to dry the pills in hot air oven to get satisfactory results. All the batches were assessed three times for hardness, friability, and disintegration time and mean regarded as standard parameter value.Results and Conclusion:The batch with 150 μm PS (100 mesh sieve), 5% w/w GAM used as a binder, dried at 90°C for 120 min showed hardness 3.50 ± 0.00 kg/cm, friability 0.02 ± 0.003%, and disintegration time 25.00 ± 0.57 min, which showed most appropriate result among all batches and considered as final batch. Its SOP may be used for future reference which can help in setting up regulatory limit to assure the quality of Unani medicines.

Maturação fisiológica de sementes de Luehea grandiflora Mart. & Zucc.

The lashes-horse-large (Luehea grandiflora) is a tree belonging to the family Tiliaceae, and its leaves used in the manufacture of herbal medicines and their high quality wood for the furniture industry. The study of maturation in seeds is an important way to meet the reproductive development of species and provide for the proper period of fruit harvest. The present work was to study the physiological maturity of seeds Luehea grandiflora , to determine the best maturity stage for harvesting the fruits. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory for Seed Physiology and Technology, State University of West Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon (PR). The experimental design was completely randomized design with three treatments (maturation stages 1,2 and 3) and five replications. The physical parameters werw: length, width and weight of the whole fruit, and water content of seeds, grain weight, germination and germination speed index (IVG) and speed of issue of radicle (IVR). With this study it was concluded that fruit harvest should be performed in the transition from stage 2 to 3 at the beginning of fruit opening.

English

The evaluation of the crude herbal drug which eventually enters the pharmaceutical market is obviously of considerable importance. This operation involves the identification of the material and determination of its quality, purity and of adulterated nature of the adulterants. The present paper is based on the above objectives which confined to chemotaxonomic authentication of Cyprus rotundus L. (Nagar mootha) and its other similar species. Chemotaxonomic techniques including morphology, organoleptography, palynology, anatomy and phyto-chemical analysis were carried out in order to clarify the pharmaceutically important species of Cyperus that is Cyperus rotundus, Cyperusalopecuroides, Cyperus difformis and Cyperus niveus. It is concluded from this study that the genuine source of herbal drug Nagar Mootha is C. rotundus instead of other species. Such type of studies is the need of herbal industry to ensure validation process which applied in the manufacturing of herbal medicines and phyto- pharmaceuticals. This will provide the credibility in the regulation and grown of pharmaceutically important herbal medicines for the foreseeable.   Key words: Cyperus L., chemotaxonomic, pharmaceutical.

Developing health policy: The British perspective

Integrating regulation of practitioners: In the EU there are three main systems for regulating practitioners: Full legal framework (France and many southern European Countries). Only licensed health-care professionals may practice medicine, including complementary medicine (CM). Intermediate (Germany). CM practitioners have reduced registration requirements (Heilpraktiker). Liberal (UK, Netherlands, Ireland, some Nordic countries). The right to practice is not systematically regulated by law. In the UK many legally registered health professionals also integrate CM including homeopathy and acupuncture. The liberal system is associated with problems including public protection and professional discipline. In the UK there is a gradual process of regulation of CM practitioners: osteopaths and chiropractors became legally regulated in the early 1990s. In June 2008 an official report on the Regulation of Practitioners of Acupuncture, Herbal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine and other Traditional Medicine Systems identified an urgent need for regulation. The main reason is to safeguard the public but also to permit the manufacture of herbal medicines for individual patients after full implementation of the European Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive in 2011. The report recommends that these professions be regulated by Health Professions Council, which already regulates 13 health professions; this integrates the regulatory system for CM practitioners. In parallel the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council has recently been launched. It will register other practitioners but is voluntary, and does not involve legal regulation. The governing council is independent and 100% lay; it will provide a more credible regulatory structure for other CM therapists. Public sector integration: The UK National Health Service (NHS) is being reformed from a classical socialist model to an ‘internal market’ of commissioners who purchase health services from providers. This aims to allow patients free choice, increases the autonomy of commissioners and providers and permits private sector involvement, although the entire system remains state-funded. In this context the integration of CM is very controversial. There are five NHS homeopathic hospitals, integrated with their respective local NHS providers and staffed by registered health professionals trained in CM. Despite their titles they provide a wide range of CM, homeopathy now forms less than 40% of the activity of the largest NHS homeopathic hospital, the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital. There has been a high profile campaign to exclude the NHS homeopathic hospitals and CM from the NHS. Arguments against integration of CM include claimed lack of evidence and diversion of resources. Some commissioning bodies have restricted CM or stopped their contracts with the NHS homeopathic hospitals. This has met strong public and political opposition mostly on the grounds that it denies patients the choice which these reforms claim to increase. The private sector has shown increased interest in providing integrated services inside and outside the NHS.

Leaching of pesticides in herbal decoction

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the degree of leaching of pesticide residues from herbal substrates to their respective decoction as in traditional system a decoction process is also an important feature to the manufacture of herbal medicines. To investigate pesticide transfer, eleven pesticides of different groups commonly applied on crops for the protection of plants against a range of pests, were studied by subjecting fortified herbal substrates to decoction. A simple, rapid analytical procedure for the determination and quantification of analytes of interest in the decoction of different herbal substrates was developed using gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Regardless of the herbal substrates, the relative leaching potential of the pesticides in decoction was found in order as follows: azole (6.33–24.28%) > quinazoline (2.83–23.25%) > organophophorous (2.07–7.14%) > organochlorine (0.10–3.69%) > pyrethroid (0.08–1.50%). Interestingly, except for fenazaquin (a quinazoline) the same order might be achieved by ranking them according to their effective solubility in water and partition coefficient ( K ow). This kind of data is useful as a pattern of reference and prediction in the management of pesticide residue problems and would help to formulate regulatory guidelines for quality assurance and control in herbal preparation.