Manufacturing Of Final Products Research Articles

Development and optimization of a methimazole microemulsion for topical application: Formulation characteristics and transdermal permeation.

Methimazole, an oral antithyroid drug, has recently gained attention for its skin-brightening effects when applied topically to treat melasma. This study aims to develop, optimize, and characterize a methimazole microemulsion as a novel, safe approach for local melasma treatment. We prepared microemulsion formulations containing 3% methimazole by combining appropriate amounts of surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 20), propylene glycol cosurfactant, and an oil phase (oleic acid-transcutol p at a 1:10 ratio). We then assessed droplet size, stability, viscosity, and skin permeation using rat skin models. The microemulsions' droplet sizes ranged from 7.06 to 28.13 nm, with viscosities between 120 and 254 centipoises. Our analysis identified droplet size, viscosity, and membrane release as significant independent variables. We determined the permeability parameters of the optimal formulation through rat skin, including steady-state permeability rate (Jss), permeability coefficient (p), lag time (Tlag), and apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp). We found that the microemulsions' characteristics, physicochemical properties, and invitro release depended on the surfactant-to-cosurfactant ratio, water content, and oil content. We developed an optimal formulation with a high surfactant-to-cosurfactant ratio and low water and oil percentages. This formulation shows potential for commercialization and manufacturing of final products.

НАУКОВО-МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ РЕСТРУКТУРИЗАЦІЇ ВИРОБНИЧОГО ПРОЦЕСУ

Batch production is typical for engineering enterprises connected with aeronautical engineering manufacturing. One of its main problems is the need to periodically change the production pattern which arises as a result of the instability of the products range, changes in volume of series, moral and physical wear of technological equipment. Such a change is carried out in the course of reconstruction and technical re-equipment in order to improve the efficiency of material flows.The main characteristics of material flows are determined by a spatial component of a flexible manufacturing system pattern, set by the machine tools laying according to the organization of batch process. The bulk of the cost of final product manufacturing is associated with the arrangement of material flows. In order to reduce the total costs it is necessary to improve the pattern of production by establishing a technology-oriented machine tools laying. In this case, there is a need to develop scientific and methodological basis of restructuring the manufacturing process.One of the most effective approaches to the design of machine building plants with a batch type of manufacturing is the use of program-target method based on the methodology of choosing the best technological solutions.Modern methodology of batch technologies design is based on the system approach to the analysis and synthesis of the basic structure of the manufacturing processes, which allows to apply mathematical simulation.The orientation of each of the sites on the end result leads to a substantial reduction of manufacturing costs, which significantly simplifies solving problems of division and coordination of labor on the principles of self-organization and self-regulation.The proposed mathematical model of manufacturing costs optimization is designed in accordance with all the aforementioned principles. The problem being solved is multiobjective. That is why the mathematical model has several goal functions them requiring finding peak values and some of them requiring finding the bottom values.The model can be applied in organizing the aeronautical engineering manufacturing, which requires effective remounting during the change of product range thus ensuring the required flexibility of manufacturing.

Hosting the Tobacco Industry Supply Chain and Political Interference.

We found no comprehensive studies on the location of transnational tobacco and leaf company (TTLC) subsidiaries (business entities they control) or the consequences of their presence on health policy. Here we assess (1) the global reach of TTLCs by mapping their tobacco growing and manufacturing subsidiaries and (2) the relationship between in-country presence of the tobacco industry and their power and interference. Data on subsidiaries were collated through systematic searching for countries' supply chain activities in documents and web pages. Cross-sectional multiple regression analysis was used to assess the association between the number of agricultural and manufacturing TTLCs and the Tobacco Industry Interference score, and the degree to which these were mediated by tobacco control, good governance, and economic importance of tobacco. TTLC supply chain activity had global reach. As the number of TTLCs with tobacco growing and manufacturing activities rose, interference increased significantly. Interference was associated with poorer tobacco control. The association with more TTLCs undertaking final product manufacturing was related to higher-value tobacco exports but was not related to tobacco making a bigger contribution to the economy. TTLCs continue to control the global tobacco supply chain through their globe-spanning subsidiaries. The presence of TTLCs in a country is associated with political interference. Countries should consider their participation in the tobacco supply chain alongside the understanding that they are likely to cede political power to TTLCs, potentially undermining the health of their populations. Tobacco control research has traditionally concentrated on the demand side of tobacco. Our results lend support to calls for more research on the supply of tobacco. Governments should require tobacco companies to provide detailed, up-to-date information in an easily accessible format on in-country supply chain activities. Policymakers should take the likelihood of political interference in health and environmental policy into account when making decisions about foreign direct investment offered by the tobacco industry.

INFORMATION FLOW ANALYSIS ENABLING THE INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING FOR PRODUCTION TOOLS-INSIGHTS FROM AN INDUSTRIAL CASE

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) has traditionally been used for prototyping of products, however, in the last few decades, it has seen a rising growth in the manufacture of final products. The addition of AM as a manufacturing method in the portfolio of a company's production capabilities increases the complexity of decision-making. This is because the decisions are often not based on the same criteria and constraints, as related to conventional manufacturing processes. In this paper, we investigate this challenge by studying how AM affects the current workflow and the associated information flow for a design-make process in a Swedish manufacturer before and after the integration of AM. In this paper, it is argued that apart from an understanding of how to design for AM, it is equally important to consider how introducing AM alters the existing information flow and how to benefit from information available in various design-make process steps to facilitate decision making process. The result clarifies that the current process relies largely on tacit and experiences-based knowledge, whereas to take advantage of AM, more precision is required to capture and process the available information.

Basalt Fiber Composites with Reduced Thermal Expansion for Additive Manufacturing

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is gaining attention as an efficient way to create parts and replacements on demand using thermoplastics. This technology requires the development of new materials with a reliable printability that satisfies the requirement of final parts. In this context, a series of composites based on acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) reinforced with basalt fiber (BF) are reported in this work. First, several surface modification treatments are applied onto the BF to increase their compatibility with the ASA matrix. Then, once the best treatment is identified, the mechanical properties, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and warping distortion of the different specimens designed and prepared by FFF are studied. It was found that the silanized BF is appropriate for an adequate printing, obtaining composites with higher stiffness, tensile strength, low CTE and a significant reduction in part distortion. These composites are of potential interest in the design and manufacturing of final products by FFF, as they show much lower CTE values than pure ASA, which is essential to successfully fabricate large objects using this technique.

Supply chain decisions and coordination in the presence of an imperfect spot market

This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand. In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract, the manufacturer can adjust their inventory by trading the commodity in an online spot market after observing the actual demand. However, the spot market is imperfect in that transactions cannot be certainly realized and come with additional transaction costs. Furthermore, the spot price is volatile such that overly relying on the spot market is unwise. To investigate how the spot market affects the decisions and coordination in a supply chain, we develop a game-theoretical model incorporating spot trading. We derive the optimal ordering decision in a centralized supply chain, as well as the supplier's and manufacturer's equilibrium pricing and ordering decisions in a decentralized supply chain. The impact of the imperfect spot market on the optimal decisions and profits is analyzed. This study also demonstrates how the supply chain can be coordinated in the presence of an imperfect spot market. Finally, a numerical analysis is performed to examine the analytical results. Our results indicate that the spot market can generally improve the performance of the centralized supply chain and benefit the manufacturer in the decentralized one. However, it can be detrimental to the supplier. The supply chain can be coordinated by a revenue-sharing contract, and both parties' profits can be improved. Our findings suggest that the manufacturer could take advantage of the spot market, and the supplier should attempt to integrate or coordinate the supply chain to share the benefits of spot trading.

Принятие решений по трансферу технологий в региональном инновационном кластере в условиях неопределенности и риска

Regional innovative clusters unite various organizations related to high-tech industries, which is located in concrete region, on the basis of cooperative activity, common interests and complementarity to their functions, resources and capabilities. This accelerates research and development processes and provides market entry of final product that is of fundamental importance for competitiveness of manufactured product as well as of regional innovative cluster as a hole and region of its location. The paper aims to develop methods and recommendations on technology transfer in regional innovation cluster as a tool for optimization of risks of its innovation activity. They include the development of the methodology for decision making on transfer of technology in innovation cluster under uncertainty and risk. As a result, we made calculations on the conditional example, in accordance with proposed methodology. In conclusion, application of proposed methodology in regional innovation cluster allows to optimize risks at the stage of implementation of developed technology in the manufacturing of final product and to accelerate its market entry that can be considered as a factor of regional economic competitiveness.

Mechanical strength of 3D-printed open hole polymer plates

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) as one of the most popular processes of Additive Manufacturing (AM), offers flexibility in manufacturing of parts with complex geometries. Although three-dimensional (3D) printing was initially used for rapid prototyping, currently it is being utilized in manufacturing of final products. Since some 3D-printed plates with open-holes might be subjected to the tensile loads during their operation, study the mechanical strength of these parts is a necessity. In the current study, the specimens have been fabricated by means of the FDM technique using Polylactic Acid (PLA) material. As ratio of the specimen width to the hole diameter has influence on the structural integrity of the part, we have fabricated specimens with different hole diameters. A series of tensile tests under static loading conditions was conducted to determine strength and effect of the the ratio of the specimen width to the hole diameter on the structural integrity of the 3D-printed PLA plate. Moreover, parallel to experimental tests, numerical simulations are performed and a good agreement between experimental finding and simulation results is obtained. The outcome of this study can be used for design of 3D-printed polymer plates with open-hole and improvement of their mechanical strength and structural integrity.

Optimization of machining process parameters of high pressure die casting for improve the quality of manufactured product

Inthiswork, pressure die casting (PDC) process parameterswith aluminium die casting alloy ADC12 hasbeenevaluated for a realistic industrial manufacturing line product. This study shows the observations on the basis of Taguchi based model onroughness value (Ra) and porosity (Φ)of final finished product in PDC process. A set of proposed setting is suggested for the manufacturing of final product. Several parameters have been studied for roughness value (Ra) and porosity(Φ)of the final product. The result shows the significantimprovementinroughness found minimum i.e. for the S/N ratio of −9.21796 with respect to metal temperature at 620 °C; with a Ist phase pressure at 5 N/mm2; IInd Phase Pressure at 30 N/mm2 and Die open time at 7 s and maximum at S/N ration of −3.04577 with respect to metal temperature at 580 °C; Ist Phase Pressure at 5 N/mm2; IInd Phase Pressure at 25 N/mm2 and Die open time at 6 s similarly porosity found minimum i.e. S/N ration of 2.00741 with respect to metal temperature at 620 °C; Ist Phase Pressure at 5 N/mm2; IInd Phase Pressure at 30 N/mm2 and Die open time at 7 s and maximum at S/N ration of 8.635966 with respect to metal temperature at 620 °C; Ist Phase Pressure at 15 N/mm2; IInd Phase Pressure at 25 N/mm2 and Die open time at 7 sat parametric settingsofPDC process.

부품공급자-생산자로 이루어진 공급망에서 생산능력 투자위험을 고려한 공급계약 방안 연구

When a new product is developed and introduced in markets, production capacity should be invested before mass production is initiated. Capacity building is often capital intensive and requires a long lead time. This paper addresses a supply contract problem for capacity investment in a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a component supplier and a final-product manufacturer. Since the demand is uncertain at the time of capacity decision-making, the supplier often builds the capacity in a conservative way to prevent possible capital losses due to excess capacity. A possible solution to this under-capacity building problem is that the manufacturer shares the investment risk with the supplier. In this paper, a capacity cost-sharing contract is introduced, and the contract parameters are examined. The attitude of suppliers to risk is discussed, and a new contract procedure is presented for a supply chain with a risk-averse supplier. With a numerical example, the effect of the contract parameters on system performance is investigated.

Innovative technology of directional blasting using shaped charges

Enhancement of mining performance is inseparable from blasting improvement. The quality of rock fragmentation by blasting for further processing and manufacture of final products governs the rate and efficiency of adva nce in the mining sector. The analysis of promising approaches to improvement of quality of rock fragmentation by blasting shows that the main way is to use modern physical fields to intensify detonati on processes, for instance, to utilize cumulative effect of blasting. The authors have designed a shaped charge with cumulative effect, which allows making the bench bottom lower and enables the blasting expenses to be reduced. With this charge design, an explosive charge is located immediately above the bench bottom, which increases the detonation wave impact on the bottom. The shaped charge generates a jet that creates a shock wave directed downward and sideways from the borehole. The stress waves directed upward from the shaped charge ensure additional fragmentation of overlying rocks. Direction of some explosive charge energy to the bottom of the borehole extends the time of the blast energy effect on enclosing rock mass and creates two stress waves. The proposed technology allows also decoupling of explosive charges with an inert gap. The lower charge element is made of an explosive conformable with the strength characteristics of rocks in the bench bottom, and the upper part of the charge is to conform with the blastability category of the bench rocks. Making a charge cavity at the bottom of the borehole allows having influence on the intensity of rock fragmentation by blasting. Efficient parameters of the charge cavity in the shaped charge design are determined.

High strain rate compression behaviour of 3D printed Carbon-PA

In the last few years, Fused Filament Fabrication is growing in the industrial field for the manufacture of final products by using new materials with high mechanical performances. Among those, one of the strongest is Carbon-PA. This is a composite material made by Nylon thermoplastic matrix filled with short carbon fibers reinforces. The aim of this work is to investigate its mechanical properties in static and dynamic conditions. Cylindrical specimens were produced by extruding the material in the three main printing directions. Then, uniaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression tests have been performed to evaluate its strain rate sensitivity. Dynamic tests have been carried out through a direct Split Hopkinson Bar setup with a pulse-shaping technique. The results show a compression behaviour dependent on the printing direction and strain rate. The behaviour of Carbon-PA was different between static and dynamic condition, passing from ductile to brittle. Moreover, a tomography analysis was carried out on the samples to evaluate the voids distribution.Graphic abstract

Target cost management to ensure product quality

Improving the quality of finished products, as well as its provision, associated with costs at all stages of the production process of finished products, in the pre-production and post-production periods. The cost of quality assurance at the stage of the production process occupies a special place in the total cost of quality. Difficulties in estimating the cost of product quality assurance are that there is no experience in determining the production costs of quality assurance of finished products and that the number of influencing factors that must be taken into account in the manufacture of final products of a given level of quality in mass production. Ensuring the quality of products requires significant costs, which over time, given the growing requirements for the quality of finished products, will grow, which determines the need to develop a mechanism to link quality management of finished products with normalized costs to ensure its quality. An article devoted to this little-studied problem and aims to outline theoretical, methodological and practical ways to manage the cost of quality, their coordination in terms of ensuring a given level of quality of finished products. The problem of coordinating (managing) the costs of quality is dictated by the need to include in the case all the reserves and opportunities to improve efficiency and quality, including the ability to correctly calculate, analyze, evaluate and compare costs and results. The purposes of the article, justifying the need for an interdependent system of quality management indicators, is in line with the objectives of resource conservation, a sharp increase in economic efficiency of the production process and improve the quality of products. The scientific problem understood the role as the costs inflicted rocker economic (economic) efficiency mode of operation of the quality management system of finished products, the algorithm definition, calculation methods, detection, calculation, forecasting and control(coordination) costs of product quality.

ОБ ОДНОМЕРНЫХ СЛУЧАЯХ РАСКРОЯ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The cost part, which is formed during the manufacture, processing and production of final products, is an important aspect in any industrial enterprise. The paper sets the task of optimal cutting, which consists in choosing one or more ways of cutting the material and determining how much material should be cut using each of the selected methods. In the current study, a one-dimensional case of cutting materials is considered, an objective function is found that ensures optimal production and redistribution of material, al-lowing minimizing the cost part of production. Tasks of this type are used in metallurgy and mechanical engi-neering, forestry, timber processing, light industry.

Osmanlı İmalat Sanayisinde Sermayenin Kurumsallaşması Sorunsalı: Bursa İpek Sektörü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

The debate on transition to capitalism in the Ottoman Empire continues. In this study, the role of capital in the development of capitalist relations in the Ottoman Empire in the absence of an institutional credit mechanism was investigated through the incorporation practice. For this purpose, the XIXth century Bursa silk sector case was analysed. This is because it is the most integrated among the Ottoman Empire sectors with the European markets. This quality of the sector has enabled the comparison of Western Europe with the Ottoman Empire in terms of industrial capitalism. For making the comparison, Western European company history, secondary sources and studies on the subject were examined. In this context, the political, religious, and socioeconomic features that were effective on the emergence and development of institutional organizations in the Ottoman Empire were taken into consideration. Depending on the characteristics in question, it was understood that the capitalist transformation was realized through formal and tacit agreements of usurer-foreign/minority merchant-bureaucrat cooperation in Bursa silk sector, differently from the corporation in Western Europe, even at the point of raw material-intermediate production. However, the capitalist transformation was not observed in the manufacture of final products and other textiles, and that then loss of employment and production appeared in these branches of activity as a result of the complete incorporation of the Empire into the center-periphery relationship with the Act of Port of Treaty of 1838 signed with Britain.

Fracture behavior of additively manufactured components: A review

Additive manufacturing (AM) has garnered increasing attention in academic and research projects, based on its unique characteristics and favorable capabilities. Although three-dimensional (3D) printing technology was initially used for rapid prototyping, currently it is being utilized in manufacturing of final products. Considering various applications of 3D-printed components, investigation of their fracture behavior is necessary.In the present study, we review fracture of polymeric and metallic 3D-printed components fabricated by different AM processes. More in deep, fracture behavior and mechanical properties of printed components under static and dynamic loading regimes are classified and reviewed. In this regard, we collected, discussed, and analyzed the reported data, to determine critical information about the influence of printing process and printing parameters on fracture behavior of 3D-printed parts. Polymeric and metallic parts are currently fabricated via different AM processes which have their own advantages and drawbacks. As internal defects can affect the mechanical performance of 3D-printed components, fractographic analysis of previous studies have been reviewed. The present overview, highlights the limitations, challenges and research gaps in this field.

Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Analysis of Nylon-12 Crystallisation Variation Depending on 3D Printing Conditions.

Nylon-12 is an important structural polymer in wide use in the form of fibres and bulk structures. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) method for rapid prototyping and final product manufacturing of thermoplastic polymer objects. The resultant microstructure of FFF-produced samples is strongly affected by the cooling rates and thermal gradients experienced across the part. The crystallisation behaviour during cooling and solidification influences the micro- and nano-structure, and deserves detailed investigation. A commercial Nylon-12 filament and FFF-produced Nylon-12 parts were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to examine the effect of cooling rates under non-isothermal crystallisation conditions on the microstructure and properties. Slower cooling rates caused more perfect crystallite formation, as well as alteration to the thermal properties.

Problems and Peculiarities of the Light Industry Development in Ukraine: A Statistical Comparison with EU Countries

The light industry is one of the basic strategic segments of the national economy, providing for 5.0% of budget revenues and 2.6% of Ukrainian merchandise exports, and, therefore, has a considerable potential for further development. The purpose of the article is to identify problems and peculiarities of the light industry development in Ukraine on the basis of a statistical comparison with EU countries. According to the research results, the systemic negative dynamics of the light industry output resulted in a lag between Ukraine and EU countries, e. g. 6 times from Poland, 21 times from Germany, and 73 times from Italy. The light industry in Ukraine (like in the leading EU countries) specializes in manufacturing of final consumption products, which share in the output is more than 60%. However, despite such specialization, nearly 90% of the domestic demand for the light industry goods is met by imports.
 At the same time, the significant export orientation of textile and other light industry industries given that all the production and consumption segments of these industries in Ukraine have a strong import dependence indicates a high share of tolling operations in the Ukrainian exports. The development of the Ukrainian light industry is hampered by the following key problems: high dependence on imported raw materials, supplies and components; low price competitiveness of home-made goods on the domestic market; the reliance of a large part of domestic companies in the industry on consumer-supplied raw materials. Hence, the priority of the government’s industrial policy for the light industry development is to restore (and further increase) raw materials supplies for textile and other domestic industries. The second objective is to create competitive conditions on the domestic market for the light industry by eliminating the shadow turnover in this segment. The third objective is to reduce the commodity exports, along with increasing exports of high quality products with a high share of value added.

Integrated production and maintenance scheduling for a single degrading machine with deterioration-based failures

In production lines, several factors contribute to the manufacturing of final products. Among these factors, the production time, machine status, and energy consumption, before and during production, need to be investigated further. In this paper, we present a mathematical model which jointly optimizes production scheduling and maintenance planning in a single-machine production environment. The performance of the machine deteriorates with time, and the machine is subject to stochastic deterioration-based failures. We assume that the transitions between the machine’s deterioration states follow an exponential distribution. We consider that processing times and energy consumption are affected by machine deterioration and failures. The main contribution of the paper is that maintenance and scheduling decisions are made based on the machine’s degradation level (i.e., the machine’s condition). We address the machine’s deterioration as a discrete multi-state degradation process; and model the effects of the machine’s deterioration and failures on the duration of job processing and the machine’s energy consumption. Then, we develop a stochastic mixed-integer programming model that integrates decisions about maintenance and production scheduling. The model generates the optimal maintenance action for each degradation state, as well as the optimal inspection policy and job sequence, with the overall aim being to minimize the total cost, including: inspection costs, repair costs, machine energy consumption costs, and the makespan penalty for exceeding a predetermined threshold. Due to the complexity of the developed model, an effective genetic algorithm (GA) based on the properties of the considered problem is proposed. Finally, through a comparative numerical study, we show that making decisions according to the deterioration level of the machine results in more integrated and cost-effective plans compared to the current method of repairing the machine only once it has reached its failure state.

China\u2019s public policies toward rare earths, 1975\u20132018

This paper summarizes and evaluates China’s policies toward the rare-earth industry from 1975 to 2018. We define five stages over this period and focus on China’s purpose, the underlying economic background in each stage, and the connections between stages. By reviewing a broad set of original policy documents, we find that the purpose of China’s policies has evolved, affected by the market players, the development of the mineral industry, and the state of the Chinese economy. Initially, the Chinese government encouraged the development of the upstream rare-earth sector. Since the early 1990s, China has focused on the development of downstream activities that use rare earths in the manufacture of intermediate and final products. Since the early 2000s, China has focused additionally on the problems of disorder in the rare-earth industry with particular reference to the environmental degradation caused by rare-earth production, as well as industrial reorganization to discourage unsanctioned production.