Manufacture Of Acetic Acid Research Articles

Endogenous ethanol- and thermo-tolerant strain from Malaysia pineapple peel: Screening and molecular characterisation

The current study aims to identify an endogenous acetic acid bacterial strain isolated from a Malaysian pineapple capable of tolerating high ethanol and temperatures. A total of 23 strains of presumed acetic acid bacteria were isolated from the pineapple peel waste. Subsequently, three isolates with the highest acid yield were subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing; Acetobacter tropicalis (A. tropicalis), Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus ureilyticus. Tolerance evaluations against pH, temperature, ethanol, sugar, and acetic acid demonstrated that all three strains tolerated significant temperatures, ethanol, and sugar levels. Based on the results, A. tropicalis possesses the potential to reduce cooling system load during acetic acid manufacture in hot climate regions with a notable acetic acid yield.

Optimalisasi Kadar Asam Asetat Ananas Comosus l dengan Penambahan Induk Cuka

Ananas comosus L. (Pineapple) is one of the superior fruit commodities in Indonesia. The amount of production in 2016 pineapples placed fourth after bananas, oranges and mangoes which amounted to 1.4 million tons/year. Pineapple production for East Kalimantan, Balikpapan city has an area of 8,572 hectares of pineapple with a production of 7,206 tons of pineapple. Pineapple skin contains 17.53% carbohydrates and 13.65% sugar. This led researchers to develop the manufacture of acetic acid from the skin waste of Ananas comosus L. The research method consists of materials used namely, pineapple skin, water, granulated sugar, yeast, vinegar, ammonium sulfate, oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, pp indicators and aquades obtained from STTI Bontang laboratory. The working procedure of this study consists of 3 stages of the method: the first fermentation stage with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the second fermentation stage with variations in the addition of the parent vinegar and the calculation of acetic acid levels with time intervals of 2 days /sample (days 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24). The third stage is carried out by alkaline method. Optimum results from research with the main variation of vinegar and fermentation time were obtained on the 20th day with the addition of a 2.3 mL vinegar master obtained a acetic acid content of 6.24 g/mL. Further researchers are expected to develop better analytical methods to make the concentration of acetic acid obtained more optimal.

Quantitative Safety and Health Assessment Based on Fuzzy Inference and AHP at Preliminary Design Stage

Quantitative assessment is the most important means to identify hazard potential and manage risk for an industrial process. The implement of quantitative assessment in the early stage will help to develop inherently safer process, eliminating the hazard and reduce the possibility of accidental chain events and the magnitude of consequences. In this paper, after reviewing the presently available assessment method, we present the disadvantages of current technology in several aspects. Focusing on the main disadvantage of subjectivity in two aspects of index valuing and weighting, which is a serious barrier to measure the real level of process safety, we propose a quantitative assessment method integrated fuzzy inference and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) to quantify safety and health hazards of chemical process route in preliminary design stage. The purpose of integrating fuzzy inference into it is to reduce the subjectivity of index valuing system. The fuzzy inference system is designed without medium variable in order to eliminate its negative effect on assessment result. Index weighting is determined by AHP more objectively based on the ordering of inherent safety guidewords. Finally, the proposed method is applied to assessment nine competing routes of acetic acid manufacture to present its improvement.

Intelligent Control in Low Pressure Methanol Carbonylation CH<sub>3</sub>COOH Reaction

With catalysis system, carbonylation of methanol liquid is a better method in manufacture of acetic acid. However previous control mode can not well meet technique demands. This paper made some modification on reaction process control based on manufacturing technique. Aimed at much influence upon temperature including uncertainty, cross coupling effects and big delay about model, predictive functional control (PFC) technique combined with PID and feedforward are applied to temperature control of reaction process through supervisory total distributed control which leads to the improvement of regulatory capacity for both reference input tracking and load disturbance rejection. Practical results show stable and reliable system operation.

Selection of inherently safer process routes: a case study

Increased public concern about safety issues and stringent environmental standards has led plant designers to consider inherently safer design. The term ‘inherently safer’ implies that the process is safe by its very nature and not externally constrained to be safe by the use of add-on systems and devices. Such opportunities for developing inherently safer process are highest in the early stages of design. Constraints such as time, lack of knowledge and inadequate inherent safety analysis tools are often cited as obstacles to development and implementation of inherently safer design. In this paper, we describe an inherent safety analysis methodology that can be applied in the early stages of process development. The methodology is based on an inherent safety index for comparing process routes and heuristics for identifying hazards and generating alternative designs. This methodology has been implemented as one module in iSafe, an intelligent system that automates inherent safety analysis. One key benefit of iSafe is substantial reduction in the time and effort required to perform safety analysis. Automation of the inherent safety analysis also makes it more thorough and detailed, minimizes or eliminates human errors, facilitates documentation and makes the study results available online for detailed safety analysis and review in the later stages of process design. The details of inherent safety analysis at the route selection stage are discussed in this paper and illustrated by comparing competing processes for acetic acid manufacture.

Homogeneous catalysis: mechanisms and industrial applications

1. Chemical Industry and Homogeneous Catalysis 1.1 Feed Stocks, Fuels and Catalysts 1.2 Crude Oil to Gasoline and Basic Building Blocks by Heterogeneous catalysts 1.3 Basic Building Blocks to Downstream Products by Homogeneous Catalysis 1.4 Comparison among Different Types of Catalysis 1.5 Catalyst Recovery 1.6 Environmental Issues Problems Bibliography 2. Basic Chemical Concepts 2.1 Ligands 2.2 Metals 2.3 Important Reaction Types Problems Bibliography 3. Methods of Investigation 3.1 Catalytic cycle and intermediates 3.2 Spectroscopic Studies 3.3 Kinetic Studies 3.4 Model Compounds 3.5 Computational Techniques (Theoretical Calculation) 3.6 Asymmetric Catalysis Problems Bibliography 4. Carbonylation and Related Reactions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Carbonylation and Manufacture of Acetic Acid 4.3 Carbonylation of Other Alcohols 4.4 Carbonylation of Methyl Acetate 4.5 Carbonylation of Alkynes 4.6 Other carbonylation and hydrocarboxylation reactions 4.7 C 1-Chemistry 4.8 Engineering Aspects Problems Bibliography 5. Hydrogenation and Other Hydrogen Based Catalytic Reactions 5.1 Hydrogenation 5.2 Hydroformylation 5.3 Other Hydroformylation reactions 5.4 Asymmetric Hydroformylation 5.5 Hydrosilylation 5.6 Hydrocyanation 5.7 Hydroamination Problems Bibliography 6. Polymerization and Selective Oligomerization of Alkenes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Early Catalysts for Polyethylene and Polypropylene 6.3 Modern Ziegler-Natta Catalyst 6.4 Mechanistic Studies 6.5 Single Site Catalysts 6.6 Ethylene Polymerization with Polar comonomers 6.7 Polymers of Other Alkenes 6.8 Oligomerization of Ethylene 6.9 Engineering Aspects Problems Bibliography 7. Selective C-C Bond Forming Reactions With Alkenes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Di-, Tri-, Tetramerization and Codimerization reactions 7.3 Metathesis Reactions 7.4 Pd-Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions 7.5 Metal catalyzed Cyclopropanation and Cycloaddition Problems Bibliography 8. Oxidation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Wacker Oxidation 8.3 Metal-Catalyzed Liquid-Phase Autoxidation 8.4 Polymers from Autoxidation Products 8.5 Selective Oxidations 8.6 Engineering and Safety Considerations Problems Bibliography

The Cativa™ Process for the Manufacture of Acetic Acid

Acetic acid is an important industrial commodity chemical, with a world demand of about 6 million tonnes per year and many industrial uses. The preferred industrial method for its manufacture is by the carbonylation of methanol and this accounts for approximately 60 per cent of the total world acetic acid manufacturing capacity. The carbonylation of methanol, catalysed by rhodium, was invented by Monsanto in the 1960s and for 25 years was the leading technology. In 1996 a new, more efficient, process for the carbonylation of methanol was announced by BP Chemicals, this time using an iridium catalyst. This article describes the new process and looks at the ways in which it improves upon the prior technology.

High productivity methanol carbonylation catalysis using iridium: The Cativa™ process for the manufacture of acetic acid

Methanol carbonylation to acetic acid is catalysed with high rates at low water concentrations using an iridium/iodide based catalyst. The catalyst system exhibits high stability allowing a wide range of process conditions and compositions to be accessed without catalyst precipitation. Two distinct classes of promoters have been identified for the reaction: simple iodide complexes of zinc, cadmium, mercury, indium and gallium and carbonyl complexes of tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium and osmium. The promoters exhibit a unique synergy with iodide salts, such as lithium iodide, under low water conditions. A rate maximum exists at commercially attractive low water conditions, and optimisation of the process parameters gives acetic acid with a selectivity in excess of 99% based upon methanol. The levels of liquid by-products formed are a significant improvement over that achieved with the conventional high water rhodium based catalyst system used in the Monsanto process and the quality of the product obtained under low water concentrations is exceptional. The Cativa™ process has now been successfully commercialised on three world scale plants.

Improvement on stability of square planar rhodium (I) complexes for carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid

A series of square planar cis-dicarbonyl polymer coordinated rhodium complexes with uncoordinated donors near the central rhodium atoms for carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid are reported. Data of IR, XPS and thermal analysis show that these complexes are very stable. The intramolecular substitution reaction is proposed for their high stability. These complexes show excellent catalytic activity, selectivity and less erosion to the equipment for the methanol carbonylation to acetic acid. The distillation process may be used instead of flash vaporization in the manufacture of acetic acid, which reduces the investment on the equipment.

Model reactions of a carbonylation catalyst: phosphite induced migratory CO insertion in [MeIr(CO) 2I 3] −

Carbonylation of the anionic iridium(III) methyl complex, [MeIr(CO) 2I 3] − ( 1) is an important step in the new iridium-based process for acetic acid manufacture. A model study of the migratory insertion reactions of 1 with P-donor ligands is reported. Complex 1 reacts with phosphites to give neutral acetyl complexes, [Ir(COMe)(CO)I 2L 2] (L = P(OPh) 3 ( 2), P(OMe) 3 ( 3)). Complex 2 has been isolated and fully characterised from the reaction of Ph 4As[MeIr(CO) 2I 3] with AgBF 4 and P(OPh) 3; comparison of spectroscopic properties suggests an analogous formulation for 3. IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy indicate initial formation of unstable isomers of 2 which isomerise to the thermodynamic product with trans phosphite ligands. Kinetic measurements for the reactions of 1 with phosphites in CH 2Cl 2 show first order dependence on [ 1], only when the reactions are carried out in the presence of excess iodide. The rates exhibit a saturation dependence on [ L] and are inhibited by iodide. The reactions are accelerated by addition of alcohols (e.g. 18× enhancement for L = P (OMe) 3 in 1:3 MeOH-CH 2Cl 2). A reaction mechanism is proposed which involves substitution of an iodide ligand by phosphite, prior to migratory CO insertion. The observed rate constants fit well to a rate law derived from this mechanism. Analysis of the kinetic data shows that k 1, the rate constant for iodide dissociation, is independent of L, but is increased by a factor of ∼18 on adding 25% MeOH to CH 2Cl 2. Activation parameters for the k 1 step are Δ H ≠ = 71 (±3) kJ mol −, Δ S ≠ = −81 (±9) J mol −1 K −1 in CH 2Cl 2 and Δ H ≠ = 60(±4) kJ mol −1, Δ S ≠ = −93(± 12) J mol −1 K −1 in 1:3 MeOH-CH 2Cl 2. Solvent assistance of the iodide dissociation step gives the observed rate enhancement in protic solvents. The mechanism is similar to that proposed for the carbonylation of 1.

Targeting the development of membranes for gas separation

AbstractThis paper presents the new concept of ‘Targeting’ the properties of new membrane materials. Cost parameters are defined in terms of effective selectivity and cost permeability. These new parameters, obtained from the analysis of membrane plant suppliers' bids, are used in a procedure which determines the optimal degree of separation and recovery. The use of the targeting methods is illustrated here in the development of new membranes for the separation of CO from an H2/CO syngas for the large‐scale manufacture of acetic acid. The targeting approach can be extended to include other gas separation technologies and will aid the development of a generic methodology for the design of gas separation processes.

Extractive fermentation of acetic acid

In this technoeconomic evaluation of the manufacture of acetic acid by fermentation, the use of the bacterium:Acetobacter suboxydans from the old vinegar process was compared with expected performance of the newerClostridium thermoaceticum bacterium. Both systems were projected to operate as immobilized cells in a continuous, fluidized bed bioreactor, using solvent extraction to recover the product.

Ethanol from hydrogen and carbon monoxide via methanol homologation

The carbonylation of methanol using a rhodium complex catalyst is a commercial route for the manufacture of acetic acid (Monsanto process). Using the same catalytic system Dumas [ J. Organometall. Chem. 177, 239 (1979)] has been able to direct the reaction towards ethanol formation using syngas mixtures very rich in hydrogen. Unfortunately the data reported by Dumas are not completely reliable. We have reinvestigated this interesting process and confirmed that the homologation of methanol may be a most promising process for the production of oxygenated C 2 chemicals.

LIMITS FOR THE PROPAGATION OF FLAME IN ACETALDEHYDE‐OXYGEN‐NITROGEN MIXTURES

AbstractIn order to assess, and possibly find a method of reducing, the explosion huard in the manufacture of acetic acid from acetalde‐hyde, a knowledge was required of the range of acctaldehyde‐oxygen‐nitrogen mixtures capable of propapating flame under wrious conditions. The limits of inflammability in such mixtures were therefore determined for upward, horizontal and downward !lame‐propagation in glass tubes of I‐, 2‐ and 3‐in. diameter at room temperature and at soo C. The effect of contamination with carbon dioxide, acetylene and acetic acid was also examined, as well as that of using aluminium tubes in place of glass. The range of inflammability in the acetaldehydroxygen‐nitrogen system is exceptionally wide and offers little hope of eliminating explosion risks in the manufacture of acetic acid, the best safeguard being to minimize free space and place suitable guards at vulnerable points.The results show that in acetaldehydc∼∼gen‐nitrogen mixmres, the lower limit is mainly a function of the acetaldehyde content, whereas the upper limit is mainly determined by the oxygen content; this suggests that the calorific value Of the gas is an important factor in limit propagation. Another important factor in the case of acetaldehyde is the apearancc of the ‘cool’ flame. This causes a marked extension of t!e upper limit, from which it is inferred that the products of ‘cool’ flame combustion are incompletly oxidized, the main constituent being possibly acetic acid.

Manufacture of Acetic Acid on Rubber Estates for Use as a Coagulant

Manufacture of Acetic Acid on Rubber Estates for Use as a Coagulant

Manufacture of acetic acid

Manufacture of acetic acid

Manufacture of acetic acid from acetylene : In an article on organic mercury compounds F. C. Whitmore ( Chemical Bulletin, Chicago, vol. vi, pp. 164–165, 1919)

Manufacture of acetic acid from acetylene : In an article on organic mercury compounds F. C. Whitmore ( Chemical Bulletin, Chicago, vol. vi, pp. 164–165, 1919)

Japanese Radium; Indian Sesamum Crop; Radium as a Fertilizer; A New Phosphatic Ore; Acetic Acid Manufacture in Ceylon; Mucilage for Paraffin Paper; Oil Purchase; Action of Ultraviolet Rays on Glycerin; British Export Prohibition

Japanese Radium; Indian Sesamum Crop; Radium as a Fertilizer; A New Phosphatic Ore; Acetic Acid Manufacture in Ceylon; Mucilage for Paraffin Paper; Oil Purchase; Action of Ultraviolet Rays on Glycerin; British Export Prohibition