Manual Sequences Research Articles

Risk prediction model for distracted driving: Characterizing interactions of eye glances and manual sequences

Distracted driving substantially undermines road safety, and the frequent, low-accuracy distracted driving risk prediction alarms may detrimentally affect drivers’ judgments. The study aims to improve risk prediction accuracy by mapping the distinctive interactions of eye glances and manual sequences in distracted driving into a graph structure of nodes and edges. Distraction patterns are categorized as visual distractions (VD), manual distractions (MD), and visual-manual distractions (VMD) based on daily driving behaviours, such as eating, drinking, reaching for something, and using mobile phones. 1,806 distraction alarm records came from an active safety platform (ASP) in Beijing, covering 69 drivers from 23 hazardous materials road transport companies. The study extracts characteristics to assess distracted driving risks, including visual, manual, and driving performance features. Subsequently, unsupervised learning is used to cluster risk features into three categories (low, medium, and high), which serve as labels for the risk prediction model. In addition, each distraction alarm sequence is divided into nodes and edges of a graph. More specifically, five visual areas, forward (F), object of distraction (Dis), left window (LW), rear-view mirror (RM), center dashboard (C), as well as manual sequences, single hand (H), double hands (2H) are represented as nodes. The edges are connected in parallel (occurring simultaneously) or in series (occurring sequentially), with arrows pointing from the earlier node to the later one. Furthermore, coupled with time, global, and environmental features, a temporal graph attention network (TGAT) with integrated time functions and multi-head attention mechanisms is developed to predict distracted driving risks. The results indicated that VMD demanded more visual and manual resources and led to more high-risk alarms than VD and MD. Besides, TGAT reached a promising result, outperforming other time series methods. This study is valuable for driver distraction monitoring and driving risk assessment, significantly contributing to the enhancement of road safety.

PLC Programming for Vision Checking System with Linear Servo Motors

PLC programs provide precise control over machinery and industrial processes. They dictate how equipment operates, ensuring tasks are performed accurately and consistently according to predefined parameters. In this project, I create the PLC program for a Mitsubishi PLC and design the HMI screen template using Mitsubishi HMI software for a vision checking system integrated with linear servo motorsTop of Form. In vision checking system with linear servo motors inspects PCBA and wiring using a vision camera moved by a servo gantry system. Safety measures are implemented. The program includes auto, manual, and homing sequences, along with mode selection, error handling, counter, shift, and tower lamp functions. HMI screens are designed to teach machine operation. In auto mode, servos move to positions set in the HMI recipe screen. Manual mode allows servo jogging and movement between positions via the HMI servo screen. Pressing the homing button moves servos to user-set home positions. Safety measures, including light curtains, door switches, and fixture sensors, halt the machine and sound a buzzer in case of errors. Counter and shift programming displays running shift and component counts. Programs are tailored to input/output device operations. Key Words: PLC Programming, HMI Screen designing.

Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and child sensorimotor and visuospatial development

Motor development underlies many aspects of education and learning. There has been uncertainty about the impact of exposure of antidepressant medication in pregnancy on child motor outcomes. This paper examines whether exposure to antidepressants in utero increases the risk of poorer motor development in two areas: sensorimotor and visuospatial processing. Data were obtained from 195 women and children across 3 groups: women with untreated depression in pregnancy, women treated with antidepressants and control women. Data were collected across pregnancy, postpartum and until 4 years for mother and child. Maternal depression was established at baseline with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Antidepressant exposure, including type, dose and timing, was measured through repeated self-report across pregnancy and the postpartum, medical records at delivery and in cord blood samples collected at delivery. Child sensorimotor and visuospatial outcomes were assessed at 4 years of age with four subtests from the NEPSY-II. Our study found for sensorimotor development, visuomotor precision completion time was associated with better performance for antidepressant-exposed children compared to those with mothers with untreated depression. Yet another measure of sensorimotor development, motor manual sequences, was poorer in those exposed to antidepressants. One subtest for visuospatial processing, block construction, was associated with poorer performance in antidepressant-exposed children who had poor neonatal adaptation and those exposed to a higher dose of antidepressant. These findings suggest an inconsistent association between sensorimotor development and antidepressant use in pregnancy. However, the findings for visuospatial processing would support further exploration of antidepressant associated poor neonatal adaption and later motor development.

Utilising low cost RGB-D cameras to track the real time progress of a manual assembly sequence

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the role that computer vision can play within new industrial paradigms such as Industry 4.0 and in particular to support production line improvements to achieve flexible manufacturing. As Industry 4.0 requires “big data”, it is accepted that computer vision could be one of the tools for its capture and efficient analysis. RGB-D data gathered from real-time machine vision systems such as Kinect ® can be processed using computer vision techniques. Design/methodology/approach This research exploits RGB-D cameras such as Kinect® to investigate the feasibility of using computer vision techniques to track the progress of a manual assembly task on a production line. Several techniques to track the progress of a manual assembly task are presented. The use of CAD model files to track the manufacturing tasks is also outlined. Findings This research has found that RGB-D cameras can be suitable for object recognition within an industrial environment if a number of constraints are considered or different devices/techniques combined. Furthermore, through the use of a HMM inspired state-based workflow, the algorithm presented in this paper is computationally tractable. Originality/value Processing of data from robust and cheap real-time machine vision systems could bring increased understanding of production line features. In addition, new techniques that enable the progress tracking of manual assembly sequences may be defined through the further analysis of such visual data. The approaches explored within this paper make a contribution to the utilisation of visual information “big data” sets for more efficient and automated production.

Relation between Motor and Cognitive Skills in Italian Basketball Players Aged between 7 and 10 Years Old.

There is evidence supporting a correlation between motor, attention and working memory in children. This present study focuses on children aged between 7 and 10 years, who have been playing basketball in the last two years. The aim of this study is to verify the correlation between cognitive and motor abilities and to understand the importance of this correlation in basketball practice. A total of 75 children who were 7.2–10.99 years old were assessed in terms of their attention, motor manual sequences and visuo-spatial working memory. A regression analysis was provided. In this sample, the motor abilities of children were found to be correlated with attention (denomination task, R2 = 0.07), visuo-spatial working memory (R2 = 0.06) and motor manual sequencing (aiming and catching task, R2 = 0.05; and manual dexterity task, R2 = 0.10). These correlations justify the suggestion to introduce deeper cognitive involvement during basketball training. The development of executive functions could have an important impact on basketball practice and the introduction of attention and memory tasks could help coaches to obtain optimal improvement in performance during the training sessions.

Controller Hierarchies for Efficient Virtual Ergonomic Assessments of Manual Assembly Sequences

A novel framework for manikin motion planning has been implemented to reduce the time needed to perform virtual ergonomic assessments of manual assembly sequences. The user feeds high level instructions into a hierarchical controller system. Depending on the state of the manikin and the objects in the environment, the controllers compute a sequence of low level instructions interpreted as path planning instances for the manikin. The result is automatically generated collision-free and ergonomically sound motions that accomplish the assembly tasks. The framework is demonstrated on relevant cases from the industry and the reduction in manual simulation preparation time is proven.

The influence of action possibility and end-state comfort on motor imagery of manual action sequences

It has been proposed that the preparation of goal-direct actions involves internal movement simulation, or motor imagery. Evidence suggests that motor imagery is critically involved in the prediction of action consequences and contributes heavily to movement planning processes. The present study examined whether the sensitivity towards end-state comfort and the possibility/impossibility to perform an action sequence are considered during motor imagery. Participants performed a mental rotation task in which two images were simultaneously presented. The image on the left depicted the start posture of a right hand when grasping a bar, while the right image depicted the hand posture at the end of the action sequence. The right image displayed the bar in a vertical orientation with the hand in a comfortable (thumb-up) or in an uncomfortable (thumb-down) posture, while the bar in the left image was rotated in picture plane in steps of 45°. Crucially, the two images formed either a physically possible or physically impossible to perform action sequence. Results revealed strikingly different response time patterns for the two action sequence conditions. In general, response times increased almost monotonically with increasing angular disparity for the possible to perform action sequences. However, slight deviations from this monotonicity were apparent when the sequences contained an uncomfortable as opposed to a comfortable final posture. In contrast, for the impossible sequences, response times did not follow a typical mental rotation function, but instead were uniformly very slow. These findings suggest that both biomechanical constraints (i.e., end-state comfort) and the awareness of the possibility/impossibility to perform an action sequence are considered during motor imagery. We conclude that motor representations contain information about the spatiotemporal movement organization and the possibility of performing an action, which are crucially involved in anticipation and planning of action sequences.

Looking to the hands: Where we dwell in complex manual sequences

We investigated how processing unfolds across time as adults view novel manual activity. Adults advanced through slideshows of an actor performing sleight-of-hand manoeuvres; dwell times were recorded to each slide. As in past work involving larger-scale intentional action scenarios, adults allocated more attention to slides depicting breakpoints—transitions from one event segment to the next—than slides displaying mid-stream action, indicating that dwell times are sensitive to adults' recovery of segmental structure in intricate manual activity. Adults also allocated increased attention towards slides indicative of causal structure, indicating that dwell times index processing of causally relevant information as well as segmental structure. We were additionally curious if adults' learning outcomes would differ as a function of whether they paced themselves or watched slideshows advance at a computer-controlled pace. Memory did not differ, but adults viewing computer-controlled slideshows displayed an advantage in performing the tricks. A single attentional focus may have helped adults learn to re-enact the actions, relative to a split attentional focus.

Segment interdependency and gaze anchoring during manual two-segment sequences.

This study examined two-segment pointing movements with various accuracy constraints to test whether there is segment interdependency in saccadic eye movements that accompany manual actions. The other purpose was to examine how planning of movement accuracy and amplitude for the second pointing influences the timing of gaze shift to the second target at the transition between two segments. Participants performed a rapid two-segment pointing task, in which the first segment had two target sizes, and the second segment had two target sizes and two movement distances. The results showed that duration and peak velocity of the initial pointing were influenced by altered kinematic characteristics of the second pointing due to task manipulations of the second segment, revealing segment interdependency in hand movements. In contrast, saccade duration and velocity did not show such segment interdependency. Thus, unlike hand movements, saccades are planned and organized independently for each segment during sequential manual actions. In terms of the timing of gaze shift to the second target, this was delayed when the initial pointing was made to the smaller first target, indicating that gaze anchoring to the initial target is used to verify the pointing termination. Importantly, the gaze shift was delayed when the second pointing was made to the smaller or farther second target. This suggests that visual information of the hand position at the initial target is important for the planning of movement distance and accuracy of the next pointing. Furthermore, timings of gaze shift and pointing initiation to the second target were highly correlated. Thus, at the transition between two segments, gazes and hand movements are highly coupled in time, which allows the sensorimotor system to process visual and proprioceptive information for the verification of pointing termination and planning of the next pointing.

Voxel-based morphometry patterns of social cognition in PPA and bvFTD

such as psychosis and aggression. Limitations from the literature on cognitivemarkers include limited number of subjects, inadequate control of potential confounding factors and short follow-up periods. Moreover, all of the previous studies used comprehensive neuropsychological battery, which cannot be easily implanted in a clinical setting. Recent data suggest that executive functions may predict the course of AD. In this study we sought to determine whether bedside executive function testing might be used to predict AD course, properly controlling for potential confounding factors. Methods: Subjects were all mild AD (MMSE 20-26) according to the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Executive functions testing included abstraction, categorical and letter fluency, Luria manual and graphical sequences, clock drawing and months backwards. Using Cox regression analyses we determined which of these executive tasks were associated with conversion from mild to moderate AD (MMSE< 20), controlling for demographic and clinical covariates. Results: 49 patients (19M/30F; mean age 1⁄4 71.0 years old; mean education 11.8 years) were included. In this sample, history of smoking and hypothyroidism were covariates of cognitive decline while age, gender, education, other cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) and use of cholinesterase inhibitors were not. Controlling for covariates, letter fluency (p 1⁄40.001) and months backwards (p 1⁄40.001) predicted conversion to moderate AD. Based on ROC curves analyses, months backwards proved to be themost reliable predictor of cognitive decline (AUC 1⁄4 0.690) and the whole battery proved to have comparable predictive power to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (0.76 vs 0.806). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that simple add-on executive testing to the MMSE helps predict cognitive decline in mild AD. It supports previous literature on the executive function association with an unfavorable course and a dysexecutive phenotype of mild AD. These findings may have implications for the planning of patient care and caregiver support.

On the modularity of implicit sequence learning: Independent acquisition of spatial, symbolic, and manual sequences

Learning sequential structures is of fundamental importance for a wide variety of human skills. While it has long been debated whether implicit sequence learning is perceptual or response-based, here we propose an alternative framework that cuts across this dichotomy and assumes that sequence learning rests on associative changes that can occur concurrently in distinct processing systems and support the parallel acquisition of multiple uncorrelated sequences. In three experiments we used a serial search task to test critical predictions of this framework. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that participants learnt uncorrelated sequences of auditory letters and manual responses, as well as sequences of visual letters, spatial locations, and manual responses simultaneously, as indicated by a reliable response time (RT) cost incurred by occasional deviants violating either of the sequences. This RT cost was reliable even when participants showing explicit knowledge were excluded. In Experiment 3 learning of spatial and nonspatial sequences was functionally dissociated: whereas a spatio-motor distractor task disrupted learning of location but not of letter sequences, a phonological distractor task had the reverse effect. The distractor tasks thus did not reduce unspecific attentional resources, but selectively disrupted the formation of sequential associations within spatial and nonspatial processing dimensions. These results support the view that implicit sequence learning rests on experience-dependent changes that can occur in parallel in multiple processing systems involved in spatial attention, object recognition, phonological processing, and manual response selection. The resulting dimension-specific sequence representations support independent predictions of what will appear next, where it will appear, and how one will have to respond to it.

Independence of serial position and response conflict in pre-planned manual response sequences

The present study investigates the effect of spatial stimulus–response correspondence (i.e. Simon effect) in pre-planned manual response sequences. Participants performed pre-cued response sequences consisting of three (Experiment 1) or four (Experiments 2 and 3) key-presses at different locations. Importantly, participants performed each response to a visual go signal, which appeared at a location corresponding to one response in the sequence. This task allowed investigating interference gradients across spatially noncorresponding conditions. We observed a Simon effect at each serial position, that is, RT for the corresponding condition was always shorter than RT for each noncorresponding condition. However, we failed to observe interference gradients from both preceding and subsequent responses in the sequence. These results are inconsistent with (1) a primacy gradient of activations representing serial order and (2) the temporary suppression of an executed response as a mechanism for preventing response repetitions. However, results provide indirect evidence for positional models of serial order.

Effect of Motor Imagery in the Rehabilitation of Burn Patients

Although there is ample evidence that motor imagery (MI) improves motor performance after CNS injury, it is still unknown whether MI may enhance motor recovery after peripheral injury and most especially in the rehabilitation of burn patients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 2-week MI training program combined with conventional rehabilitation on the recovery of motor functions in handed burn patients. Fourteen patients admitted to the Medical Burn Center were requested to take part in the study and were randomly assigned to the imagery or the control group. Behavioral data related to the ability to perform each successive step of three manual motor sequences were collected at five intervals during the medical procedure. The results provided evidence that MI may facilitate motor recovery, and the belief in the effectiveness of MI was strong in all patients. MI may substantially contribute to improve the efficacy of conventional rehabilitation programs. Hence, this technique should be considered as a reliable alternative method to help burn patients to recover motor functions.

NeuroPred: a tool to predict cleavage sites in neuropeptide precursors and provide the masses of the resulting peptides

NeuroPred is a web application designed to predict cleavage sites at basic amino acid locations in neuropeptide precursor sequences. The user can study one amino acid sequence or multiple sequences simultaneously, selecting from several prediction models and optional, user-defined functions. Logistic regression models are trained on experimentally verified or published cleavage data from mollusks, mammals and insects, and amino acid motifs reported to be associated with cleavage. Confidence interval limits of the probabilities of cleavage indicate the precision of the predictions; these predictions are transformed into cleavage or non-cleavage events according to user-defined thresholds. In addition to the precursor sequence, NeuroPred accepts user-specified cleavage information, providing model accuracy statistics based on observed and predicted cleavages. Neuropred also computes the mass of the predicted peptides, including user-selectable post-translational modifications. The resulting mass list aids the discovery and confirmation of new neuropeptides using mass spectrometry techniques. The NeuroPred application, manual, reference manuscripts and training sequences are available at .

PRODUCT NEWS

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Implicit oculomotor sequence learning in humans: Time course of offline processing

Studies of manual and digital sequence learning indicate that motor memories continue to be processed after training has ended, following a succession of identifiable steps. However, it is not known whether this offline memory processing constitutes a basic feature of motor learning and generalizes to the implicit learning of a sequence of eye movements. To assess this hypothesis, we have created the serial oculomotor reaction time task (SORT). Participants were trained to the SORT then tested after either 30 min, 5 h or 24 h. During training, ocular reaction times decreased monotonically over practice of a repeated sequence, then increased when a different sequence was displayed, demonstrating oculomotor learning of the trained sequence. When tested 30 min after training, a significant gain in oculomotor performance was observed irrespective of the sequence learning. This gain was no longer present after 5 h. Remarkably, a gain in performance specific to the learned sequence emerged only 24 h after training. After testing, a generation task confirmed that most subjects learned implicitly the regularities of the sequence. Our results show that, as for manual or digital sequences, oculomotor sequences can be implicitly learned. The offline processing of oculomotor memories follows distinct stages in a way similar to those observed after manual or digital sequence learning.

GESTURE IMITATION IN AUTISM I: NONSYMBOLIC POSTURES AND SEQUENCES

This study investigated the ability of children and adolescents with autism to imitate nonsymbolic manual postures and sequences. The controls were children with receptive language delays (matched to the autistic group for age and language level), and typically developing children (matched for language level). Control tasks assessed gesture memory and manual dexterity. Imitation tasks were videotaped for blind scoring of overall accuracy and specific errors. Children with autism performed relatively poorly on posture imitation, but not imitation of simple posture sequences. Reduced manual dexterity contributed to, but did not entirely account for the autistic im itative deficit. An error that was significantly more common in the autistic group suggests that their difficulty in assuming another's perspective may be apparent at the level of simple actions.

Unimanual tapping during concurrent articulation: Examining the role of cortical structures in the execution of programmed movement sequences

Three experiments were conducted to examine effects of speech on concurrent unimanual tapping. Experiments 1 and 2 involved the manual tapping of a short burst of preprogrammed responses with or without concurrent articulation. Results of these experiments showed no effects of speech articulation on the concurrent execution of programmed manual movement sequences. In Experiment 3, subjects continuously tapped for 15 sec, again, with or without concurrent speech articulation. The results showed that articulation affected the speed of concurrent manual responses with larger interference for right hand tapping than for left hand tapping. Additional analysis of the tapping variability revealed equivalent effects of concurrent articulation on the timing of repetitive right and left hand tapping. Kinsbourne's Functional Cerebral Distance Principle was used to interpret these results. Within this framework, the present findings indicate that functionally distinct processes control speech articulation and the execution of programmed manual movement sequences.

Cerebellar structures and the programming of movement sequences.

Two patients with unilateral damage to the medial and lateral cerebellum were examined to determine whether local structures in the cerebellum are used to execute programmed movement sequences. Both patients performed a sequential tapping task which required the execution of either a single keystroke or of a sequence of three keystrokes. Movements executed with the contralateral hand showed increases in response onset times as the movement sequence increased from one to three response elements (sequence length effect). Furthermore, noninitial response elements were executed considerably faster than sequence initial responses (position effect). Movements executed with the ipsilateral hand showed a different pattern of results. Damage to medial cerebellar structure had no qualifying effect but damage to the lateral cerebellar structure eliminated effects of sequence length and of response position. The results suggest that the lateral cerebellum is implicated in the execution of programmed manual movement sequences.

Cerebellar Structures and the Programming of Movement Sequences

Two patients with unilateral damage to the medial and lateral cerebellum were examined to determine whether local structures in the cerebellum are used to execute programmed movement sequences. Both patients performed a sequential tapping task which required the execution of either a single keystroke or of a sequence of three keystrokes. Movements executed with the contralateral hand showed increases in response onset times as the movement sequence increased from one to three response elements (sequence length effect). Furthermore, noninitial response elements were executed considerably faster than sequence initial responses (position effect). Movements executed with the ipsilateral hand showed a different pattern of results. Damage to medial cerebellar structure had no qualifying effect but damage to the lateral cerebellar structure eliminated effects of sequence length and of response position. The results suggest that the lateral cerebellum is implicated in the execution of programmed manual movement sequences.