Manual Irrigation System Research Articles

Design and implementation of an automated irrigation control for home plantations

In today's society, keeping our gardens attractive is complex, especially if you need more time to care for them. This can cause the plant to wilt if it is not watered occasionally to keep the soil moist. In summer, this problem tends to get worse because the temperature tends to rise and reach high degrees. The objective is to design an automatic and manual irrigation system with a humidity detector through hardware programming and free software to solve this. The necessary components will be identified and selected, humidity thresholds will be established, and the adoption of technologies such as internet of things (IoT), Arduino, and humidity sensors will be promoted to solve the problem in automated irrigation systems. The technical specifications of the components are described, and the circuit design is presented. A programming algorithm will be developed to control the frequency and duration of irrigation, as well as the state of the water pump. Implementing the automated system will allow precise water supply control, contributing to the healthy growth of plants and crops in green areas.

Study on Different Type of Irrigation System Suitable for South Region of Maharashtra

Abstract: To study on different type of irrigation system suitable for south region of Maharashtra. We are attempting to find an irrigation system which would require less water and will be economical with higher yield of the crops for which it is installed. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular or dry times or drought is expected. There are many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly Study of various types of irrigation method's such as surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, drip irrigation and smart irrigation. We discussed about the different types of irrigation systems, there are several types of irrigation systems such as surface irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, drip irrigation, IOT, smart irrigation, sensor based irrigation in combination of traditional and modern type of irrigation. From above study we came to know the difference between automated irrigation system and manual irrigation system. We will know that automated irrigation system gives higher yield of crops using less amount of water as compared to manual irrigation system in accordance to automated and manual. Our study is to compare our system with other irrigation systems in terms of economy and optimum water usage to provide maximum results. Keywords: Surface irrigation, Drip irrigation, Manual Irrigation system, automated irrigation system

Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for the Irrigation of Rose Cultivation in Mexico

The design and implementation of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are presented, offering a solution to improve the irrigation of rose crops. The objective is to reduce the water consumption and operative costs, taking advantage of intelligent controllers and environmental characteristics in a specific region. Considering that the main controllable variables that affect the growth of plants are relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T), in this study, these variables are used to create a system whose aim is to provide an adequate amount of water for a rose crop in the State of Mexico. The Mamdani method was used for the FLC design and the membership functions, while the area centroid was considered as the defuzzification strategy. After implementing the FLC proposal using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in a domestic greenhouse, integrated by an array of [5 × 3] rose plants under natural restrictions, a reduction of 0.2 L per week with respect to the traditional manual irrigation system was found. The proposed design highlights the technological advantages of using a fuzzy logic-controlled irrigation system over traditional methods.

Precision agriculture: automated irrigation system in tandem with solar panels for melon farming cultivation

This present study aimed to design and apply an automated irrigation system powered by solar panels for melon farming cultivation. It related to precision agriculture practices from which benefited as an environmental friendly approach. This study was performed by designing irrigation systems, constructing solar panels as a power source for generating pump used to irrigate melon orchard. The results showed that those combinations setup were benefited to reduce manual irrigation system which is normally conducted by human efforts. Further, it also acted as an environmental friendly practice since the system is attempted to utilize solar energy as main power source for irrigation pump. Based on obtained results, it may conclude that abundance energy in our earth can be used for precision agriculture practices with the aim to reduce environmental pollution and waste.

Design of Load Control System Using DTMF

In agricultural sectors, one of the problems faced by the farmer is the water usage for watering schedule sometimes was wasted. With inefficient irrigation system, the water wastage could occur and resulting the excessive moisture for the soil and damaging the crops. The load control system in agricultural sectors especially for irrigation system is very important since it can affect the efficiency and the productivity of the operationsThe agricultural sectors also have many latest technologies implemented to the system such as irrigation system, temperature and humidity detection system and many other systems in order to operate efficiently so it can give profitable outcome. So, a desired load control system using Dual-Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) will be design for irrigation system in order to overcome the inefficiency of manual irrigation system. By using DTMF to control the irrigation system, it will consume less time and it can be control in a wide range. Firstly, by using Arduino IDE software, the coding for this control system is written with C++ language. Then, it will be compiled to make sure the coding working without any errors before it is uploaded into the Arduino Uno board. The coding will then be uploaded by connecting the Arduino Uno board to the computer via USB. Next, the schematic layout design of this control system will be simulated using Proteus 8 and Fritzing software. After the simulation of the circuit is successful, the construction of the hardware will take place. The hardware of this load control system that be assembled first is connecting the cell phone to the DTMF decoder by using 3.5mm jack. Then, from the DTMF decoder it will be connected to the Arduino Uno board. The 4 channel 12V relay then connected to the output port of the Arduino Uno. In conclusion, this irrigation control system works when the user sent the signal using cell phone and it will be received by the other cell phone that attach to the DTMF decoder

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHATANI PAPRIKA DENGAN PENGGUNAAN SISTEM IRIGASI PRESISI

Paprici Segar Barokah made additional investments in encomotion technology in paprika farming. Although encomotion innovation is expected to increase productivity, investment in business development requires a substantial cost. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility of paprika farming with a qualitative research method located in Paprici Segar Barokah. Data obtained from interviews, secondary data and other literature. Analysis of the data used is the financial feasibility analysis (NPV, IRR, Net B / C and PP) and non-financial with two scenarios, namely the farming of precision irrigation and manual irrigation. In addition, a sensitivity analysis using switching value is also carried out. The results showed that from the financial aspects of precision irrigation paprika farming had an NPV of Rp. 58,378,184, IRR 27.64 percent, Net B / C 1.807 and PP for 3 years and 8 months, showing better indicators than the feasibility analysis of manual irrigation farming (NPV Rp. 1,479,172, IRR 7.18%, Net B / C 1.022 and Payback period is 4 years 11 months). Based on the results of switching value analysis, farming of manual irrigation systems has a higher sensitivity than precision irrigation.

A new automated drip irrigation and fertigation system for sugarcane crops

This paper presents a new automation system specifically design for sugarcane crops to optimize the irrigation and fertigation process against resource shortage and climate change. The system uses a programmable logic controller, sensors, actuators, and other mechanical equipment to control and manage the supply of water and nutrients based on the fertilizer requirement at sugarcane’s development stages. The simulation was done using a commercially available tool Picosoft V6.22, a software compatible with Allen Bradley Programmable Logic Controller. The economic analysis was also provided to show the advantages of using an automated irrigation as compared to the manual irrigation. Result of the analysis shows a payback period of a month as compared to 4.3 months for the manual irrigation system.

Developing Automatic Water Table Control System for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Paddy Fields

Water table in rice fields play important role to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy fields. Continuous flooding by maintenance water table 2-5 cm above soil surface is not effective and release more GHG emissions. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) as alternative rice farming apply intermittent irrigation by maintaining lower water table is proven can reduce GHG emissions reducing productivity significantly. The objectives of this study were to develop automatic water table control system for SRI application and then evaluate the performances. The control system was developed based on fuzzy logic algorithms using the mini PC of Raspberry Pi. Based on laboratory and field tests, the developed system was working well as indicated by lower MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) values. MAPE values for simulation and field tests were 16.88% and 15.80%, respectively. This system can save irrigation water up to 42.54% without reducing productivity significantly when compared to manual irrigation systems.

Growth and Physiological Responses of Rangpur Lime Seedlings Irrigated by a Prototype Subirrigation Tray

Citrus rootstock production in Brazil commonly uses manual overhead irrigation systems to water plants. Manual irrigation systems present low efficiency, apply more water than needed, and result in release of nutrients and pesticides into the soil with a potential to contaminate groundwater. Closed irrigation systems that avoid the disposal of nutrient solutions like subirrigation can be used to increase production efficiency and reduce the environmental contamination. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of subirrigation applied by a prototype tray on plant growth and morphological and physiological responses of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck ‘Limeira’) seedlings subjected to different water levels in conic containers filled with pine bark substrate. We tested three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation. Subirrigation resulted in higher plant growth of Rangpur lime seedlings. At 90 days after sowing (DAS), we observed significant effects of T1 over the other treatments on plant growth, as indicated by higher total dry mass (P = 0.0057), shoot/root ratio (P = 0.0089), shoot height (P = 0.0004), leaf area (P = 0.0005), and root length (P = 0.0333). The number of bifurcations was 400% higher in T3 than at the subirrigated treatments, which can lead to an increase in the labor costs for pruning. Seedlings grown under T1 presented leaf water potential 13% higher compared with T3 at predawn, which was the time of highest stomatal efficiency, presenting the lowest water loss, maximum stomatal closure, and higher transpiration at lower stomatal resistance. T2 plants displayed intermediate water status with a water potential 5% higher than T3. T3 plants showed a higher transpiration rate under maximum stomatal closure, reducing leaf water potential. The subirrigated treatment with water level of two-thirds of container height (8 cm) induced higher plant growth and shortened the crop cycle, anticipating the transplanting to the next phase (grafting) with the possibility of reducing production costs in the nursery.

Newer Endodontic irrigation devices: An update

The ultimate aim of endodontic therapy is thorough debridement of root canal system. The aim of this review is to give a brief description of endodontic irrigation devices and their efficacy in root canal therapy. Recently developed irrigation devices and their application mode also discussed. Mechanism of these devices and the phenomenon that governs the irrigation efficacy discussed briefly. 5 Irrigation allows for cleaning beyond what might be achieved by root canal instrumentation alone so it is an essential part of root canal debridement. Till date none of the irrigant posses ideal quality that is why in contemporary endodontic practice, dual irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or chlorhexidine (CHX) are often used as initial and final rinses to complement the shortcomings that are associated with the use of a single irrigant. Irrigants must be brought into direct contact with the entire canal wall surfaces for effective action particularly for the apical portions of small root canals. Various methods have been developed in order to provide effective delivery. These systems might be divided into 2 broad categories, manual agitation techniques and machine-assisted agitation devices. The objective of this review was to present an overview of contemporary irrigation methods available in endodontics. II. Manual irrigation techniques Manual irrigation system using needles is still widely accepted by both general practitioners and endodontists. In this technique the dispensing of an irrigant into a canal through needles/cannulas of variable gauges, either passively or with agitation. The agitation might be achieved by moving the needle up and down the canal space. The design of these needles can be closed-ended, side-vented channels. III. Max-i-probe

Compost Amended Media and Irrigation System Influence Containerized Perennial Salvia

Three perennial species, wine sage (Salvia spp. Sell x roenen Schultes `Van Houttei'), blue anise sage (Salvia gauranitica St.-Hil. Ex Benth. `Black and Blue'), and indigo spires salvia (S. longispicata Martius Galeotti × S. farinacea Benth. `Indigo Spires') were transplanted in containers filled with a biosolid-yard waste compost, a commercial peat-based mix, or a mixture of 1 compost: 1 peat-based mix by volume) and grown under ebb-and-flow, drip, or manual irrigation systems. Initial physical, chemical, and elemental analyses of the media indicated that compost alone had higher pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total porosity (TP), bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), N, C, P, Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, and B; lower initial moisture, Mg and Al; and similar Mn contents than did the 100% peat-based medium. Heavy metal (Cd and Pb) contents of compost did not exceed EPA 503 Rule limits for biosolid usage. After 6 weeks, plants were measured for leaf nutrient content, growth (leaf and stem dry weights, stem lengths), and quality (number of flowers, leaf greenness, and subjective quality ratings). At 6 weeks, plants grown in 50% or 100% compost generally had higher leaf K, P, and Mn; similar N and Ca; and lower Mg, Fe, and Al content than plants grown in the 100% peat-based medium. Plants grown in media amended with compost generally produced similar or slightly smaller plants (stem weight, leaf weight, and stem length) than when grown in peat-based media. Plants irrigated by ebb and flow resulted in higher (`Van Houttei') or similar (`Indigo Spires') dry stem weights than plants irrigated manually or with drip irrigation. Plants grown in compost had leaf SPAD readings (leaf greenness), number of flowers, and visual quality ratings that were generally similar (`Indigo Spires') or slightly reduced (`Van Houttei') than plants grown in peat-based media. However, for each species (except for `Van Houttei' grown in 50% compost using drip irrigation), plants were of marketable quality, regardless of irrigation system or medium. This study suggests that compost may serve as a viable alternative substrate for peat in the production of containerized perennials using ebb-and-flow, manual, or drip irrigation systems.