MANOVA Model Research Articles

Heart rate variability in horses with and without severe equine asthma.

Equine asthma in severe form (severe equine asthma [sEA]) shares remarkable similarities with human asthma. Human studies detected changes in the autonomic nervous system function in asthmatic patients based on heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Observational study. To investigate the relationship between sEA and HRV in horses. Twenty horses diagnosed with sEA and 20 asymptomatic (non-sEA) horses were investigated. SEA horses showed clinical signs. The RR intervals of the ECG were recorded for 1 h at rest between 9 AM and 11 AM using a heart rate (HR) monitor. HRV data were calculated using Kubios software. Parameters recorded for the sEA and non-sEA groups were compared using one-way MANOVA model. The significance level was set at α = 0.05. SD2 (mean 99.6 ± SD 25.3 vs. 42.5 ± 17.1), SDNN (82.7 ± 20.7 vs. 41.3 ± 14.3), TINN (398.1 ± 104.9 vs. 209.3 ± 71.9), SD2/SD1 ratio (1.7 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3), Total power (4740.2 ± 1977.9 vs. 1503.0 ± 1179.3), LF (2415.3 ± 1072.4 vs. 707.4 ± 649.9), SD1 (60.9 ± 15.9 vs. 39.2 ± 14.1), RMSSD (86.0 ± 22.6 vs. 55.3 ± 19.8) and HF (1575.8 ± 902.5 vs. 578.1 ± 491.1) were lower in sEA horses compared with the non-sEA horses (p < 0.01 for each variable). SD2, SDNN, TNN, the SD2/SD1 ratio and Total power showed the greatest discriminatory power in differentiating the sEA and non-sEA groups. Small sample size. Our findings indicate that like humans, asthmatic horses show an overall reduction in autonomic control. A relative increase of the parasympathetic modulation of the heart was also observed. After further investigations, HRV measurement might be a non-invasive approach to monitor autonomic nervous system responses of sEA horses.

Volunteers’ initial motivations in a community-based end-of-life care programme and the associations with their eudaimonic well-being

ABSTRACT Volunteers are integral to the success of community-based end-of-life care (EoLC) programme. However, volunteers’ exposure to death may affect their well-being and retention. This study investigated volunteers’ motivation to join EoLC teams, and their eudaimonic well-being. The self-determination theory (SDT) framed the analysis. A self-administered survey recorded demographics, the 30-item Chinese Version of the Volunteer Functions Inventory (C-VFI) and the 8-item Flourishing Scale (FS). Repeated measures analysis, MANOVA and multivariate regression models tested associations between motivation and eudaimonic well-being. Two hundred and eighty cases were applied for analysis. Eudaimonic well-being was positively associated with autonomous motivation and negatively associated with controlled motivation. To protect volunteers’ health, and optimise retention and EoLC service quality, volunteers’ motivations should be matched with tailored training and supports.

Predictability and conceptual repeatability of the predator-associated burst speed ecophenotype in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).

Predation exerts strong selection pressure on morphological traits and is often studied in freshwater fishes. A common morphological ecophenotype driven by predation from pursuit predators is the predator-associated burst speed (PABS) ecophenotype. This ecophenotype, characterized by a smaller head, smaller body, and larger caudal region, is commonly found in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) residing in environments with sunfish (family Centrarchidae) predators. However, the repeatability and transferability of the PABS ecophenotype across populations have not been tested. The four objectives of this study were to (1) assess the repeatability of methods to confirm the presence of the PABS ecophenotype in independent populations, (2) test whether morphology is correlated with predator abundance, (3) assess the repeatability of utilizing a discriminant function analysis (DFA) to accurately classify fish to predator status, and (4) use a DFA to conduct a cross-validation test of the PABS model using previously studied populations of G. affinis to predict predator status of newly studied populations. There was consistency in the occurrence of the PABS ecophenotype among populations with predators. Permuted MANOVA (PMANOVA) models fit to each dataset revealed a significant effect of collection site nested within predator status (i.e., presence or absence of predator), suggesting location-specific variations of the PABS ecophenotype. In addition, a PMANOVA model fit to body shape as a function of predator abundance (i.e., 0, 0.1-1.0, or >1.0 predators per minute of electrofishing) revealed a significant effect of predation level in the newly studied populations, suggesting morphology differs among populations with varying predator abundances. Cross-study validation of the DFA revealed low between-study accuracy compared to within-study accuracy, but elongation of the caudal region in the presence of predators was consistent across studies. Our findings ultimately suggest that although the PABS ecophenotype at studied locations provides partial predictive capacity at unstudied locations, the nature and magnitude of the PABS ecophenotype depend on environmental settings, encounter histories with predators, level of abundance of predators, or other spatially structured mechanisms.

A Modified MANOVA Model to Assess Water Quality

A Modified MANOVA Model to Assess Water Quality

Physical activity components associated with gait parameters in community-dwelling older adults

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between components of physical activity and spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older adults. MethodsCross-sectional study with 134 independent community-dwelling older adults. A questionnaire was applied to obtain information related to the components of physical activity (frequency, duration, modality, and history of physical activity in the life course) and the GAITRite System was used to quantify gait parameters. Three MANOVA models adjusted for potential confounders were conducted to identify associations between components of physical activity (predictors) and gait performance (outcome). ResultsHigher weekly frequency but not daily hours of physical activity and sports practice (tennis, boxing, football, volleyball, and tai chi) were significantly associated with better gait performance, specifically gait speed and stride length. ConclusionUnderstanding the most effective components of physical activity to maintain functional capacity and independence in community-dwelling older adults, allowing for active aging, is essential for formulating more effective strategies.

Severity of developmental delay and parenting behavior in toddlers with neurodevelopmental disabilities.

The presence of a neurodevelopmental disability (ND) represents an adverse condition for child's development and parent-child relationship, and it is reasonable to assume that the severity of delay may influence parenting behavior. Previous research, however, did not specifically address this issue. This cross-sectional study compared parental behaviors of mothers of toddlers with moderate/severe or mild/borderline developmental delay and mothers of toddlers with typical development, while considering maternal emotional states. A total of 88 dyads with children aged between 12 and 47 months participated in a 10-min video-recorded interaction then coded with the PICCOLO, a validated observation checklist that assesses four dimensions of parenting: affection, responsiveness, encouragement, and teaching. The mothers also fulfilled two standardized questionnaires assessing parental stress and presence of depressive symptoms. MANOVA and MANCOVA models were used to explore between-group differences in specific parenting dimensions, also considering parental stress. Mothers of toddlers with ND were less responsive than the comparison group, while the presence of a moderate/severe developmental delay specifically affected teaching behaviors. No differences emerged for affection and encouragement behaviors. Importantly, although mothers of toddlers with moderate/severe ND reported higher child-related dysfunctional interaction stress, this did not directly affect parenting behaviors. These findings highlight how the presence of a disability and the severity of developmental delay can affect specific dimensions of parenting (i.e., responsiveness, teaching) and might inform clinical practice and research on early parental interventions.

An Example of an Activity Developed in Accordance with the 5E Learning Model for Teaching Solutions

In today’s life, individuals are forced to be a constant learner to ensure their development. It is necessary to save the act of learning from rote learning, to gain the ability to think independently, and to raise individuals who learn by understanding. In this study, it is aimed to develop and present an active learning activity example prepared to be used at various levels of science teaching. In order for learners to achieve this goal, effective student-centered methods and techniques are needed. 5E model is one of them. In this study, activities related to the subject of solutions were developed, implemented, evaluated and necessary corrections were made in accordance with the 5E learning model. In this study, concept achievement test and semi-structured interview were used as data collection tools and both qualitative and quantitative data collection tools were used together to provide data diversity. In the analysis of quantitative results, t-test and MANOVA model were used, and in the analysis of qualitative data, the interviews with the students were transcribed. The results showed that the experimental groups were more successful than the control groups in terms of concept achievement in the subject of solutions after the application.

Does treating pain with alcohol affect drinking reduction among women with HIV enrolled in a clinical trial of naltrexone?

Many women living with HIV (WLWH) experience pain. Alcohol use with the intent to treat pain could lead to hazardous drinking and difficulty in reducing drinking. Naltrexone acts on opioid receptors important for pain regulation and is an approved treatment for alcohol use disorder. In this secondary analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled naltrexone clinical trial, the goals were to (1) compare alcohol reduction between women who drank to treat pain and those who did not and (2) examine differences in alcohol reduction by both drinking intention and treatment arm. Women living with HIV (N = 194, mean age 48.3 years, 83% non-Hispanic Black, 11% Hispanic) with hazardous drinking (>7 drinks/week) were randomized to receive daily treatment with naltrexone 50 mg or placebo for 4 months. Study visits occurred at baseline and 2, 4, and 7 months (posttreatment). The number of drinks/week was measured using the Timeline Follow Back. Use of alcohol to treat pain was self-reported. Participants were categorized as using alcohol to treat pain or not and in the naltrexone or placebo group. Chi-square, t-test, MANOVA, and sequential mixed effects models were used to determine group differences in demographic factors, mean/drinks per week, and percent change in mean drinks/week at baseline and each follow-up visit. There was a consistent decrease in drinking throughout the study. There was not a significant difference in mean drinks/week at any point in the study between women who used alcohol to treat pain and those who did not. When considering treatment arm, at 2 months only those who did not use alcohol to treat pain in the naltrexone group had a significantly lower mean drinks/week than the other groups (p = 0.007); all groups had similar decreases in drinking from 4 months onward. In the naltrexone group, WLWH who drank to treat pain reduced their alcohol consumption more slowly than WLWH who did not drink to treat pain. Replication of these findings would suggest that alcohol treatment guidelines should address pain as a factor in drinking outcomes.

New Insights into the Neuropsychological Profile and Intellectual Quotient Variability in Joubert Syndrome Compared to Other Congenital Cerebellar Malformations.

The neuropsychological characteristics of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) in congenital, non-progressive malformations of the cerebellum have been scarcely investigated, and even less is known for Joubert syndrome (JS), an inherited, non-progressive cerebellar ataxia characterized by the so-called molar tooth sign. The few studies on this topic reported inconsistent results about intellectual functioning and specific neuropsychological impairments. The aim of this research is to examine the neuropsychological profile of JS compared to other congenital cerebellar malformations (CM), considering individual variability of intellectual quotient (IQ) in the two groups. Fourteen patients with JS and 15 patients with CM aged 6-25 years were tested through a comprehensive, standardized neuropsychological battery. Their scores in the neuropsychological domains were inspected through descriptive analysis and compared by mean of MANOVA and ANOVA models, then replicated inserting IQ as covariate. The two groups showed a largely overlapping neuropsychological profile, consistent with CCAS. However, the JS group showed worse performance in visual-spatial memory compared to CM patients, although this difference was mitigated when considering IQ. These findings highlight a divergence between JS and other CM in visual-spatial memory, which might suggest a critical role of the cerebellum in recalling task-relevant memories and might inform rehabilitative interventions.

COVID-19 and bilingual children's home language environment: Digital media, socioeconomic status, and language status.

Input is considered crucial in bilingual children's language development. This is especially true for bilingual children's mother tongue language learning given its common reduction in input opportunities due to the dominance of one language within society, as seen in countries and regions from Wales to Singapore. Previous studies tend to focus on the quantity and quality of conventional active communication and resources (e.g., speaking and reading with parents) on bilingual children's language development, and substantially, fewer studies have explored this topic from the perspective of digital media. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated the critical role of digital media in various aspects of life, including bilingual children's home language environment. Thus, to holistically understand bilingual children's daily language input patterns, it is imperative to explore both their conventional and digital media input resources. The current study focuses on English-Mandarin bilingual children in Singapore and would like to explore (1) whether their conventional and digital media language environments have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) whether the societal status of a language and familial socioeconomic status (SES) would affect bilingual children's conventional and digital media input. Survey data from 162 parents of English-Mandarin bilingual preschoolers (3 to 6 years old) were used to explore the two research questions. Two online parental questionnaires were employed for data collection. One-way repeated-measures MANOVA and path models were used to address the questions. The results indicated that input patterns from nuclear family members had not been affected by COVID-19; however, the amount and frequency of conventional and digital media materials and activities increased significantly since COVID-19. Higher-SES families possessed more conventional materials and conducted conventional activities more often, while lower-SES families possessed more digital media materials. Both conventional and digital media materials and activities were richer in English than in Mandarin. Higher-SES families perceived digital media usage for learning to be of less importance than lower-SES families. The implications for early bilingual learning following COVID-19 are discussed.

“Oh, happy day!” Examining the role of AI-powered voice assistants as a positive technology in the formation of brand loyalty

PurposeThis study examines how the locus of agency of brands' artificial intelligence (AI)–powered voice assistants (VAs) could lead to brand loyalty through perceived control, flow and consumer happiness under the moderating influences of brand image and voice congruity.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a 2 (locus of agency: high vs. low) by 2 (brand image-voice congruity: congruent vs. incongruent) between-subjects experimental design. MANOVA, ANOVA and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted to test the hypothesized model.FindingsANOVA results revealed that human-centric (vs. machine-centric) agency led to higher perceived control. The interaction effect was significant, indicating the importance of congruency between brand image and VAs' voices. SEM results confirmed that perceived control predicted brand loyalty fully mediated by flow experience and consumer happiness.Originality/valueThis study provides evidence that the positive technology paradigm could carve out a new path in existing literature on AI-powered devices by showing the potential of a smart device as a tool for improving consumer–brand relationships and enriching consumers' well-being.

The Impact of Removing Coal from Poland’s Energy Mix on Selected Aspects of the Country’s Energy Security

The article presents the results of research on the impact of the transformation of Poland’s energy mix on the country’s energy security. Since energy security is a very complex problem, the impact of the transformation has been verified in three aspects, i.e., greenhouse gas emissions; energy availability in terms of its quantity, sufficient to meet the needs of citizens; and energy prices. The MANOVA model was used in the research. The model allowed us to examine the relationship between the share of coal in the energy mix and the above-mentioned factors. The MANOVA model allowed us to determine the influence of one explanatory variable on several response variables. The results obtained enabled the verification of the adequacy of the changes that have been made in the energy mix over the last 10 years. As is shown, the factor that is related to changes in the share of coal in the energy mix is the energy surplus, while a relationship between both prices and emission levels and the changes in the share of coal in the energy mix has not been established. Furthermore, a simulation was carried out, which showed that the correlation between price, emissions, and the share in the mix was obtained only by reducing 2017–2020 emissions by an average of 6% and prices by 17%.

Parental Resources in Parents of Children with Special Needs (SNs) at the Time of COVID-19.

Background. The limitations imposed by governments for containing the spread of COVID-19 have affected familial relationships, especially those of families dealing with children with special needs or chronic illness conditions. The current study aims to better understand what pathological/disability condition has impacted parental resources, sense of competence, and perception of children’s executive functioning the most. Methods. A sample of 648 parents was asked to answer a survey assessing children’s condition (typical development, specific learning disorder, autism spectrum syndrome, chronic illness), parental resources, parenting sense of competence (distinguished into parental satisfaction and self-efficacy), and parents’ perception of their children’s executive functioning. A MANOVA model was performed to assess differences in parental resources, sense of competence, and perception of the children’s executive functions according to their condition. A path analysis model was performed to examine the impact of sense of competence and children’s condition on parental resources and children’s executive functions. Results. Parents with children with specific learning disorder reported lower scores of parental resources in terms of total scores, common antecedents, and specific antecedents compared to parents with typically developed children (total scores: MD = 56.45, p < 0.001; common antecedents: MD = 22.28, p < 0.00; specific antecedents: MD = 34.17, p < 0.001), parents with autistic children (total scores: MD = 62.79, p = 0.01; common antecedents: MD = 24.03, p = 0.01; specific antecedents: MD = 38.76, p = 0.02) and parents of children with chronic illness (total scores: MD = 37.42, p = 0.04; common antecedents: MD = 16.59, p = 0.01). The path analysis model shows a direct effect of parental satisfaction (β = 0.26) and pathology/disability (β = −0.10) on parental resources that, in turn, influence parents’ perception of their children’s executive functioning (β = 0.24). Conclusion. Although no data about the prepandemic situation is available, the current study highlights that parental stress influence children’s cognition. Moreover, parents of children with special needs seemed to be challenged during COVID-19, especially parents of children with specific learning disorders, that are already stressed out by their children’s condition. Therefore, academic services should undertake preventive measures to preserve parental well-being and to provide a supportive environment for children, especially for those with atypical development.

Performance Analysis in Elite Basketball Differentiating Game Outcome And Gender

Traditionally, basketball research has used game-related statistics in order to discriminate winning and losing teams. Unfortunately, most investigations refer exclusively to the analysis of men's competitions. In this sense, Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games created a unique opportunity to make gender performance comparison feasible, since it provided same period and environmental conditions for both genders. The aim of this study was to identify which game-related statistics best discriminated winning and losing teams in men and women’s team playing Tokyo 2020 Basketball Olympic Tournament. All statistical data for the 26 games of each gender were obtained from the FIBA website. The MANOVA and discriminant analysis models were run to check differences according to gender and game outcome. The main results revealed 2-point field-goals percentage, defensive rebounds, assists, points in the paint, and effective field goal percentage as key variables to succeed in men and women’s games. However, there were gender discrepancies on 2-point field-goals made, points from turnovers, turnover per ball possession rate (relevant only when discriminating men’s winning teams), and fastbreak points, offensive rebounds percentage, and free-throw rate (only for women’s winning teams). Winning and losing discriminant statistics were quite similar for both, men and women’s teams when only considering traditional box-score stats, but not when analyzing advanced stats.

Multivariate analysis of the effect of staining beverages on the optical properties of two provisional restorative materials.

To evaluate the effect of staining beverages on the color stability, translucency and gloss of two provisional restorative materials. Sixty discs (8 mm x 2 mm) were manufactured for Duralay and Protemp 4. The discs were randomly divided according to the beverages: tea, coffee, wine, Coca-Cola and "Chicha morada" (n=12). The discs were polished and initial recordings of color and translucency were made with a spectrophotometer, and the gloss was measured with a glossmeter. The discs were immersed for 5 days in each of the beverages at 37◦C, and the color, translucency and gloss were recorded again. The differences between the initial and final records were calculated to obtain the values of ΔE, ΔTP, ΔGU. For the analysis, the two-way MANOVA model was chosen, and the significance level was set at 5%. A significant interaction was observed between the type of material and the staining beverages on the changes observed in the values of ΔE, ΔTP, ΔGU (p<0.05). ΔE values for Duralay and Protemp 4 were affected by coffee (7.48±1.53) and wine (11.02±1.07), respectively. The greatest change in ΔTP for Duralay were generated by tea (-1.79±0.62), and coffee (-5.65±0.66) for Protemp 4. Gloss was affected mainly by coffee for both materials (Duralay = -6.44±1.17 , Protemp 4 = -8.28±1.09). The type of material and the pigment drinks act together to influence changes in color, translucency and gloss. The methacrylate-based resin was more stable than the bis-acrylic resin to changes in color, translucency and gloss. Key words:Color, translucency, gloss, staining solutions, interim restorations.

Treated large posterior fossa vestibular schwannoma and meningioma: Hearing outcome and willingness-to-accept brain implant for unilateral deafness.

To compare functional hearing and tinnitus outcomes in treated large (~ 3 cm) vestibular schwannoma (VS) and posterior fossa meningioma cohorts, and construct willingness-to-accept profiles for an experimental brain implant to treat unilateral hearing loss. A two-way MANOVA model with two independent variables (tumor type; time from treatment) and three dependent variables (hearing effort of tumor ear; abbreviated Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing scale (SSQ12); Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI)) was used to analyze data from VS (N=32) and meningioma (N=50) patients who were treated at a tertiary care center between 2010 and 2020. A query to probe acceptance of experimental treatment for hearing loss relative to expected benefit was used to construct willingness-to-accept profiles. Tumor type was statistically significant on the combined dependent variables analysis (F[3, 76]=19.172, p < .0005, Wilks' Λ=0.569). Meningioma showed better outcome for hearing effort (F[1, 76]=14.632, p < .0005) and SSQ12 (F[1, 76]=16.164, p < .0005), but not for TFI (F[1, 76]=1.247, p=.268) on univariate two-way ANOVA analyses. Superior hearing effort and SSQ12 indices in the short-term (< 2 years) persisted in the long-term (> 2 years) (p ≤ .017). At the 60% speech understanding level, 77% of respondents would accept an experimental brain implant. Hearing outcome is better for posterior fossa meningioma compared to VS. Most patients with hearing loss in the tumor ear would consider a brain implant if the benefit level would be comparable to a cochlear implant. 2.

Personality profiles and engagement with the augmented reality game Pokémon GO: a cross-sectional study

Background: Since its release in 2016, Pokémon GO™ has achieved not only extensive popularity but has also accrued evidence that it helps to increase physical activity and sense of belonging. Personality traits may explain a differential engagement and fidelity with the game, hence potentially allowing for prediction of different patterns of game engagement as well as its health benefits. Our objective was to compare personality traits between Pokémon GO game players and non-players. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in participants aged 18+ years through an online survey. The following categories of game engagement were defined: active players, occasional players, former players, and never players. Personality was measured with the NEO-FFI inventory that evaluates personality across five domains: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. ANOVA and MANOVA models were performed to test differences in personality traits’ scores. Multivariate regression models were also used to describe specific differences across groups of game engagement. Results: Data from 654 participants, average 28.6 years of age, 75% male, were included in the study. In the ANOVA analysis, we observed differences between the three players' subgroups in openness (p=0.015) and conscientiousness (p=0.032). In MANOVA and multivariate regression analyses, we found that active players presented higher scores in openness and agreeableness, but lower scores in conscientiousness compared to former or non-players. Conclusions: We found evidence that people that actively play Pokémon GO are more likely to be friendlier and more open to new experiences, but also scored less on conscientiousness which is related to discipline. This gives us better insight on how personality may help identification of people and their involvement with activities that demand fulfillment of tasks. These findings could help inform the engagement with health-related behaviors, including physical activity and medication adherence.

Factors Influencing Young Peoples ‘ Perceptions of Personal Safety on Public Transport

This paper explores factors influencing perceptions of safety on public transport using an empirical analysis of a survey of young people in Melbourne, Australia. In the literature, some studies disagree as to the extent to which perceptions of safety are affected by actual experience of crime. Some suggest perceptions of personal safety are not justified by actual crime rates, whereas others find that direct experience of unsafe incidents results in greater safety concerns. Related research suggests that psychological factors can make some people feel uncomfortable on public transport and that this may increase perceptions of poor personal safety. However, these links have not yet been tested empirically in the public transport context. In this study, three statistically reliable MANOVA models demonstrated that psychological influences, i.e., “feeling comfortable with people you don’t know on public transport,” had the largest individual influence on perceptions of safety with a medium-size effect. Gender and actual experiences of a personal safety incident also influenced perceptions of personal safety but with a small effect size. Overall, the research suggests that feelings of anxiety and discomfort associated with traveling with people you do not know is the most influential factor driving negative feelings of personal safety on public transport. Gender and actual experience of unsafe incidents were not as important. Areas for further research are identified.

Celebrity appeal effectiveness in donating to the cause: Popular Culture vs. Religious Celebrities

In times of crises and subsiding government support, choosing the most effective advertising message appeal in motivating donation behavior is fundamental to charity success. This study investigates the relative effectiveness of popular culture celebrities (PCC) and religious celebrities (RC) as two message appeals in motivating donation intentions intended for a ‘child suffering’ donation campaign among Kuwaiti donors. The two message appeals were presented in alternated order to a sample of 385 potential donors and the data was used to test the conceptual model using MANOVA, CFA and Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that the type of emotions evoked (negative and positive), and emotional intensity (strong/weak) differed between the two ad appeals. Intensely evoked emotion was positively associated with ad favorability, and the latter was also found to be an antecedent of donation intentions. Conclusions and practical implications are presented and discussed.

Sublethal effects of a pyrethroid insecticide on cuticle thickness, wing size and shape in the main vector Triatoma infestans.

Exposure to sublethal doses of insecticide may affect biological traits in triatomines. We investigated the effects of toxicological phenotype (pyrethroid resistance status) and exposure to sublethal doses of deltamethrin on two traits of Triatoma infestans Klug (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) using a phenotypic plasticity experimental design. First-instar nymphs from 14 and 10 full-sib families from pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations, respectively, were used. For the susceptible population, we treated first instars topically with acetone (control) or deltamethrin (treatment) once. For the resistant population, instars were treated once, twice and three times as first, third or fifth-instar nymphs, respectively. We measured cuticle thickness, wing size and wing shape of 484 emerging adults, and tested for treatment effects using mixed ANOVA and MANOVA models. Toxicological phenotype, exposure to deltamethrin and full-sib family exerted significant effects on cuticle thickness, wing size and wing shape. Adult triatomines previously treated with deltamethrin developed significantly thicker cuticles than control triatomines only in the resistant population and significantly bigger wings in both populations. Mean cuticle thickness and wing size increased with increasing exposures to deltamethrin. Exposure to sublethal doses of deltamethrin generated morphological modifications that may affect insect survival and flight dispersal, and hence may have evolutionary and epidemiological consequences.