Manorial Estates Research Articles

Dochody z dóbr stołowych biskupów krakowskich i arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich w 1545 r.

The article discusses the revenues from the landed estates of Cracow bishops and Gniezno archbishops of 1545. The list of revenues was inserted into an inventory of the personal chattel of those dioceses’ pastor Piotr Gamrat, who had died that year without a last will and testament. Hence, the Cracow cathedral chapter decided to write down the inventory because their responsibility was to settle the archbishop’s debts and to cover the costs of his funeral. The 1545 revenues are confronted with the value of the Cracow bishops’ landed property according to its 1529 taxation, and with the manorial incomes that were documented for a part of the Gniezno archbishopric in 1531. This comparison shows a ca. thirty-percent total income growth in the Cracow bishops’ demesne. In one of the three Gniezno archbishops’ manorial estates that were taken into account, a hundred percent growth took place, while in the two others the incomes’ volume remained almost unchanged.

British Enlightenment Theatre: Dramatizing Difference

British Enlightenment Theatre: Dramatizing Difference

НОВІТНІ ІСТОРИКО-КРАЄЗНАВЧІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МАЄТКОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

Based on an analysis of contemporary literature, this article reviews areas of new Ukrainian studies on local history of the manorial estates culture in Ukraine. This study began at the end of XIX century and took place during the Soviet period continuing today. Today a lot of publications belong to professional historians and local historians but previous years this topic was explored mostly by art critics and architects. Now there are several trends in this field: 1) the biographical and personal historiographic; 2) the socio-economic; 3) related to local lore and cultural heritage studies; 4) the complex. Representatives of the biographical and personal historiographic trend conduct genealogical studies of Ukrainian culture figures who lived in manorial estates creating a unique cultural world at the end of XVII – the beginning of XX centuries. Usage of numerous archival documents and focus on one or a few famous persons of Ukrainian estate culture are the features of this trend. The second socio-economic approach to the Ukrainian estate culture studies covers analysis of nobleman’s and landlords’ estates, in particular, focusing on their economic indicators and social impact. The third trend related to local lore and cultural heritage studies is represented by real enthusiasts are museum historians, journalists and specialists in monument studies who explores and popularizes the domestic cultural heritage, supports transformation of manorial estates to museums and pays attention to recovering of abandoned sites. These scholars apply results of their practical activity in actualization, protection and public usage of manorial estates cultural heritage. The last complex trend considers a manorial estate as a holistic system. Its representatives focus on complex studies of components and a whole cultural universe of Ukrainian manorial estates.

Abinõud viljapuuduse leevendamiseks Eestimaa ja Põhja-Liivimaa valdades 1860. aastatel

Abinõud viljapuuduse leevendamiseks Eestimaa ja Põhja-Liivimaa valdades 1860. aastatel

UKRAINIAN MANORIAL ESTATES CULTURE IN THE RESEARCHES AT THE END OF THE XIXth AND THE BEGINNING OF THE XXth CENTURIES

The aim of the article is to analyze a situation in studies of the problem of the formation and development of the manorial estates on Ukrainian lands as a cultural and historical phenomenon at the end of the XIXth – the beginning of the XXth centuries. The research methodology is based on the general scientific and special historical methods. In particular, the basic principles as historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, continuity, general methods of the historical research as historical, problem-chronological, comparative, retrospective, etc., and special methods of historiographical research, e.g. historiographical analysis and synthesis have been used. The research novelty consists in the fact that the historiographical analysis of the pre-revolutionary studies of the estate culture of Ukraine has been carried out from the modern positions. The publications on the problem of the culture of manorial estates on Ukrainian lands have been analyzed. They have not yet been the subject of the historiographical research. The periodization of the study of the manorial estates culture in Ukraine is proposed in the article. The Conclusions. The Ukrainian manorial estate culture study began in the second half of the XIX th century. The first studies were fragmentary and descriptive. However, at the beginning of the XX th century the manorial estates were explored as a cultural phenomenon. The regional manorial estates heritage consideration of t hat time, especially from Slobozhanshchyna, became an actual trend. The w orks of art critics, economists and historians aroused the interest in the manorial estates as cultural centers in the Ukrainian lands. We can emphasize that the publications , which are devoted to the formation and evolution of the individual manorial estates complexes , predominated during that period. Sometimes they contained disjointed historical and biographical information about the inhabitants of the manorial estates or the nostalgic memoirs of staying there. Large palatial and park complexes , which are mostly located close to the two capitals of the Russian Empire , attracted the researchers. But a lot of provincial manorial estates which, particularly, are located in the Ukrainian lands were almost not considered. The studies on the early publications on the manorial estates culture of Ukraine make possible to divide the historiography into three major periods: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern. The pre-revolutionary researches provided the background for the national research traditions and schools , which study this issue comprehensively. Therefore, our further task is to analyze in details the domestic publications , dedicated to the manorial estates of Ukraine from the Soviet period till modern one .

Landscape of visions: the Ekolsund manorial estate, Sweden

Parks and gardens are characterized by constant change and the need to be continuously managed and recreated. Over time, layers of history are built up, reflecting artistic and human ideals, socio-economic factors, technology and practices from different periods. Designed landscapes are archives and often have significant levels of biodiversity. One example is the Ekolsund manorial estate in Sweden, laid out in the seventeenth century in a large-scale project. Buildings, gardens and parks formed part of an overall architectural composition, where representation and display were key elements. With its audacity and grandeur, Ekolsund represents a new approach to landscape design in Sweden. The later development includes an early attempt by King Gustavus III to create landscape gardens and, during the era of capitalist owners, the planting of arboreta. Despite favourable conditions for a restoration of the seventeenth-century designed landscape, this paper argues for a holistic approach, where visions and actions of different agents - that together have shaped Ekolsund - are the foundation. Where cultural and natural values complement each other, requiring collaboration between research disciplines and the cultural heritage and nature conservation sectors.

Using Welsh manorial estate records to prove identity and origination: Robert Davis/Davies

The article sets out to discover from where in Wales a nineteenth-century American originated. Because of not being able to match the more commonly used identifiers such as marriage and baptismal data, more infrequently used identifiers are sought and analyzed. This requires a thorough search of U.S.-based records in government and society archives, careful correlation of data, and resolution of conflicting data. These records are used to learn as much as possible about the immigrant to ascertain clues and form hypotheses. The FAN (friends, associates, neighbors) method is used to progress. Researching an ancestor’s friends, associates, and neighbors often leads to discovery of evidence that enables one to overcome obstacles encountered when focusing solely on the ancestor. After the immigration year, birth month, and association with the Watkin family are determined, the Watkins are backtracked to Llanerfyl parish in Montgomeryshire, Wales. Focusing on the fact that the immigrant was a farmer who likely rented in his early years in the U.S., the article turns to Welsh estate manorial records to find and prove an identity match using land status, age, immigration year, and association with the Watkins. This leads to the discovery of the specific geographic origin of Robert Davis who after his move lived in Radnor Township in Delaware County, Ohio.

Cities and Sieges in Medieval Europe

During the Medieval period Europe was highly fragmented and heavily militarized. Conflict was on-going. Still commerce thrived, particularly after 1000 CE. Why? The main reason is the relative peace accorded to cities. Remarkably few cities were besieged. Why? The main reason is three powerful actors – feudal lords and heads of manorial estates; the church, both in its secular arm and in its monasteries; and dynasties attempting to aggrandize their territorial reach – all benefited from the rents that they could extract from the commerce carried on by urban denizens. In competing for the rents they were also competing for power, particularly but not exclusively military power bought and sold on the market. Employing a data base consisting of 415 battles and sieges taking place during the Medieval Period, this paper explores a remarkable paradox: both commerce and conflict, de facto opposites, thrived because of each other, not despite each other.

Toiling with teeth: An integrated dental analysis of sheep and cattle dentition in Iron Age and Viking–Late Norse Orkney

A key goal for archaeozoology is to define and characterise pastoral farming strategies. In the last decade, some of the most innovative approaches for addressing these questions have centred on the mammalian dentition, including inter alia sequential sampling of stable isotopes, dental microwear analysis and the study of dental pathologies. It is when these techniques are integrated and combined with more traditional approaches, such as tooth eruption and wear, however, that their full potential is realised. In this article we demonstrate how such an integrated dental analysis combining isotopes, microwear, dental development, dental pathologies, tooth eruption and wear can be used to elucidate changing pastoral practices and their impacts on the landscape from the Iron Age and Viking-Late Norse periods in the North Atlantic islands, a period of significant socio-economic and cultural change in this region. Analysis focuses on two case study sites, Mine Howe, dating to the Atlantic Middle Iron Age (MIA) and the Earl's Bu, one of the residences of the Orkney Earl's from the 10th to 13/14th centuries AD. Each of the techniques applied to the sheep/goat and cattle dentition identifies clear differences between the two sites, in diet, in culling season, herd health and stress levels, all of which point to potential differences in underlying husbandry practices. These are related to wider socio-economic developments in Orkney at these periods, specifically increasing control of pastoral resources and economic production by North Atlantic elites in the MIA and the emergence of manorial estates in Late Norse/Early Medieval Scandinavia.

Просторові модулі «ментального картографування» панського маєтку в Україні XIX століття як вияв самоідентифікації власника

The problem of existence in Ukraine privately manorial estates is examined by analyzing the assimilation of information by the individual about outworld in the mental maps – forms of conceptualization of spatial representations. It is proved that the interpretation of spatial modules of estate complexes contributed to their masters understanding attitude to the state, society, and nature - the implementation of self-identification processes

The Early Mediaeval manorial estate of Gars/Thunau, Lower Austria: An enclave of endemic tuberculosis?

In recent decades, an increasing number of studies have aimed to shed light on the origin and spread of tuberculosis in past human populations. Here we present the results of a systematic palaeodemographic and palaeopathological survey of the Early Mediaeval population of Gars/Thunau (Lower Austria), which - at this stage - includes 373 individuals recovered at two archaeological sub-sites: a fortified settlement (including a necropolis) at the top of a hill - probably reserved for social and military elites; and a large riverine settlement at the foot of the hill, a so-called 'suburbium', where burials and an area of 'industrial' character were discovered. We recorded a great number of pathological alterations and a variety of 'classical' features of tuberculosis, such as vertebral destructions (Pott's disease) and joint destructions, and other pathological (unspecific) features probably linked with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (e.g. new bone formation at the inner surface of the ribs, endocranial alterations in the form of 'pits', and new bone formation at the cranial base). We hypothesize that the two contemporaneous (∼900-1000 AD) populations of Gars/Thunau differed not only in their social affiliation/condition, but also in the type and frequencies of their population-density-related infectious diseases (in particular tuberculosis). Moreover, we investigated the molecular genetic evidence of the causative organism in a few selected immatures exhibiting pathological changes at the inner wall of the cranium and discuss these findings in regard to the macroscopic features observed. Finally, we analysed carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of both populations and strontium isotope ratios of the hill-top inhabitants in order to reconstruct certain aspects of diet and mobility to test our hypothesis concerning the specific social and/or military character of the site.

Повседневная жизнь провинциального имения: дневник слуги уральских помещиков Голубцовых

Marina Larionova, a specialist in the history of Russia, a candidate of historical sciences, presents her Everyday Life of a Provincial Estate (Yekaterinburg, 2013). The book was written with reference to a rare historical source, a diary of a servant of the Ural Landowners Golubtsov that is kept in the State Archive of Sverdlovsk Region (GASO, f. 67, op. 1, d. 69). The diary is anonymous, and the authorship was established as a result of an inquiry into its origin; Matvey Andreev, a descendant of a family of serfs was finally given credit as the author, and, according to the diary, he was a petty bourgeois of Kungur, an uyezd town, by the time the diary was started. For 3 years and 5 months (1872–1875), he wrote an account of daily life in the estate and in the manor house located in Aleksandrovskoye Settlement of Vladimir Platonovich Golubtsov, a Perm landowner. The diary describes the everyday life of a Ural petty manorial estate located in Krasnoufimsk Uyezd, Perm Governorate, the day-to-day routine of the owner and the dwellers of the manor, the relationships between them and the ones characteristic of the life of an uyezd community, the emotional experience of the people mentioned in the diary, and other details shedding light on the previously unknown events in the history of the Urals. In her talk with Lyudmila Dashkevich and Yevgeny Neklyudov, professors of history, research fellows of the Institute for History and Archaeology (Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch), and with Irina Shalina, professor of philology, the author discusses the academic significance and informational potential of the source in question. The comparison drawn of the document with some previously known similar sources gives evidence proving its uniqueness conditioned by its comprehensive character, the author’s viewpoint and the quality of the publication. Thus, it does not only comply with the text and has few editorial corrections, it also contains a variety of academic historical, cultural and biographic commentaries. The diary both describes the problems a 19th-century manor could face on a daily basis and dwells on some general issues connected with the relationships between social classes, the historical psychology of servants, the perseverance of serf consciousness after the abolition of serfdom, the patriarchal character of life, and the modernization of the region’s economy.

Проблемы охраны и современного использования загородных дворянских усадеб

Проблемы охраны и современного использования загородных дворянских усадеб

Entrepreneurship in Wiltshire, England, almost 1,000 years ago

In the eleventh-century England, the principal economic activity was agricultural production on manorial estates. The paper exploits the Domesday Survey data, collected in 1086, to investigate the entrepreneurial ability of managers of the main classes of estate, king’s, ecclesiastical and lay estates. Wiltshire data are used to assess whether similar production functions describe production on the three classes of estate. Then, data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods are used to assess whether, after controlling for factors that could have affected efficiency, one class of estate was worked more efficiently. Finally, the Wiltshire results are compared with those from an earlier study of Essex. The Wiltshire analysis confirms the conclusions of the Essex study. In both counties, despite differences in institutional structures, there was little difference between production processes and management performance on the three classes of estate.

New multifunctional hunting landscapes in Denmark

Between 1992 and 2008 subsidization of mandatory set aside land under the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) gave rise to the establishment of a characteristic type of multifunctional hunting landscapes in Denmark, primarily located on fallow land in tilled valley bottoms. A national survey of these landscapes in 2006 has been carried out and 1061 hunting areas have been identified nationwide. Subsidies relating to set aside land acted as a supplementary type of income, which supported the development of multifunctional land use on marginal soils where the income from hunting and subsidies in combination was a viable alternative to monofunctional rotational agriculture. Hunting landscapes developed as the consequence of landscape management strategies designed to comply with the requirements of the CAP while improving habitat conditions for wildlife and increasing income from hunting rental activities. Forty-seven percent of the hunting landscapes in 2006 were in rotational production in 2010 while 19% were used for other agricultural purposes and 34% were taken out of the subsidy regime and removed from the general agricultural register. In 2012, a total of 431 such areas ‒ 41% of the areas identified in 2006 ‒ were still used for hunting. The number and geographical distribution of the hunting landscapes seems closely related to the potential average hunting rent, the level of urbanisation and the occurrence of manorial estates with traditions for multifunctional land use as part of their economic strategy. Implications for the ongoing discussion on land use policy concerning land sharing vs. land sparing is discussed.

Religion and Politics in Heian‐Period Japan

AbstractThe religious culture of Japan's Heian period (794–1185), like that of other times and places, was structured by power differentials; it can therefore fruitfully be understood as political. Combining kami worship (popularly known as Shinto), esoteric and exoteric Buddhism, spirit possession, and local traditions, as well as moral and ritual practices derived from Confucianism and Daoism, Heian religious life was characterized by multiple religious affiliations and a syncretic outlook. From the era of the statutory (ritsuryō) state, through the court‐centered polity (ōchō kokka), to the Fujiwara regency (sekkan seiji) and rule by retired emperors (insei), religion proved indispensible to sovereignty, political authority, and power relations. Rhetoric of the ideal Buddhist monarch shaped political ideology, while rites of kami worship portrayed the emperor as a sacral king. Gender politics structured differences in men and women's religious practice and expression at the same time that patronage and pilgrimage served as important means for lay people to legitimate themselves and compete politically. By amassing landholdings in the form of manorial estates (shōen), religious institutions came to exercise juridical and economic control of extensive natural and human resources. Known as “power blocs,” institutions of this type shared in rights and functions conventionally viewed as being proper to the state.

Manorialism and Risk Management in Pre-Industrial Society: Sweden in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Throughout pre-industrial Europe, the manorial estate was an important institution in the rural economy. Related literature communicates the widespread view that the estates insured their tenants against uncertainties, for example, in times of economic hardship. By distributing grain or accepting deferment of rents, the manors helped to alleviate hunger in times of scarcity. If this insurance was indeed effective, then manorial tenants should have experienced less fluctuation in income or food availability than other peasants. However, there has not been much empirical confirmation that the pre-industrial estates were effective in providing this kind of insurance. This study uses the impact of grain prices on demographic outcomes as a measure of the efficiency of the manorial system in protecting its inhabitants against economic stress. Looking at four hundred parishes in Sweden (1749-1859), the manorial estate seems to have been able to insure its inhabitants against risks of economic stress, but the protective effect was imperfect and only visible in the short term.

Was the manorial system an efficient insurance institution? Economic stress and demographic response in Sweden, 1749-1859

In much of preindustrial Europe, the manorial estate was an important institution in the rural economy. Despite a widespread view that the estates insured its tenants against uncertainties, there is little evidence that measures taken were efficient. This study uses the impact of grain prices on demographic outcomes as a measure of the efficiency of the manorial system in protecting its inhabitants against economic stress. Looking at four hundred parishes in southern Sweden (1749–1859), the manorial estate seems to have been able to insure its inhabitants against risks of economic stress, but the protective effect was highly imperfect, and only short term.

White settlers and the law in early colonial Kenya

This article examines settler attitudes toward the law and the legal system in early colonial Kenya. Settlers believed that English law was the culmination of centuries of evolution and was unsurpassed for its justice and logic. Nonetheless, they insisted English law and legal procedure were supremely ill-suited for the African context. When courts released Africans on “technicalities” it only encouraged more crime; insufficient punishments did the same. Settlers argued that the state – administrators and the judiciary – must twist the legal system to fit settler needs. The law must be a tool used on behalf of whites to bend Africans to their will. It must be personal and racially biased, the punishment swift and sharp. In many ways, settlers held an older, cruder understanding of the law, one more suited to manorial estates or Jim Crow America.

1300年頃のイングランドのマナー経営における作物の選択と市場向け生産 : テューネンのモデルの適用をめぐって(第328回例会報告(2003年5月17日))

1300年頃のイングランドのマナー経営における作物の選択と市場向け生産 : テューネンのモデルの適用をめぐって(第328回例会報告(2003年5月17日))