Manner Of Origin Research Articles

The influence of age on the frequency, manner of origin and outcome of burns in children

The influence of age on the frequency, manner of origin and outcome of burns in children

Colombian Origin Coffee Supply Chain Traceability by a Blockchain Implementation

This exploratory study explains how to implement Blockchain technology for a supply chain by a proof of concept on Hyperledger Fabric, an open distributed ledger platform. This approach allowed to identify the feasibility and some implementation challenges, yield feedback, and exemplify one manner of tracing product origin using a distributed ledger technology. For this purpose, the case study of origin coffee is analyzed, given the relevance of traceability in this type of coffee and the cultural and economic importance of this agricultural product in the Colombian context. In addition, the data stored in the Blockchain and some technological architecture aspects are discussed.

Woody Plant Assemblages in the Hedges of Eastern Ireland: Products of History or of Ecology?

Variation in the community composition of hedges in the Leinster region may be explained to a large extent by ecological factors. Disclosed patterns of community composition indicate a primary base-rich (Euonymus europaeus, Viburnum opulus) to base-poor (Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia) gradient, with a secondary wet to dry gradient also apparent. These differences correspond closely to the broad physiographic zonation of the Irish landscape. The underlying community composition pattern is complicated and to some extent obscured by the presence of a substantial synanthropic element, including Acer pseudoplatanus, Symphoricarpos albus, Prunus domestica and Fagus sylvatica. The patterns are further complicated at local level by the presence of drains, streams and boundaries of varying dates and manner of origin and by the occurrence of limestone-derived glacial soils and raised bogs in close proximity.

A macroscopical study of the inferior phrenic artery of female rats, with reference to the embryological background of occurrence of the genital artery from this artery.

The principal aim of this study was to elucidate the general features of the inferior phrenic artery (IPA) of female rats which retain the original embryonic configuration of this artery. The artery of the right side was found to be detached from the renal artery, while that of the left side arose from the aorta. Between these fellow arteries, however, no essential morphological differences were discernible. At some point not far from their origin, they were found to break up into the ascending, suprarenal, suprareno genital and descending arteries. The ascending artery of the right side coursed along with the phrenic nerve, and vascularized a greatest portion of the total area of the partes sternalis et costalis of the diaphragm. Furthermore, the artery was found to be intimately associated with the inferior caval vein. Thus, it could be assumed that this artery of adult rats has been embryologically related to the musculus diaphragmaticus, transverse septum, ventral pleuroperitoneal fold, and the caval venous mesentery. The suprarenal artery took its course along the superior margin of this gland to reach the lateroinferior part of the pars costalis of the diaphragm. Its course and destination strongly indicates that in its development the suprarenal artery has been intimately related to the formation of the ventral pleuroperitoneal fold. The suprarenogenital artery was characterized as giving off a genital branch which entered first the diaphragmogenital ligament, and then took a descending course toward the ovary, in a quite similar manner of origin and course to those of the aberrant gonadal (testicular and gonadal) arteries observed in Japanese human adults (Shinohara et al., 1990; Hanie, to be published). The descending artery was observed to be closely associated with the major splanchnic nerve and the celiac ganglion. The variability of arteries of the IPA of female rats and also of humans, seems to reflect dramatic changes which have occurred in the early stages of development, and have influenced more or less the morphology of the uppermost abdominal anlages of the followings: transverse septum, musculus diaphragmaticus, dorsal and ventral pleuroperitoneal folds, suprarenal gland and celiac ganglion, urogenital organs, inferior caval vein in the caval venous mesentery. In conclusion, it could be said that the anatomy of female rats provide us valuable clues as to the essential configuration of the IPA of humans and the relationships of the IPA to structures which are thought to be directly involved in the development of this artery.

M. articularis genus. Observations on arrangement and consideration of function.

On the basis of 44 adult Japanese cadavers, the mode of origin, insertion and innervation of the articularis genus muscle (m. articularis genus: AG) is described. All the muscle bundles that are inserted into the posterior aspect of the synovial membrane of the joint capsule as well as the suprapatellar bursa are defined as AG. The inserting fibers spread medially and laterally over the subsynovial connective tissue which is the outer layer of synovial membrane facing the femur. The fatty tissue between each muscle bundle gradually increases with depth. A few deeper muscle bundles of AG seem to be separated by a layer of fat from those of the superficial layer. The deepest muscle bundles arise from the anterior surface of the femur at a slightly lower level than the proximal apex of the suprapatellar bursa. It is inserted into the synovial membrane at the level of the junction of the suprapatellar bursa and proper joint cavity when the knee is extended. It is difficult to distinguish AG from m. vastus intermedius (Vi) only on the basis of the manner of origin and the surrounding fatty tissue. The innervation is in common with that of Vi, namely, a few nerves which run down obliquely to the lower medial part of Vi.

Die struktuur van die allegorie

Summary This discussion focuses on three aspects in the development of allegory. As a result of its religious origin, the most important allegorical codes are travel and battle. The date of origin, however, is undeterminable. Fulgentius's use of the Aeneas as basic pattern for his sixth century Continentia Vergiliana marks a further milestone in the development of allegory. During the Middle Ages, Good and Evil in allegorical moralities are portrayed ethically and didactically by symbolic characters. Ethymologically, the prefix allos in the word allegory inverts the sense. The allegory thus says one thing which means something else (allos). Allegory is therefore primarily a modus operandi which is characterised by its infrastructure (root pattern, threshold text, the reaction of the recipient). Three types of allegory may be distinguished according to their manner of origin: personified, parallel and vertical allegory.

Morphological studies on the genusClematis linn

In four-sepaled flowers ofClematis the sepal is supplied by three main traces. The basic pattern of the vascular supply to sepals is found inC. alpina var.ochotensis which invariably has six-bundled pedicels. It is as follows: the median traces to the first pair of opposite sepals, as well as all the lateral traces, arise directly from pedicel bundles, while those to the second pair are formed secondarily, after fusion and subsequent division of two adjacent pedicel bundles. As to the manner of origin of the median traces, the pattern is similar to that of the vascular supply to foliage leaves. This gives further evidence for the generally accepted view that the sepals ofClematis, like foliage leaves, are decussately arranged. In most other species such asC. apiifolia, C. stans, etc. the number of pedicel bundles tends to be reduced from six to four so as to coincide with that of the sepals, so patterns are much simplified and specialized: all the traces arise directly from pedicel bundles. InC. japonica an iconsistent pattern is observed, since the number of pedicel bundles from which sepal traces arise is much higher and varied.

ABERRANT REMYELINATION IN CHRONIC RELAPSING EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC NEURITIS

Observations have been made on seven guinea pigs with relapsing or chronic progressive experimental allergic neuritis. All showed prominent hypertrophic changes with concentric Schwann cell proliferation. Abnormalities of myelination were observed in remyelinating fibres. These included the internodal termination of myelin lamellae, and the overriding of the myelin lamellae either at nodes of Ranvier or, at times, in the internodal region. The manner of origin of these appearances is discussed, as is their significance in relation to theories of myelinogenesis and their possible relevance to nerve conduction.

The origin of life.

The origin of life is in a sense a genetic problem, for, as H. J. Muller pointed out many years ago, the essential attribute that identifies living matter is its capacity to replicate itself and its variants (1). Because this uniquely biological property has its physical basis in proteins and nucleic acids, the goal of modern work on the origin of life is to discover the manner of origin of these polymers and of the interactions between them that constitute the genetic mechanism. In attempting to review this subject in a limited space, we cannot undertake an exhaustive treatment. Rather, we summarize work published principally since 1970 in the following areas, with emphasis on those aspects that are of greatest current interest: 1. precambrian paleontology, 2. chemical evolution of genetically important monomers, 3. prebiotic dehydration-condensation reactions, 4. organic compounds in meteorites and interstellar space, and 5. biological exploration of the planets. A large number of review articles (2-5), critical and theoretical discussions( 6-8), books (9-16), and conference proceedings (17-21) dealing with the origin of have appeared in recent years. In addition, a new serial, the Journal of Molecular Evolution, publishing papers on this and related subjects, appeared in 1971; the journal Space Life Sciences has been renamed Origins of and a society, the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, was recently founded.

The surgical anatomy of truncus arteriosus communis

In a classical work, Collett and Edwards9 classified truncus according to the manner of origin of the pulmonary tree. We believe that, from the surgical standpoint, more factors should be taken into account in evaluating each heart. Clinical, catheterization, and angiographic examination should be used to clarify the site of origin of the truncus, the amount of pulmonary flow, the architecture of the truncal valve and truncal vascular tree, the coronary circulation, the size of the ventricular septal defect, and the presence or absence of associated cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities. All these factors may have a bearing on the suitability of a candidate for complete correction, or they may influence the prognosis of surgical therapy.

SCREENING FOR MUTAGENIC HAZARDS OF POTENTIAL CHEMICAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN THE MALE

ABSTRACT At first sight it might appear that effective contraception, by preventing reproduction, makes mutagenesis irrelevant. The fallacy of this reasoning is explained. The ways in which mutation would constitute a hazard in man are presented. The nature of the mutation process is described and the manner of origin of the several kinds of mutation. A selection of the most appropriate of the many methods for recognising mutagens is briefly presented. Known mutagens should be excluded from use as contraceptives. Consideration of the possible approaches to contraceptive action in the male gives hope of discovering effective compounds which are non-mutagenic.

FLORAL BUNDLE FUSION AND VASCULAR CONSERVATISM

SummaryCritiques are presented of the three main precepts of vascular conservatism, viz.: (1) extent of fusion of bundles denotes degree of evolutionary advancement; (2) 'vestigial traces' indicate organs that have disappeared because vascular patterns lag behind in evolution; and (3) orientation of bundles demonstrates homologies. Precepts (2) and (3) can be controverted to a large extent by existing reports in the literature. Precept (1) is herewith tested by an analysis of the level and manner of origin of the dorsal carpellary bundles of four species of Syzygium s.l. (Myrtaceae). These features are very variable in an individual plant and even in a single flower. Consequently, the extent of union between bundles, contrary to widespread belief, is not necessarily a reliable indicator of phyletic status of an organ or taxon. There is no a priori reason to expect hypotheses based upon conservatism to apply to all situations. The only ultimate test is correlation with other lines of evidence.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON SEWARDIOXYLON SAHNII GUPTA COLLECTED FROM THE MIDDLE JURASSIC OF RAJMAHAL HILLS, INDIA

SUMMARY A reconstruction of the vascular organization of the stem of Sewardioxylon sahnii is given along with the description of the manner of origin of leaf traces and the formation of the inner inverted ring of bundles in the main stele.

Historical Aspects of Ethnomusicology

E THNOMUSICOLOGY has traditionally been classified within the systematic branch of musicology rather than the historical, but historical interests and orientations have always played a considerable part in it; indeed, they have at times been the predominant motivating forces in investigation. However, the preference for synchronic and descriptive approaches has evidently caused the historical aspects of ethnomusicology to be left in a methodologically disorganized array. It is the purpose of this paper to work toward a systematization of the various historical aspects; it will utilize approaches followed in the past as well as other theoretical possibilities. Systematizations of this sort have already been attempted in ways which range from early musichistorical points of view such as Lach's (1924) through later ones which emerged under the increasing influence of anthropology (Kunst 1955:43-46; Nettl 1955a). The subject matter under consideration has also varied greatly. Beginning with historical speculation in Oriental music (with which we are concerned here only in a secondary sense because of the existence of at least a partially written tradition and a professionalized musical culture) and the role of folk music in the history of European cultivated music, the interests began to follow the trends of anthropological thinking, have occasionally gone their own way, and have sometimes been influenced by other disciplines such as biology and psychology. In spite of the variety of materials and aims, the historical aspects of ethnomusicology can be grouped into two principal classes, origin and change. Explanation of the origin of various phenomena has been at the root of many developments throughout the field, and has until recently predominated over the study of change. But while the study of origins has in a sense been exhausted or in many cases seems impossible to pursue further, the study of change promises to be of even greater interest when some of the methodological problems have been solved. The problem of origin can be approached in a number of ways. For example, one may be interested in the manner of origin of a given phenomenon, or in the place of origin. The manner-of-origin approach has been one of the more speculative sides of ethnomusicology, and has provided considerable common ground between that field and general music history. The problem of the origin of music itself falls into this class, although ethnomusicological data can only corroborate or, more frequently, negate. Nevertheless, some theories of the origin of music which indicate the special function of music in primitive culture and its close ties to religion are genuinely based on ethnological information (e.g. Nadel 1930). The search for the manner of origin of various generalized musical phenom-

Electron microscope studies of the formation of nodes of Ranvier in mouse sciatic nerves.

Observations with the electron microscope of longitudinal sections of the sciatic nerves of infant mice during the period of early myelin formation are described. These observations are interpreted in relation to previous studies of transverse sections, and a general picture of the formation of an internodal length of the myelin sheath in three dimensions is formulated. In general, an internodal length of myelin sheath is attained by the spiral wrapping of the infolded Schwann cell surface; the increase in length of the internode during maturation is at least partially explained by the increased length of axon covered by the overlapping of successive layers during the wrapping of the infolded Schwann cell surface; and the nodes of Ranvier refer to the structure complex at the junctions of adjacent non-syncytial Schwann cells. The fact that the mode of formation of myelin brings each of its layers into intimate contact with the axon surface at the nodes is emphasized because of the possible functional significance of this arrangement. The manner of origin of Schmidt-Lantermann clefts remains obscure. Certain isolated observations provide evidence for the possibility that occasional internodes of myelin may form from several small segments of myelin within a single Schwann cell.

The layered ultrabasic tocks of Rhum, Inner Hebrides

The layered ultrabasic tocks of Rhum, Inner Hebrides

Breeding Behavior, Early Embryology, and Melanophore Development in the Anabantid Fish, Trichogaster trichopterus

THE blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallus), belongs to the family Anabantidae in which most of the members are bubblenest builders. This family is in the suborder Labyrinthici, which is characterized by the presence of a chamber above the gills for the retention of air for breathing. The blue gourami, suggested as a reliable egg-laying teleost by Rugh (1948), has become a useful species for experimental work and class-room demonstration. There is, however, no detailed description or experimental analysis of the embryonic development except for work in progress at Oklahoma A. and M. College by Mr. Robert H. Ingersol (see also Ingersol, 1951), and nothing on its very interesting breeding behavior aside from brief accounts in aquarium books. This study attempts to fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge of this species, especially its breeding behavior and early embryology, and the time and manner of origin and development of the pigment cells.

Evidence of Extensive Lateral Faulting in Bakersfield Area, Kern County, California: ABSTRACT

A series of faint surface lines observed on aerial photos in the vicinity of Bakersfield have long End_Page 183------------------------------ been thought by the writer to be a clue to the existence of a system of closely spaced lateral fault traversing the area in a northwest direction. The remarkable broad parallelism of these surface features, together with their highly interrupted aspect and their commonly looped shapes, has led to much speculation regarding their significance and manner of origin. Although no positive relationship can be established, it has long been assumed that the steep horizontally slickensided fractures cored in widely scattered deep wells in this area, were of the same trend and system as the surface lines. The initial earthquake of July 21, 1952, produced in the Bakersfield-Arvin area some surface features which are so favorably comparable with the older series of lines that there can be little doubt regarding their identical manner of origin. It is believed that during most of the Cenozoic there has been a recurrence of slight shifts on an ancient system of basement faults, with individual adjustments reflected at the ground surface as oriented shallow sloughs and lateral offsets. End_of_Article - Last_Page 184------------

REDUCTION OF QUADRIVALENT FREQUENCY IN AUTOTETRAPLOID MAIZE DURING A PERIOD OF 10 YEARS

IT HAS BECOME increasingly apparent in recent years that polyploidy is a significant factor in species differentiation and evolutionary trends among the higher plants. At least half of the species of angiosperms of known chromosome number are polyploids, and there are apparently relatively few families in which related species with multiple series of chromosome numbers do not occur. The most widely accepted classification of polyploids is based on their manner of origin. Doubling may occur within the species and the resulting autoploids may become established as entities separated from the parental diploids by the cross incompatibility inherent in differences in chromosome number. Or, the process of doubling may occur in combination with species hybridization to produce alloploids of relatively high fertility and true breeding capabilities. Stebbins (1949) and others have called attention to the difficulty encountered in attempting to place in one or the other of these categories intermediate forms which exhibit varying amounts of genic and chromosomal differentiation. There are still other difficulties. The origin of natural polyploids of long standing, which comprise the vast majority of existing polyploids, can only be conjectured. It is not surprising that attempts which have been made to apply the criteria that serve to distinguish alloploids and autoploids of recent origin have resulted in much disagreement with respect to the prevalence in nature of autoploids and alloploids (Miintzing, 1936; Clausen, et al., 1945; Stebbins, 1949). Miintzing made the first thorough analysis of the problem and interpreted the available evidence as favorable to the view that many natural polyploids were of autoploid origrin. Clausen, et al., limited the number of probable autoploids very appreciably and Stebbins reduced the number still further. This lack of agreement was due only partly to differences in the definition of terms. The importance of polyploidy in the more recent evolutionary history of plants has been emphasized by Hutchinson, et al. (1947) . It is known from the study of experimental polyploids that autoploids of recent origin typically form multivalents due to the random pairing of chromosomes which are sufficiently homologous to

Some Problems in Mississippian Stratigraphy of the Southern Appalachians

Mississippian stratigraphic problems of the southern Appalachians pertain to: (1) refinement in stratigraphic subdivision; (2) establishment of lateral relationships from one place to another, especially between disconnected areas and areas of independent previous study; (3) correlation of the southern Appalachian strata with the better-known units of the standard section; (4) establishment of the manner and time of origin of some of the units; and (5) establishment of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary. Examples of major problems which need further study are discussed. Solution of many of the stratigraphic problems must await careful and detailed field studies and, particularly in several instances, a consideration of the faunas.