Manned Space Exploration Missions Research Articles

Design and analysis of emergency protection scheme for manned spacecraft under leakage condition

Spacecraft may encounter emergency pressure relief situations during manned space exploration missions, such as when micrometeoroids break through the bulkheads. The pressure emergency is one of the main threats to the missions in low earth orbit or deep space explorations to the Moon and Mars. It is critical to develop a pressure protection scheme for emergency contingencies. In this study, in order to improve the safety and reliability of spacecraft protection, a periodic recompression recovery scheme (PRRS) is proposed for cabin pressure protection. The PRRS adopts a combined mode of cabin emergency recompression, cabin pressure maintenance, gas recovery, and spacesuit protection, which can provide astronauts with a variety of safety protection methods. A mathematical model of cabin pressure control is established by using the lumped parameter method, and the gas consumption of three types of pressure protection systems are compared. The PRRS adopts the mature technologies and could provide the reliable pressure emergency protection. Compared with the traditional continuous gas supply scheme, the PRRS can reduce gas consumption by more than 85%. In the case of limited spacecraft gas resources, the PRRS promises a longer survival time for returning astronauts. This study can provide a design idea for the overall design of manned spacecraft in the future.

A robust model developed by LCWR combined with uniform design for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in water used in a microgravity environment

Hydrogen peroxide is widely used in manned space exploration missions. A liquid core wave guide Raman apparatus was developed for the determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration in water coupled with uniform design strategy.

The Biological Threat: The Threat of Planetary Quarantine Failure as a Result of Outer Space Exploration by Humans.

The paper presents the results of experiments with spore-forming bacteria and microscopic fungi performed in the framework of the Russian Research Program outside the International Space Station. It has been found that microorganisms not only survive in this extreme environment, but also retain reproductive ability. Moreover, most microorganisms exhibit an increase in biochemical activity and resistance to antimicrobial agents, specifically antibiotics. These findings are of obvious interest to the developers of both planetary quarantine methods and biomedical safety systems for manned space exploration missions. In addition, they demonstrate the necessity of experiments on the exposure of bio-objects to simulated environmental factors beyond Earth's magnetosphere.

On the Development of Intellectual Components of a Decision Support System for Medical Care in Manned Space Exploration Missions

The paper is dedicated to analysis of artificial neuron network efficiency in processing the data of remote medical monitoring of participants in the Sirius-17 analog study conducted by the Institute of Biomedical Problems in 2017. The authors propose an ingenious data processing algorithm involving a self-learning multilayer artificial neuron network (ANN) capable of predicting health dynamics with the help of an integrated index of subjective health assessment.

Probabilistic assessment of radiation risk for astronauts in space missions

Accurate estimations of the health risks to astronauts due to space radiation exposure are necessary for future lunar and Mars missions. Space radiation consists of solar particle events (SPEs), comprised largely of medium energy protons (less than several hundred MeV); and galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which include high-energy protons and heavy ions. While the frequency distribution of SPEs depends strongly upon the phase within the solar activity cycle, the individual SPE occurrences themselves are random in nature. A solar modulation model has been developed for the temporal characterization of the GCR environment, which is represented by the deceleration potential, ϕ. The risk of radiation exposure to astronauts as well as to hardware from SPEs during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) or in lightly shielded vehicles is a major concern for radiation protection. To support the probabilistic risk assessment for EVAs, which could be up to 15% of crew time22Internal documentation of NASA Constellation Trade Study (F.A. Cucinotta, personal communication). on lunar missions, we estimated the probability of SPE occurrence as a function of solar cycle phase using a non-homogeneous Poisson model [1] to fit the historical database of measurements of protons with energy>30MeV, Φ30. The resultant organ doses and dose equivalents, as well as effective whole body doses, for acute and cancer risk estimations are analyzed for a conceptual habitat module and for a lunar rover during space missions of defined durations. This probabilistic approach to radiation risk assessment from SPE and GCR is in support of mission design and operational planning for future manned space exploration missions.

Laundry Study for a Lunar Outpost

In support of the Constellation Program, which will return humans to the moon and establish an Outpost, NASA has conducted an analysis of crew clothing and laundry options. Single-use or clothing has been used from Apollo until International Space Station (ISS) missions, meaning that clothes were worn for the whole mission or thrown away when they became too dirty to wear any longer. This is justified for short duration missions; however, as the Constellation mission will last much longer and each individual Outpost mission is expected to last up to 180 days, mission goals and launch penalties for mass and volume may lead to a different conclusion. Furthermore, the habitat atmosphere pressure and therefore oxygen volume percentage will be different from ISS or Shuttle. Almost daily EVA sorties will be a norm during Outpost exploration missions. All of these factors will have impacts on selection of crew clothing and laundry options for Outpost missions. Mass and volume estimates for disposable crew clothing have been shown as a major penalty in long-duration manned space exploration missions in previous analyses. Assuming disposable clothing like ISS, Equivalent System Mass (ESM) of crew clothing and hygiene towels was estimated to be 11,000 kg or about 11% of total life support system ESM for a 10-year Lunar Outpost mission with 4 crew members. Ways to reduce this clothing penalty, which are discussed in this paper, include: a) Reduce clothing supply rate through using clothes made of advanced fabrics; b) Reduce daily usage rate by extending its use duration before disposing; and c) Use laundry and reusable clothing. The report summarizes recent research efforts in advanced clothing, proposed clothing supply rates for Exploration missions, results of a trade-off study between disposable clothing and laundry, and conclusions and suggestions for Constellation Program clothing.

Selection criteria for waste management processes in manned space missions

Management of waste produced during manned space exploration missions will be an important function of advanced life support systems. Waste materials can be thrown away or recovered for reuse. The first approach relies totally on external supplies to replace depleted resources while the second approach regenerates resources internally. The selection of appropriate waste management processes will be based upon criteria which include mission and hardware characteristics as well as overall system considerations. Mission characteristics discussed include destination, duration, crew size, operating environment, and transportation costs. Hardware characteristics include power, mass and volume requirements as well as suitability for a given task. Overall system considerations are essential to assure optimization for the entire mission rather than for an individual system. For example, a waste management system designed for a short trip to the Moon will probably not be the best one for an extended mission to Mars. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to identify and compare viable waste management options for selection of an appropriate waste management system.

Selection criteria for waste management processes in manned space missions.

Management of waste produced during manned space exploration missions will be an important function of advanced life support systems. Waste materials can be thrown away or recovered for reuse. The first approach relies totally on external supplies to replace depleted resources while the second approach regenerates resources internally. The selection of appropriate waste management processes will be based upon criteria which include mission and hardware characteristics as well as overall system considerations. Mission characteristics discussed include destination, duration, crew size, operating environment, and transportation costs. Hardware characteristics include power, mass and volume requirements as well as suitability for a given task. Overall system considerations are essential to assure optimization for the entire mission rather than for an individual system. For example, a waste management system designed for a short trip to the moon will probably not be the best one for an extended mission to Mars. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to identify and compare viable waste management options for selection of an appropriate waste management system.