Manilkara Achras Research Articles

Application of edible coating enriched with essential oil on sapodilla fruit (Manilkara achras)

Sapodilla fruit (Manilkara achras) is a thin-skinned and fast-ripening climatic fruit. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of edible coating (edible alginate) enriched with Pontianak tangerine essential oil during storage. This study used fresh sapodilla fruit harvested at 180 days after anthesis with a uniform level of maturity, fruit size with a length of 6 cm and a diameter of 5.5 cm. The study used a completely randomized design with 2 treatments, namely edible alginate coating enriched with Pontianak tangerine essential oil and storage temperature. The first factor consisted of 5 levels, namely E0 = control (without edible coating), E1 = edible alginate coating (AEC) + 0% essential oil concentration, E2 = AEC + 0.5% essential oil concentration, E3 = AEC + 1% essential oil concentration, E4 = AEC + 1.5% essential oil concentration. The second factor is temperature (T) which includes 0 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days. The results of the study stated that edible coating made from sodium alginate enriched with Pontianak tangerine peel essential oil concentration has a significant effect on the quality of sapodilla fruit on parameters such as color, total hardness of dissolved solids, water content, and weight loss during storage at cold temperatures.

Effect of Naturally Available Materials on Ripening Behaviour of Sapota Cv. Kalipatti

The present investigation entitled “Studies on the effect of naturally available materials on ripening behaviour of Sapota (Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosberg) Cv. Kalipatti.” was carried out at PG laboratory in College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar during 2016 – 2017 and 2017 - 2018. Four different treatments involving sapota leaves, Paddy straw, Paper shreds and gunny bags were used for getting uniform ripening in sapota in completely randomized design with four replications. Each treatment consisted of 20 fruits per replication. Various physical parameters like physiological loss in weight, number of days for ripening, firmness, ripening, shelf life and spoilage were recorded. Among naturally available materials for ripening of fruits, the use of gunny bags (T4) recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (13.77 %), number of days taken for ripening (5.50 days) and maximum shelf life (11.50 days). Maximum ripening percent (73.70 %) was recorded with fruits ripened in paddy straw (T2).

Effect of Organic Sources on Soil and Leaf Nutrient Status of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] cv. Kalipatti

The soil and leaf nutrients play a key role in the flowering and fruiting parameters of a plant thus contributing to yield. Thus, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of organic sources on the soil and leaf nutrient status of sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] cv. Kalipatti during the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. The organic sources include the combination of green manure, vermicompost, Anubhav Bio NPK consortium and microbial consortium with inorganic fertilizers as a control. It has been found that available Nitrogen content (272 kg/ha) and Potassium content (298 kg/ha) in the soil, as well as Nitrogen (2.353 %) and Potassium (1.805 %) content in leaf, were recorded maximum with the application of 50% RDN from vermicompost + 50% RDN from green manure of sun hemp + microbial consortium (AMBC I) 100 ml per tree (T8) in both the years of pooled analysis data. Whereas, treatment i.e % RDN from vermicompost + 50% RDN from green manure of cowpea + microbial consortium (AMBC I) 105 ml per tree (T9) was found to be maximum for the available phosphorus content (61.73 kg/ha) in soil and phosphorus (0.191 %) the content in leaf in both the years in pooled analysis data.

Effect of split application of NPK along with basal dose of Zn and B on yield of sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forsberg] and soil properties

Effect of split application of NPK along with basal dose of Zn and B on yield of sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forsberg] and soil properties

Standardization of process formulation for shelf life extension of sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] Milkshake

Standardization of process formulation for shelf life extension of sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] Milkshake

Characterization and Evaluation of Different Cultivars of Sapota (Manilkara achras L.) under the Gangetic Plain of West Bengal

The present experiment was carried out in Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal during April to June of 2022 to find out the best cultivars of this region. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments each replicated thrice. The ten years old seven cultivars (Cricket Ball, PKM-1, PKM-2, PKM-3, CO-1, CO-2 and CO-3) are planted in a square system in a spacing of 5×5 m2. The maximum fruit weight was found in CO-1 (73.86 g) and followed by CO-2 (73.53 g). The longest fruit length and dimension were observed from CO-2 (7.00 cm and 5.07 cm respectively). The maximum pulp contains in the cultivar is CO-2 (69.58 g) followed by CO-1 (68.96 g). The maximum value of TSS was found in CO-2 (25.17 oBrix) followed by Cricket Ball (21.22 oBrix) and CO-3 (20.28 oBrix). The lowest acidity was recorded in CO-2 (0.12%) followed by CO-3 (0.16%) and CO-1 (0.20%). The cultivar CO-2 registered the highest values of ascorbic acid (62.85 mg 100 g-1), total sugar (16.78%), non-reducing sugar (6.44%) and TSS: acid ratio (209.72). It can be concluded that CO-2 appeared to be the best variety based on the fruit’s physical and quality attributes. As this experiment was carried out based on a limited number of varieties, more research was required on the existing germplasm of India. That might be supported in sapota’s future production, processing, and marketing.

Effect of Chitosan on Storage Behaviour of Sapota Manilkara achras (Mill) fosberg cv. ‘Kalipatti’

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of chitosan treatments on the storage behaviour of sapota Manilkara achras (Mill) fosberg cv. Kalipatti is stored at ambient temperature. The climacteric rise in sapota fruits shortens the postharvest life and degrades the quality of the fruits. A polysaccharide like a chitosan has been used as an edible coating to extend the storage life of sapota fruits, which is an innovative approach for fruit preservation and sustainable development. Chitosan-based coatings have tremendous potential in several fruits to extend the shelf-life. An investigation was carried out to know the effectiveness of post-harvest treatments with edible coatings (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% chitosan) compared with the control. 1% chitosan coating resulted in maximum fruits (more than 75%) having a shelf life of 7 days under ambient condition which was at par with 1.5% chitosan coating. Chitosan coating reduced the physiological losses in weight as compared to the uncoated fruits. The maximum retention of physical parameters such as fruit firmness, specific gravity, colour L*, a* and b* values as well as slow ripening and less spoilage behaviour was observed in chitosan-coated sapota fruits.

Quantification of Impact of Land Use Systems on Runoff and Soil Loss from Ravine Ecosystem of Western India

Ravine and gully formations are both spectacular and also the worst forms of water-induced soil erosion and have in situ and ex situ impact on geomorphology, hydrology, productivity and environmental security, and they are the root causes of degradation of marginal and adjacent land along with reduced production potential. A long-term (2011–2019) study was conducted on marginal land of the Chambal ravine to assess the impact of six land uses, i.e., Agriculture (T1—Rainfed Soybean), Agri-horticulture (T2—Soybean + Manilkara achras), Horti-Pastoral (T3—Emblica officinalis + Cenchurus ciliaris), Pasture (T4—C. ciliaris), Silviculture (T5—Acacia nilotica) and Silvi-pasture (T6—A. nilotica + C. Ciliaris) on soil properties, runoff interception, sediment trapping and soil loss reduction. The lowest average annual soil loss (4.83 ton ha−1 year−1) and runoff (109.52 mm) were recorded under T4, while the highest sediment loss (8.09 ton ha−1 year−1) and runoff (136.07 mm), respectively, were under T5. The runoff coefficient of land uses was in the order of T3 (20.30%) < T4 (20.56%) < T1 (21.95%) < T2 (22.26%) < T6 (22.83%) < T5 (25.54%). The C. ciliaris improved bulk density and recorded lowest in horti-pasture (1.63 ± 0.04 g cm−3) followed by pasture (1.66 ± 0.03 g cm−3) land use system. The active SOC content in pasture, horti-pasture and silvi-pasture was 0.95, 0.87 and 0.64 times higher, respectively, than agriculture land use. Under pure C. ciliaris cover, resistance to penetration varied from 0.68 to 1.97 MPa, while in silviculture land use, it ranges from 1.19 to 2.90 Mpa. Grass cover had substantial impact on soil loss and runoff reduction, SOC content, soil aggregation and resistance to penetration. In degraded ecosystems, Cenchrus ciliaris can be used alone and in combination with plants for protection of natural resources from water-induced soil erosion, runoff conservation, soil quality improvement and maximization of precipitation water use.

Effect of Nano NPK Fertilizers on Growth and Fruit Quality of Sapota (Manilkara achras Mill Fosberg) Cv. Kalipatti

The study was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bengaluru during the year 2020-2022 to investigate the “Effect of nano NPK fertilizers on growth and fruit quality of sapota (Manilkara achras Mill Fosberg) Cv. Kalipatti”. The experiment was planned with randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 12 treatments and 3 replications. During both the years (2020-2021 and 2021-2022) as well as from pooled data indicates that the maximum plant height (3.64 m, 3.78m and 3.71 m respectively), plant spread at East-West direction (8.26 m, 9.40 m and 8.83 m respectively) and North- South direction (8.24 m, 8.71m and 8.48 m respectively) was noticed in the treatment T10 (50% RDF + 0.3% Nano NPK fertilizer foliar spray) and maximum chlorophyll content (2.30 mg/ g) was noticed in the treatment T9 (50% RDF + 0.2% Nano NPK fertilizer foliar spray) during the year 2021-2022. The maximum values for quality parameters like TSS (22.33 oBrix), reducing sugar (9.31 %), total sugars (22.18 %), shelf life of fruits (7 days) and fruit firmness (74 N) were noticed in treatment T9 (50 per cent of RDF and foliar application of 0.2% of nano NPK fertilizer) during the year 2021-2022. Among all the different treatments T10 (50 per cent of RDF and foliar application of 0.3% of nano NPK fertilizer) and T9 (50 per cent of RDF and foliar application of 0.2% of nano NPK fertilizer) were proved significant improvement for tree growth and fruit quality of sapota respectively.

Palladium encapsulated nanofibres for scavenging ethylene from sapota fruits.

Scavenging ethylene is a useful intervention during the transportation and storage of tropical climacteric fruits like sapota. Sapota (Manilkara achras Mill.) is a delicious tropical fruit with a very high respiration rate and poor shelf life. To prolong its post-harvest shelf life, the use of palladium chloride in electrospun nanomats was evaluated at a concentration varying from 1 to 4% levels. Encapsulation of 1-2% PdCl2 in nanomats increased the ethylene scavenging capacity (ESC) by 47-68%. Although, upon encapsulation, both PdCl2 and potassium permanganate showed significantly the same ethylene scavenging activity, the efficacy of PdCl2 was found better in presence of sapota fruits. The PdCl2 nanomats were brighter (L* > 73) in colour compared to the potassium permanganate mat. The placement of nanomats (2 cm2 × 9 cm2) in corrugated fibre board boxes in which the sapota was packed showed higher quality indices (firmness, TSS, ascorbic acid, and phenolics) along with lower PLW and respiration rate during the 8 days of storage period. Compared to control (8.35%), physiological loss in weight of 4.47% was recorded in fruits stored with ethylene scavenging nanomats. PdCl2 encapsulated PVA nanomats can emerge as a promising option for the retention of quality in fruits during storage and transit.

Effect of microfluidization on quality characteristics of sapodilla (Manilkara achras L.) juice

Various oxidative enzymes account for the quality degradation of sapodilla (Manilkara achras L.) juice and need to be inactivated through emerging and continuous green pressure processing technology. In this study, pressurization of sapodilla juice was attempted via microfluidization (MF) at pressure range of 10,000–30,000 pound per square inch (psi) with 1–3 passes or cycles. The impact of microfluidization on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), color, total soluble solid (TSS), viscosity, serum cloudiness along with particle size, and microbial load of sapodilla juice was assessed. Results showed that microfluidization (MF) decreased the residual PPO activity from 100 to 80.78 % and POD activity from 100 to 40.57%. However, TSS (18.81–19.01 %), viscosity (2.64–2.06 cP), serum cloudiness (2.19–1.22 %) and total color change (3.19–18.54) was also significantly affected. Most of these changes were observed due to particle size (PS) reduction that varied from 65.19 to 8.13 μm. Microfluidized juice revealed color improvement at particular MF pressure and pass due to enzyme inactivation. Moreover, lowest microbial load (2.89 Log CFU/ mL) was found at 30,000 psi/3 pass of MF as compared to control sample (unprocessed juice) (7.57 Log CFU/ mL). Consequently, MF can be potential candidate in processing of juices against spoilage.

Combined effect of land use change, long‐term soil management and orchard age on variability of soil quality of fruit orchards under monsoon climate

AbstractThe combined effect of land use change, long‐term soil management, and orchard age (18–40 years) on soil quality of guava (Psidium guajava L. cv. Allahabad Safeda) and sapota (Manilkara achras Mill. cv. Cricket Ball) orchards was investigated. Besides, the soil quality of the orchards was compared against an adjacent forest soil (AFS, considered a baseline ecosystem). Values of pH, SOC, porosity, PHA, DHA, GSA, ExCa, ExMg, and DTPA‐Cu were significantly lower in drip circle soils relative to inter‐row space soils. The extent of reduction was prominent in older orchards. There was a significant building up of BD, AvP, AvK, DTPA‐Fe, and DTPA‐Zn in drip circle soils relative to inter‐row space soils. The soil variability between drip circles and inter‐row spaces across the soil depths was significant (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) plots were generated to determine the variability of soil quality among orchards and AFS. Long‐term soil management (18–40 years) induced soil spatial variability within the orchards. Analysis of similarity showed a significant difference in variability of soil quality within an orchard, among the orchard types, and between the orchards and the AFS. Except for soil AvK, all soil quality attributes maintained a significant correlation with the PC‐axis‐1 (p < 0.05 and 0.01) that explained maximum variability (40.2%–49.4%). The DHA and SOC contributed the maximum variability (r = 0.95 and 0.92, respectively with PC axis‐1). In conclusion, the stronger factor of the variability of soil quality was in the order of land use change > soil management > orchard age.

Enzymatic Extraction of Sapodilla (Manilkara achras L.) Juice: Process Optimization and Characterization

Conventional treatment of sapodilla pulp yields very viscous, turbid, and low juice recovery. Sapodilla processing for juice requires liquefying enzyme that leads to rectifying flow of juice. This study was conducted to optimize the enzymatic pectolytic conditions of sapodilla fruit processing to extract maximum juice using a central composite design (CCD). The effect of processing variables on recovery of juice, total soluble solids (TSS), viscosity, clarity, and L-value along with physicochemical analysis was investigated. The optimized processing conditions were pectinase concentration (0.120%) at 42.02°C for 167.83 min resulting in juice recovery (62.08 ± 0.38%), viscosity (4.81 ± 0.02cP), TSS (21.48 ± 0.19 °Brix), clarity (0.72 ± 0.05%T), and L-value (28.79 ± 0.96). Optimized sapodilla juice showed higher filterability (24.16 ± 1.04 min−1), conductivity (69.46 ± 0.30 S/m), total phenolic content (35.86 ± 0.60 mg/100 mL), ascorbic acid (6.38 ± 0.58 mg/100 mL), moisture content (84.85 ± 0.21% WB), and titratable acidity (0.143 ± 0.0% citric acid) as compared to control sample (60.5 ± 1.80 min−1, 30.43 ± 0.35 S/m, 30.68 ± 0.85 mg/100 mL, 4.64 ± 0.0 mg/100 mL, 83.69 ± 0.18%, and 0.130 ± 0.0%). Optimized sapodilla juice was lower in sedimentation index (0.73 ± 0.11%), turbidity (13.73 ± 1.10 NTU), ash (0.57 ± 0.031%), and β-carotene (0.173 ± 0.008 μg/100 mL) as compared to control sample (1.07 ± 0.02%, 79 ± 0.75 NTU, 0.65 ± 0.031%, and 0.306 ± 0.007 μg/100 mL). The flow behavior index (n) was closer to 1 in both juice samples, which indicated Newtonian-like flow behavior. Conclusively, sapodilla juice extraction at optimal condition (0.120% of pectinase concentration) and 42.02°C/167.83 min would be potentiated to the beverage industry. The use of pectinase might reduce membrane fouling and facilitates processing operation efficiently.

Actividad antioxidante y composición química del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis (Benth.) Griseb de Ecuador

Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg, Averrhoa carambola L. y Spondia mombin L., are widely cultivated fruits in various tropical countries of the world. The juice of these fruits has a very important nutritional and antioxidant power since they are a natural source of vitamins, minerals, fibers and polyphenolic compounds such as tannins and flavonoids. Because the presence of phenolic compounds is closely related to the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables, in this work, we quantified the total amount of phenolic compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, finding the following values, M. achras 100.2 ± 0.009; A carambola 102.7 ± 0.001 y S mombin 103.7 ± 0.027 mg EAG/100 g dry weight of extract. These results are in agreement with the qualitative phytochemical evaluation carried out on the ethanolic extracts, in which the presence of tannic compounds was markedly evidenced. Furthermore, compounds such as alkaloids, triterpenes, coumarins, anthraquinones, flavonoids and glycosides were also observed. The valours of IC50 observe to antioxidant activity using DPPH reactive were M achras 1.030 ± 0.032 mg/mL; followed by S mombin 1.366 ± 0.054 mg/mL and finally A carambola 2,807 ± 0.053 mg/mL. These results show the possibility of encouraging the cultivation and greater consumption of these fruits among the Venezuelan population. An evaluation of nutritional value of these fruits; as well as the most suitable time for harvest in relation the content of polyphenolic compounds should be carried out in future research.

Effect of post-harvest treatment of different chemicals, plant growth regulators on physical and chemical parameters of Sapota fruits [Manilkara achras (Mill) Forsberg] cv. ‘Kalipatti’

Effect of post-harvest treatment of different chemicals, plant growth regulators on physical and chemical parameters of Sapota fruits [Manilkara achras (Mill) Forsberg] cv. ‘Kalipatti’

<p>Influence of naphthalene acetic acid on fruit setting, fruit quality and yield of <em>Manilkara achras</em> L. cv. <em>Kalipatti</em> under subtropical conditions</p>

Manilkara achras L., commonly called sapota, is one of the major fruit crops commercially grown in India. Though India leads in world sapota production, the major problems in sapota are low fruit setting and yield. Hence, we studied these aspects in the commercially grown sapota cv. Kalipatti in Punjab conditions. The experiment was conducted to standardize the doses of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for fruit setting, quality and yield of sapota at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2016 and 2017. The results revealed that foliar application of 100 ppm NAA at flowering and pea stage during May flowering resulted in higher fruit setting (4.9%) and higher fruit retention (83.5%) over other treatments including control. Similarly, higher fruit setting (18.5%) and higher fruit retention (88.5%) and higher yield (75.90 kg/tree) were recorded in July-August flowering with foliar application of 100 ppm NAA. Fruit quality in terms of average fruit weight (104 g), TSS (22.50 oBrix) and acidity (0.20%) was also higher in 100 ppm NAA foliar application. Significantly lower PLW (7.56%) was also recorded in 100 ppm NAA treatment. Furthermore, it was observed that profuse flowering occurred during May, July and August months but the later flowering resulted in better crop. The study concluded that fruit setting, quality and yield in sapota cv. Kalipatti can be enhanced through foliar application of 100 ppm NAA at flowering and pea stage during July-August flowering under subtropical conditions.

Effect of different storage condition on quality and shelf life of sapota (Manilkara achras) fruits

Sapota fruits are subjected to different storage temperature (cold [8°C] and ambient conditions) and chemicals (Potassium permanganate absorbent and salicylic acid) at different concentration to maintain the quality of fruits. The fruits were dipped in 1.5 mM of salicylic acid and KMnO4 then packed in CFB boxes and stored at cold and ambient condition evaluated for their effect on fruit quality. The change of chemical constituents was found to be slower in fruit stored at 8oC as compared to control. The minimum PLW (13.78%), respiration rate (54.81 ml CO2 kg-1 h -1), maximum firmness (73.21 N) and minimum PG enzyme activity (46.97 µg -galatouronic acid-FW g -1 h-1) was recorded in C1M3 (8°C + KMnO4 in CFB box) followed by C1M2 (8°C + salicylic acid) interactions and then concluded that fruits kept in CFB boxes with KMnO4 stored at 8°C could prolong the shelf life of sapota.

Effect of Chlorine and Silver Grafted zeolite-LDPE Composite Bags Packaging on the Postharvest Quality of Sapota (Manilkara Achras)

ABSTRACT In this study, zeolite-LDPE composite bags with or without an infusion of antimicrobial compound (chlorine or silver) were employed as novel packaging materials. The influence of packaging innovation on physico-chemical parameters and shelf life of sapota (Manilkara achras, Family: Sapotaceae) fruits under cold storage condition was investigated. Sapota fruits first packed in antimicrobial compound synergized zeolite-LDPE composite bags and then placed in corrugated fiber board (CFB) box showed significantly lower physiological loss in weight, respiration rate, total soluble solids (TSS), disease score and higher color (L*, chroma and hue-angle) values for pulp, titratable acidity, firmness and more shelf-life than the sapota fruits packed in corrugated fiber board (CFB) box alone. Our results suggest that zeolite-LDPE composite bags synergized with antimicrobial compounds could maintain the postharvest quality and increase the shelf-life of sapota fruits.

Influence of different plant growth regulators on yield and quality of sapota (Manilkara achras) cv. Kalipatti

The present study was carried out at Regional Fruit Research Station, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2016–17 to investigate the influence of different plant growth regulators on yield and quality of sapota Sapota (Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosberg) cv Kalipatti. Eight year’s old uniformly grown Kalipatti sapota plants planted at 9×9 m spacing were sprayed with plant growth regulators NAA @ 50,75,100 and 125 ppm and GA3 @ 25,50,75 and 100 ppm keeping two controls, one as water spray and second without any spray in the month of May, August and September during flowering and at pea stage. Sapota fruits were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. It was concluded that application of NAA @ 125 ppm during flowering and at pea stage resulted in improved fruit quality in terms of maximum fruit size, fruit firmness (4.01 kg/cm2 ), pulp weight (70.55 g) fruit weight (88.33 g), reducing sugars (9.44%), total sugars (14.39%), TSS (22.2%) with low acidity (0.16%) and higher fruit yield (37.13 kg/tree).

Studies on physical attributes and processing suitability of sapota cultivars

Sapota (Manilkara achras L.) is one of the major crops of India, commonly known as Chikoo and has good nutritional properties. The physical properties of two varieties of sapota viz. cricket ball and kallipati were determined to facilitate the designing of grading machines. It was found that the average weight and values of length, breadth and thickness for cricket ball were 51.63g, 41.7mm, 46.2mm and 46.3mm whereas for kallipati they were 58.13g, 46.9 mm, 46.8 and 47.0mm respectively. The TSS values for cricket ball was 26.25 and for kallipati 25.37°B and their respective acidity were 0.16% and 0.18%. Jam was prepared from two varieties of sapota viz. cricket ball and kallipati to determine their processing suitability. The sensory evaluation of the samples revealed that the jam prepared from cricket ball variety obtained higher overall acceptability scores (7.86) on a 9 point hedonic scale owing to the higher values for appearance and taste. The B:C ratio for sapota jam was found to be 1.87 showing its viability for processing the fruit into jam.