Manihot Esculenta Crantz Research Articles

Biochemical characterisation of a cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) diversity panel for post-harvest physiological deterioration; metabolite involvement and environmental influence

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) produces edible roots, a major carbohydrate source feeding more than 800 million people in Africa, Latin America, Oceania and Asia. Post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) renders harvested cassava roots unpalatable and unmarketable. Decades of research on PPD have elucidated several genetic, enzymatic and metabolic processes involved. Breeding populations were established to enable verification of robust biomarkers for PPD resistance. For comparison, these PPD populations have been cultivated concurrently with diversity population for carotenoid (β-carotene) content. Results highlighted a significant variation of the chemotypes due to environmental factors. Less than 3% of the detected molecular features showed consistent trends between the two harvest years and were putatively identified as phenylpropanoid derived compounds (e.g. caffeoyl rutinoside). The data corroborated that ∼20 μg β-carotene/g DW can reduced the PPD response of the cassava roots to a score of ∼1. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation of β-carotene content at harvest to PPD response (R2 -0.55). However, the decrease of β-carotene over storage was not significantly correlated to initial content or PPD response. Volatile analysis observed changes of apocarotenoids derived from β-carotene, lipid oxidation products (alkanes, alcohols and carbonyls and esters) and terpenes. The majority of these volatiles (>90%) showed no significant correlation to β-carotene or PPD. Observed data indicated an increase (∼2-fold) of alkanes in varieties with β-carotene >10 μg/g DW and a decrease (∼60%) in varieties with less β-carotene. Fatty acid methyl esters with a chain length > C9 were detected solely after storage and show lower levels in varieties with higher β-carotene content. In combination with correlation values to PPD (R2 ∼0.3; P-value >0.05), the data indicated a more efficient ROS quenching mechanism in PPD resistant varieties.

Production of High Protein MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour) Using Papain and Lactic Acid Bacteria

Wheat is one of Indonesia's primary sources of carbohydrates. However, the need for wheat still depends on imports. So, developing local flour based on Indonesia's natural resources is necessary. One source of carbohydrates easily found in Indonesia is cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz). Although there are many in Indonesia, the diversification of cassava-based products is still limited. In this research, MOCAF flour was developed and produced by fermenting cassava tubers with lactic acid bacteria. The enzymatic activity during the MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour) production process is believed to change the physicochemical properties of cassava so that MOCAF products have characteristics similar to wheat flour and are expected to meet the gap between the demand and availability of flour. Even though it can potentially substitute wheat, MOCAF flour only has about 1% protein content, influencing dough rheology. According to the problem, a process modification was done by adding the enzyme papain (PAP) as a support enzyme to improve the performance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In order to study the effect of the papain enzyme, variations were made on the ratio of lactic acid starter: papain enzyme (LAB: PAP) and fermentation time. The ratio of (LAB: PAP) was varied to 40:1, 40:3, 40:5, 40:7, and 40:9, while the fermentation period was varied to 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. The fermentation was conducted by using cassava varieties of Singkur aerobically. The primary starter contained Lactobacillus, sp, developed by PT. Rumah Mocaf Indonesia and the papain enzyme used have an activity of 100,000 U/g. Data analysis showed that the addition of papain enzyme doses with a ratio to the lactic acid starter of 40:7 was able to produce MOCAF with the best characteristics: protein content, starch content, and swelling power of 3.72%, 9.99%, 16.00%, respectively. The data trend of research also showed that the number of papain enzymes only significantly affects starch content and swelling power. On the other hand, fermentation time has a significant effect on these three characteristics (protein, starch, swelling power).
 
 Keywords: Cassava, fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour), papain enzyme

Utilization of Cassava into Mocaf Flour as A Processed Product by The Sumber Makmur Women Farmer Group in Tepisari Village

Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) is a type of tuber which has a carbohydrate content of 34% and can be processed as an alternative staple. One of which is mocaf flour (Modified Cassava Flour) which is flour derived from cassava and modified by lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Mocaf flour can be used to make bread, noodles and cakes. One of the efforts to utilize cassava into mocaf flour into processed products has been carried out by the Sumber Makmur Women Farmers Group (KWT). The purpose of this research is to improve the skills of KWT Sumber Makmur members of Tepisari Village in producing mocaf flour independently so they can create processed food products from mocaf flour that are of higher quality and variety. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the results obtained from making Mocaf Cookies which will be discussed and observed, namely swelling power, taste, aroma and texture. The results obtained from the process of making mocaf flour with tape yeast can produce good quality mocaf flour and processing mocaf cookies has produced cookies with sufficient expansion power, savory taste, distinctive aroma and crunchy texture. The use of cassava into mocaf flour at KWT Sumber Makmur, it is able to provide increased insight into the process of making mocaf flour. As well as the development of KWT mocaf cookies processed products that have high selling value.

EFFECT OF DAYS OF FERMENTATION AND PALM OIL ON THE LEVELS OF CYANIDE IN GARRI SAMPLES

Investigation of the levels of cyanide in garri samples, a widely consumed food from cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) was carried out. Ground cassava roots from where the garri was prepared were allowed to ferment for different days (interval of 1-5 days). The effect of palm oil on the samples was also investigated. The levels of cyanide on the different garri samples were measured using UV Spectrophotometer. Results showed that the cyanide levels in the garri samples were 0.054, 0.044, 0.037, 0.031, 0.025 for the samples without palm oil and fermentation days 1 to 5 respectively, and 0.052, 0.042, 0.035, 0.029, 0.023 for the samples with palm oil and 1 to 5 fermentation days respectively. The results show that cyanide levels reduce with increase in the number of days of fermentation of the cassava and vice versa. Addition of palm oil reduced the level of cyanide in the garri samples studied but the effect was little.

Genome-wide identification, expression profiling, and functional analysis of ammonium transporter 2 (AMT2) gene family in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz).

Background: Nitrogen (N), absorbed primarily as ammonium (NH4 +) from soil by plant, is a necessary macronutrient in plant growth and development. Ammonium transporter (AMT) plays a vital role in the absorption and transport of ammonium (NH4 +). Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has a strong adaptability to nitrogen deprivation. However, little is known about the functions of ammonium transporter AMT2 in cassava. Methods: The cassava AMT2-type genes were identified and their characteristics were analyzed using bioinformatic techniques. The spatial expression patterns were analyzed based on the public RNA-seq data and their expression profiles under low ammonium treatment were studied using Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. The cassava AMT2 genes were transformed into yeast mutant strain TM31019b by PEG/LiAc method to investigate their functions. Results: Seven AMT2-type genes (MeAMT2.1-2.7) were identified in cassava and they were distributed on 6 chromosomes and included two segmental duplication events (MeAMT2.2/MeAMT2.4 and MeAMT2.3/MeAMT2.5). Based on their amino acid sequences, seven MeAMT2 were further divided into four subgroups, and each subgroup contained similar motif constitution and protein structure. Synteny analysis showed that two and four MeAMT2 genes in cassava were collinear with those in the Arabidopsis and soybean genomes, respectively. Sixteen types of cis-elements were identified in the MeAMT2 promoters, and they were related to light-, hormone-, stress-, and plant growth and development-responsive elements, respectively. Most of the MeAMT2 genes displayed tissue-specific expression patterns according to the RNA-seq data, of them, three MeAMT2 (MeAMT2.3, MeAMT2.5, and MeATM2.6) expressions were up-regulated under ammonium deficiency. Complementation experiments showed that yeast mutant strain TM31019b transformed with MeAMT2.3, MeAMT2.5, or MeATM2.6 grew better than untransgenic yeast cells under ammonium deficiency, suggesting that MeAMT2.3, MeAMT2.5, and MeATM2.6 might be the main contributors in response to ammonium deficiency in cassava. Conclusion: This study provides a basis for further study of nitrogen efficient utilization in cassava.

Novel SNP Markers and Their Application in Low-Cyanide Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) Breeding Program

The major flaw of cassava is its indigenous cyanide. Traditional breeding program for diminishing cyanide in cassava take a long waiting time for harvesting cassava tubers to assess cyanide content. Genetic markers are useful for selection of good agricultural traits, which also applied in low-cyanide cassava breeding programs by detecting gene associate with cyanide content in cassava. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop SNP markers to detect low cyanide trait in cassava. Genotype analysis was carried out using Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) technology assembling with phenotype analysis. Then, the SNP markers associated with cyanide content were found. Afterward, the primers of SNP marker associated with cyanide content 2 positions were developed using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR techniques. S16_640082 and S16_735381 SNP markers on chromosome 16 showed potential ability of the selection of cassava varieties with cyanide content less than 250 mg HCN/kg fresh weight. The selection accuracy of S16_640082 and S16_735381 SNP markers was 73.33 and 76.64 %, respectively. These markers could be used in marker assisted selection (MAS) in cassava seedling. It substantially reduces cassava breeding programs cost and time. HIGHLIGHTS The major flaw of cassava is its indigenous cyanide. Up to our knowledge, there is rarely report on SNP marker related to cyanide content in Thai cassava population By performing genome wide association mapping (GWAS) to characterize the genome position related to HCN, 2 novel SNP markers associated with cyanide content were found The primers to detect the SNP markers were developed using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR techniques The markers showed ability of the selection of cassava varieties with cyanide content less than 250 mg HCN/kg fresh weight GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Improving Crude Oil Contaminated Soil with Organic Amendments: Effect of Oil Palm Bunch Ash and Dried Poultry Litters on Soil Properties and Cassava Growth and Yields

In this study, onsite field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of amending a crude oil polluted soil with oil palm fruit bunch ash (OPFBA), dried poultry litters (DPL), soil bacterial, physico-chemical properties, as well as the growth and tuber yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) grown on the amended soils using standard techniques. Results of autotrophic bacteria counts revealed that nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) populations in soils treated with OPBA+DPL combined, OPBA and DPL singly, recorded high bioloads in the magnitude of 105 , 103 , 105 CFU/g of soil respectively, whereas the group mean population was lower in the control soil (103 CFU/g). Similar trends were observed for SRB, PSB, and THB. Results of aggregate growth showed that while the mean plant heights and number of nodes increased, stem girth and leaf area were observed to decrease in 2017 when compared with those of 2016. Apart from number of tubers and weights that showed increase under all amendment treatments, tuber girth and length decreased under DPL amendments in 2017. The average findings of several chemical and physical characteristics of crude oil polluted soil after amendments and subsequent cultivation demonstrated that the addition of DPL and OPBA fructifies the soil by increasing reduced or lost qualities. When the amendments were used, the concentrations of organic carbon, accessible phosphorus, Ca, Mg, Na, and K were greatly enhanced, while the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) content was significantly reduced. In this study, the application of combination DPL + OPBA yields the greatest results in terms of ameliorating the impacts of crude oil in cultivable soils, as it increases fertility parameters for better cassava production in Niger Delta soils. The technology has been shown to be cost effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly, as well as capable of resolving waste management issues.

Agromorphological Characterization and Evaluation of the Susceptibility of 19 Cassava Clones (Manihot esculenta crantz) to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Cassava Bacteriosis in Togo

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important tuber crop grown in many countries around the world that contributes to people's food security and is a source of income for producers. But it is clear that cassava cultivation encounters enormous constraints, among which cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava bacteriosis are the most important. Thus, knowledge and exploitation of the diversity of cassava is of particular importance for maintaining and improving its productivity. It is in this perspective that the present study is carried out, the objective of which is to identify the morphological characteristics of 19 cassava clones, and to evaluate the susceptibility of the clones to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava bacteriosis at the Lomé Agronomic Experimentation Station. The results of this study revealed significant phenotypic variability within the clones. The evaluation of the phytosanitary state of the clones showed that the mean attack severity varied from 1.07 to 2.70 for CMD and from 1.81 to 2.11 for bacteriosis. Fresh tuber yields varied from 12.86 t/ha to 75.71 t/ha. Seven clones (GB20, GA24, D24, N22, Cm, C04, C02) obtained a higher yield than the control clone C01 (40 t/ha). The GB20 clone (75.71 t/ha) was the most productive, 89.26% more than the control clone.

POTENSI LIMBAH PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DI KECAMATAN SERAM UTARA TIMUR SETI

This research aims was to determined the types of crop by-product in Seram Utara Timur District and to determined the production of dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients in North East Seti Seram District. Observation and direct measurement of food crop agricultural waste in the three sample villages selected using the purposive sampling method based on the largest number of livestock. The results showed that the types of food crop agricultural waste found in Seram Utara Timur seti sub-district were as follows: rice straw (Oryza sativa L) 96.88%, cassava straw (Manihot esculenta crantz) 1.55% and rice straw (Zea mys), 0.82%. The total agricultural waste of food crops based on dry matter was 11,036.42 tons/ha, crude protein 802.22 tons/ha and total digestible nutrients 6,741.07 tons/ha, and the highest production was in rice straw. The potential of food crop agricultural waste in North Seram District, Timut Seti is quite abundant, it is hoped that beef cattle breeders can utilize food crop agricultural waste as ruminant animal feed.

In vitro antifungal activities of mancozeb/phytosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against Eurotium sp. isolated from diseased cassava plant (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Nanoparticles are substances ranging from 1 – 100 nm in size and they have improved property such as increased surface area to volume ratio. In this study, in vitro antifungal activities of mancozeb/phytosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against Eurotium sp. isolated from diseased cassava plants (Manihot esculenta crantz) were determined. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was synthesized using Moringa leaf extract and characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was done using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Different combinationsof zinc oxide nanoparticles and mancozeb were prepared corresponding to 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 ZnO nanoparticles/mancozeb respectively. Antifungal testing using the test nanoparticles/mancozeb combinations was carried out using thefood poisoning method. The results obtained from this study indicate that zinc oxide nanoparticles/mancozeb combinations significantly inhibited the growth of the test pathogen with varying rates of inhibition. One hundred percent (100 %) inhibition of Eurotium sp. was obtained by 25/75, 75/25 and 100 % nanoparticles treatments. Future direction to this study is to investigate how ZnO nanoparticles/mancozeb combinations could be used for crop protection against phytopathogens. The mode of action of the test nanoparticles should be further investigated.

POTENSI LIMBAH PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK ROMINASIA DI KECAMATAN WAELATAKABUPATEN BURU

Livestock is an important component to fulfil food need and as source of protein for the community which increase annually. These research objective was to determine the type of agricultural food crop waste, how much production of dry matter, crude protein, and Total Gigability Nutrit and also to find out how much the capacity of agricultural food crop waste in the Waelata District, Buru Regency. Feedstuff development is directed to optimize the use of local feed source, in particular crops waste. The results showed that crops waste available in Waelata were dominated respectively by rice (Oryza sativa L.) 92.17 %, sweet potato (Ipomoae batatas) 2.81 %, corn (zea mays ssp.) 1.89 %, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 1.89 %, and cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) 1.12 %. Total dry matter production of the crops waste were rice (Oryza sativa L.) 2.52 tones/ha, sweet potato (Ipomoae batatas) 1.78 tone/ha, corn (zea mays ssp.) 0.63 tone/ha, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 1.67 tones/ha, and cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) 0.41 tones/ha. Capacity of crops waste to support livestock systems based on dry matter, crude protein, Total Digestible Nutrient was respectivelly e.317 UT, 263 UT, and 3.134 UT.

Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equation test on the adsorption process of Cu (II) metal ions by cassava peel waste (Manihot esculenta crantz)

This Study aims to determine the adsorption process of Cu (II) metal by cassava peel waste (Manihot esculenta crantz) meeting the Langmuir equation and Freundlich. Research method cassava peel made into activated carbon, then determine the mass, pH and optimum contact time. Then the determination of the maximum adsorption capacity was carried out by testing with the Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm equations. The results showed that the best conditions (optimal conditions) were obtained with the addition of 0.5 grams of active carbs from cassava peels. The percentage of Cu ion adsorption in these conditions was 97.72%, at pH 6 and a contact time of 60 minutes and the absorption capacity was 98.49%. The maximum adsorption capacity of cassava peel activated carbon to Cu(II) ions at the optimum condition was determined based on the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The results obtained were-51.813 mg/g and 26,792 mg/g, respectively.

Anatomy and nutritional value of Dracaena cameroonianaBaker - an African wild vegetable

BackgroundEven though some Dracaena species are used as medicine, their utilization as food is rather unusual. In northern Angola, however, leaves and underground tubers of Dracaena cameroonianaBaker are frequently consumed. In particular, the leaves are of increasing economic value in the region. But the anatomy and nutritional aspects of the plant have not been studied so far. Therefore, a detailed anatomic description of the plant was conducted. In a second step the nutritional value of the defined material was analysed, providing a basis for the discussion of a more intensive utilisation of this rainforest shrub. ResultsThe leaf anatomy of Dracaena camerooniana differs from the species of the genus that have been examined so far, in showing adaptations to wet climatic conditions. The stems produce a secondary thickening meristem with amphivasal secondary vascular bundles. During tuber formation, the parenchyma of the pith in the vascular cylinder of the root markedly increases. From a nutritional point of view, leaves do not noteworthy contribute to vitamin intake. The nutritional composition of the tubers is comparable to that of cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, a high fructose value indicates inulin as a storage carbohydrate. ConclusionInspite of its rather moderate nutritional values, Dracaena camerooniana is an indigenous addition to the diet of the Angolan population that could also be cultivated in the future due to the easy vegetative propagation.

Karakteristik dan Sifat Tepung Singkong Termodifikasi (Mocaf) dan Manfaatnya pada Produk Pangan

ABSTRACTCassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) has a carbohydrate content of 34%, which is one of the potential commodities in Indonesia. Widely, cassava is used by the people of Indonesia as a staple food and can be processed directly into various local food products. Modern modification of cassava flour currently uses technology that includes physical, chemical or microbiological modifications. Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) is a modification of cassava flour using a fermentation technique. The modification process of cassava flour aims to change the characteristics of the flour produced. Changes in the characteristics of the modified cassava flour mocaf encourage its use to become more varied. The stages of making mocaf flour are: cutting / slicing cassava into chips with a thickness ranging from 0.5-1 cm, soaking and fermenting, draining and drying, and the final stage of milling / flouring. The fermentation process is an important process in making mocaf, fermentation involves microbes from both bacteria and fungi. One of the bacteria that is widely used is lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species Lactobacillus plantarum. The fermentation process lasts for 36-72 hours, resulting in an increase in the protein content of mocaf flour. The results obtained by substitution of mocaf flour to wheat flour in wet bread and noodle products ranged from 20%-40%, for cookies products it could reach 100%. Keywords: Fermentation, Mocaf, Cassava

Cassava by-products as an alternative feed for broilers

Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) is a plant originally from South America, mainly from the Amazon region, which has been cultivated in several countries due to its wide adaptation. The industries concerned with the processing of cassava for the manufacture of flour and starch, located mainly in the south and southeast of Brazil, generate solid and liquid residues with a high polluting capacity, which has resulted in a great impact on the environment. Currently, animal production suffers from the high cost of food, mainly due to the fluctuation of grain prices in the market. As a way of reducing environmental pollution and animal production costs, there is the use of residues from cassava processing in animal feed. This bibliographic review aims to highlight the use of the main by-products of the cassava processing industry, as a substitute for corn, in the broiler feed.

High-density DArT-based SilicoDArT and SNP markers for genetic diversity and population structure studies in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz).

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important industrial and staple crop due to its high starch content, low input requirement, and resilience which makes it an ideal crop for sustainable agricultural systems and marginal lands in the tropics. However, the lack of genomic information on local genetic resources has impeded efficient conservation and improvement of the crop and the exploration of its full agronomic and breeding potential. This work was carried out to obtain information on population structure and extent of genetic variability among some local landraces conserved at the Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Ghana and exotic cassava accessions with Diversity Array Technology based SilicoDArT and SNP markers to infer how the relatedness in the genetic materials can be used to enhance germplasm curation and future breeding efforts. A total of 10521 SilicoDArT and 10808 SNP markers were used with varying polymorphic information content (PIC) values. The average PIC was 0.36 and 0.28 for the SilicoDArT and SNPs respectively. Population structure and average linkage hierarchical clustering based on SNPs revealed two distinct subpopulations and a large number of admixtures. Both DArT platforms identified 22 landraces as potential duplicates based on Gower's genetic dissimilarity. The expected heterozygosity which defines the genetic variation within each subpopulation was 0.008 for subpop1 which were mainly landraces and 0.391 for subpop2 indicating the homogeneous and admixture nature of the two subpopulations. Further analysis upon removal of the duplicates increased the expected heterozygosity of subpop1 from 0.008 to 0.357. A mantel test indicated strong interdependence (r = 0.970; P < 0.001) between SilicoDArT and DArTSeq SNP genotypic data suggesting both marker platforms as a robust system for genomic studies in cassava. These findings provide important information for efficient ex-situ conservation of cassava, future heterosis breeding, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to enhance cassava improvement.

EFFECTS OF HEATING ON PHYTONUTRIENTS IN COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF VIGNA UNIGULCULATA (BLACK EYED BEAN)

Objective: To investigate the effects of heating on phytonutrients of cooked Vigna unigulculata. Methods: The consequences of heating on V. unigulculata were investigated by phytochemical analysis (qualitatively and quantitatively), alongside analysis of proximate contents. Five phytochemicals were quantified and nutrient contents determined. Results: Results revealed that phytochemicals in raw sample were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than cooked sample. Alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids in raw black-eyed bean (RBEB) were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than cooked black-eyed bean (CBEB). Meanwhile, apart from crude fat content, others (carbohydrate content, ash content, protein and fiber content) of CBEB V. unigulculata were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than RBEB V. unigulculata. Conclusions: Cooking by heating influenced a reduction of phytochemicals but an increase in proximate content in V. unigulculata. Peer Review History: Received 11 May 2021; Revised 18 June; Accepted 29 June, Available online 15 July 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. amaechitoexcel@yahoo.com Dr. Nagalingam Varnakulenthiren, Siddha Medicine, Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka, drvarnan@gmail.com Julie Ann S. Ng, Blk 18 Lot 6 Grandville 3 Subdivision Mansilingan, Bacolod City, Philippines. julieann_ng@yahoo.com Similar Articles: A REVIEW: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HCN LEVEL IN CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) LEAVES HEATING EFFECT ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE CONTENTS OF COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS)

Effect of soil amendments on leaf pigmentation and N status in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) grown in crude oil contaminated soil

Growth studies on TMS 30572, NR8082 and Local cassava cultivars grown on previously crude oil polluted soil were conducted to assess effects of oil palm bunch ash (OPBA), dried poultry manure (DPM) on Leaf pigmentation and N2 status of test crops. In addition, physical and chemical properties of soils were determined. The pH was raised from 5.62±1.50 in control soil to values that ranged between 6.97±1.23 to 9.24±1.89 in soil treated with organic amendment. The result of organic amendment ensures reduction of C: N ratio from 50:1 in control to critical threshold that ranged between 8:1 – 10:1 for improved decomposition and soil quality. SPAD measurement revealed no significance (P≤ 0.05) in readings for both treatments and control experiments. However, the interactive effect of both cassava variety and type of amendments were significant. Cultivar TMS 30572 was found to be brought to high productivity under treatment with combined OPBA + DPM and recorded highest chlorophyll content per unit area of leaf surface with Chl. a/Chl.b ratio of 2.13 and thicker leaf blade. While Leaf chlorophyll is directly associated with the efficiency and capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus and hence chlorophyll content in this study was found to be directly related to good health status of the test crops. Results revealed that quality of crude oil contaminated soil was greatly enhanced by organic amendment.

Nutritional evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) peel in the diet of weaner pigs

Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous weaner diets for pigs in which maize was progressively replaced with 0,5,10 and 15% of fermented and sundried cassava peel meal (CPM) were formulated. The four treatment diets 1,2,3 and 4 were fed to twenty-four weaner pigs averaging 5.64 +0.09kg at eight weeks of age for 56 days. Results showed that there was a progressive decline (P&lt;0.05) in average daily gain (kg) and protein efficiency ratio as the level of CPM in the diets increased. Pigs performance in terms of these parameters was the same for the control, 5 or 10% CPM diets (P&gt;0.05). Significant difference (P&lt;0.05) only showed up when CPM was fed at 15% level. Pigs on the 10% CPM diet had significantly (P&lt;0.05) better feed conversion ratio and feed cost /kg gain. Haematological examination revealed that the effect of treatments on packed cell volume, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils and monocyte levels were significant (P&lt; 0.05). The results revealed that CPM could replace 10% of maize in a diet for weaner Pigs.

Nutritional Contributions to the Physical-Chemical and Biochemical Properties of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Leaves Grown in South Benin

The objective of this study was to determine some physico-chemical and biochemical parameters of the leaves of a sweet variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) grown in South Benin, particularly in the regions of Pobè, Adja-ouèrè and Kétou, in order to assess their nutritional value. The results revealed that cassava leaves are a good source of fiber, the vitamin C content of the leaves varied from 69.48 to 75.16 mg/100 g of fresh matter; beta-carotene, varied from 1970 to 2347 μg/100 g of fresh matter. They were also rich in mineral elements with potassium values ranging from 18784 to 23542 mg/100 g of fresh matter. The calcium content varied from 1065 to 1260 mg / 100 g dry matter, and the phosphorus content varied from 1369 to 2410 mg / 100 g of dry matter. The magnesium content ranged from 1330 to 1680 mg / 100 g of dry matter. The iron content varied from 13 to 15 mg / 100 g of dry matter. The protein content was more than 30%. These leaves are good sources of carbohydrates with contents ranging from 160 to 170 mg / 100 g of dry matter for reducing sugars and 1340 to 1630 mg / 100 g of dry matter for total sugars. The analysis of these parameters revealed that cassava leaves are an important nutritional intake due to their high content of vitamin C and beta carotene, minerals, and soluble and insoluble fibers that have a beneficial effect on the intestinal mucosa. In view of these various benefits, it would be appropriate to encourage the population to consume cassava leaves because they have a very high nutritional value.