Manifestations In Adolescents Research Articles

Gender and age-related peculiarities in manifestation of different aggression types in older adolescents

This article is dedicated to the study of gender and age-related peculiarities in manifesting different aggression types in older adolescents. A theoretical literature review on the problem is presented with a particular emphasis on the dynamics in various aggressive manifestations in adolescents, age and gender related peculiarities in these manifestations, and the analysis of factors that may determine the differences in manifestation of aggression in boys and girls of different age groups. The results of an empirical study conducted on a large-scale sample of adolescents (N = 10 980) aged 15 to 18 years are presented. The data analysis shows that physical aggression is more pronounced in male respondents, while hostility and displays of anger are more pronounced among the female respondents. One-factor analysis of variance demonstrates a statistically significant influence of gender on the expression of all the aggression types. The largest effect size is observed in relation to anger, and the smallest — in expressions of hostility. We have also established the age-related differences in aggressive manifestations within the different aggression types in older adolescents. It was shown that physical aggression decreases significantly between the ages of 15 and 18, while anger and hostility manifestations remain stable after the age of 15. The effect of age on the expression of aggression was also statistically significant within all the aggression types. The largest effect size was observed for physical aggression, the smallest — for anger. The obtained results confirm the need to consider the age and gender characteristics when creating anger management and aggression prevention programs and to expand the research base of gender and age characteristics in adolescent aggression. Also, these results can be used for developing educational and preventive technologies for working with adolescent aggression.

Gender peculiarities of hepatopathy manifestation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

The incidence of diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing worldwide, including in the pediatric population. Type 1 diabetes is a disease that is often accompanied by liver damage in the form of glycogenosis, steatosis, and fibrosis. However, there is paucity of research devoted to this problem.
 Objective — to determine the gender characteristics of the clinical course of hepatopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
 Materials and methods. The study included 86 boys and 87 girls aged 8 to 18 years (school-age children in the period of hormonal puberty adjustment), suffering from type 1 diabetes. Clinical and anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental examinations were carried out in accordance with the current standards. Blood biochemistry examinations included determining the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and its fractions, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, β­lipoproteins. According to the results of ultrasound examinations, adolescents with type 1 diabetes were divided into groups based on the liver size.
 Results and discussion. The groups did not differ significantly by the nature of dyspeptic complaints. During ultrasound examinations, an increase in the liver size was determined more often in boys; the frequency of steatosis signs did not depend on gender. Absence of positive dynamics of these signs was established in 50 % of patients, regardless of the state of glycemic control. Regardless of gender, functional disorders of the biliary tract were found in almost all of them. The indicators of the lipid panel in girls were slightly higher than in boys, and the difference in β­lipoproteins level was significant. In most adolescents, levels of high density lipoprotein were within the normal ranges, but the frequency of its decrease in boys with enlarged liver was higher compared to girls. ALT activity significantly increased only in girls with enlarged liver, and in boys it only tended to increase; the frequency of increased ALT activity in girls with enlarged liver was 1.5 times higher compared to boys. The AST/ALT ratio in every fifth patient, regardless of gender and liver size, was ≥ 1.3 (a marker of fibrosis formation).
 Conclusions. The performed investigation revealed the gender peculiarities of clinical, ultrasound and biochemical manifestations of hepatopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, which can be the basis for the administration of patient oriented therapeutic, preventive and rehabilitation measures.

Self-harm

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to address self-harm from a psychoanalytic perspective in contemporary clinical practice and their relationship with aggression, impulsiveness, violence, and masochism. Self-harm is frequent in adolescents and young people, predominantly in feminine gender. The author describes the different manifestations of self-injurious behaviors in the contemporary clinic, its manifestation in adolescents and its relationship with psychopathology. Self-harm is a way of communication, through actions, to deal with psychic pain and with the self-vulnerability. Self-harm behaviors are a manifestation of psychic tension that results overwhelming, intolerable and its discharge relieves the subject suffering, although this way is ephemeral. Suffering is linked to childhood traumatic experiences, where the self of the infant was cathected with a greater amount of aggression than erotic libido. The author states that affective aggression is triggered by emotions like anger, sadness, and emptiness. Archaic masochism is a form of identification with the aggressor and a turn against oneself aggression commonly associated with episodes of child abuse. Also, it argues that the violence linked to self-injury is intersubjective fabric in nature and requires an interdisciplinary approach.

Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents.

This study focuses on cardiovascular manifestation, particularly myocarditis and pericarditis events, after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine injection in Thai adolescents. This prospective cohort study enrolled students aged 13–18 years from two schools, who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Data including demographics, symptoms, vital signs, ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac enzymes were collected at baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) using case record forms. We enrolled 314 participants; of these, 13 participants were lost to follow-up, leaving 301 participants for analysis. The most common cardiovascular signs and symptoms were tachycardia (7.64%), shortness of breath (6.64%), palpitation (4.32%), chest pain (4.32%), and hypertension (3.99%). One participant could have more than one sign and/or symptom. Seven participants (2.33%) exhibited at least one elevated cardiac biomarker or positive lab assessments. Cardiovascular manifestations were found in 29.24% of patients, ranging from tachycardia or palpitation to myopericarditis. Myopericarditis was confirmed in one patient after vaccination. Two patients had suspected pericarditis and four patients had suspected subclinical myocarditis. In conclusion, Cardiovascular manifestation in adolescents after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination included tachycardia, palpitation, and myopericarditis. The clinical presentation of myopericarditis after vaccination was usually mild and temporary, with all cases fully recovering within 14 days. Hence, adolescents receiving mRNA vaccines should be monitored for cardiovascular side effects. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05288231.

Association between COVID-19 and catatonia manifestation in two adolescents in Central Asia: Incidental findings or cause for alarm?

Catatonia is a rare neuropsychiatric syndrome that can accompany various medical conditions, including schizophrenia, autoimmune encephalitis, and infectious diseases. We present two cases of catatonia in males aged 12 and 17 years from Central Asia who tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 antibodies. Detailed medical assessments declined other potential precipitating factors, including schizophrenia or anti-NMDA receptor autoimmune encephalitis. FDG-PET in the younger patient demonstrated focal hypometabolism in left frontotemporal and right associative visual cortex, matching patterns previously seen in adults with catatonia. These isolated findings raise concerns about a possible causal relationship between COVID-19 infection and risk of catatonia manifestation in adolescents.

Forest Manners Exchange: Forest as a Place to Remedy Risky Behaviour of Adolescents: Mixed Methods Approach.

This paper evaluates the impact of the forest environment on aggressive manifestations in adolescents. A remedial educative programme was performed with 68 teenagers from institutions with substitute social care with diagnoses F 30.0 (affective disorders) and F 91.0 (family-related behavioural disorders), aged 12–16 years. Adolescents observed patterns of prosocial behaviour in forest animals (wolves, wild boars, deer, bees, ants, squirrels and birds), based on the fact that processes and interactions in nature are analogous to proceedings and bonds in human society. The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research. Projective tests (Rorschach Test, Hand Test, Thematic Apperception Test) were used as a diagnostic tool for aggressive manifestations before and after forest therapies based on Shinrin-yoku, wilderness therapy, observational learning and forest pedagogy. Probands underwent 16 therapies lasting for two hours each. The experimental intervention has a statistically significant effect on the decreased final values relating to psychopathology, irritability, restlessness, emotional instability, egocentrism, relativity, and negativism. Forest animals demonstrated to these adolescents ways of communication, cooperation, adaptability, and care for others, i.e., characteristics without which no community can work.

Special features of designing a correction program for adolescents who have signs of psychosomatic disorders

The relevance of the research is related to the need for studying the character of psychosomatic disorders in adolescence, which is insufficiently investigated and requires more in-depth research, in particular designing a comprehensive program that includes a system of training exercises to overcome psychosomatic disorders. The problem of studying psychosomatic relationships is one of the most difficult problems of modern psychology and medicine, despite the fact that the close connection between mental and somatic has been studied for several centuries. Mental trauma is a leading cause of neuroses formation and progress, its pathogenic significance is determined by the complex interaction with many other factors being a result of an individual’s life, formation of his body and personality, especially in adolescence. The subject of the research is to study special features of psychosomatic disorders, as well as to design a program for adolescents with signs of neurotic disorders. The subject matter of the research is the peculiarities of psychosomatic disorders manifestation and neurotic signs in adolescence. The article presents a theoretical analysis of modern approaches in psychology to the study of psychosomatic disorders peculiarities, their classification, considering the signs of neurotic disorders in adolescence. The work analyzes age characteristics of psychosomatic disorders in adolescence. Modern adolescents are exposed to various stressors, to the impact of audiovisual information, school overload, extra classes, exams, and a special problem that is a change in quality of life and prevalence of alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, especially drug addiction among adolescents. The complex of these factors has negative consequences both on a psychological and physical level. Most authors who study the causes of psychosomatic illnesses recognize the important role of parents in the development of mentally and physically healthy children. Many studies highlight the role of early mother-child relationships in the formation of psychosomatic pathology. Various violations of this relationship usually lead to abnormalities in a child’s development. (M. Mahler, E. T. Eidemiller, Yustitskis, D. Winnicott, M. Klein). The results of an empirical study aimed at identifying signs of psychosomatic disorders are considered. The following methods were used: observation, questionnaires, and such methods as diagnosis of neurotic disorders in adolescence (DND), diagnosis of the level of school anxiety by Phillips, “Non-existent animal” by M.Z. Drukarevich. The peculiarities of designing and testing the correction program, which is aimed at reducing the signs of neurotic manifestations in adolescence, are revealed. Objectives of the correction program are: searching for interaction of adolescents with society, finding and testing skills of effective response to external stimuli; increasing the level of self-esteem; removal of emotional tension; reducing anxiety. The results confirm the possibility of reducing the signs of neurotic manifestations of adolescents and help to delay or completely stop a possible personality disorder.

Clinico-genetic specifications of Bartter and Gitelman syndrome in children

Molecular genetic research has led to the discovery of new genes encoding proteins – transporters, cotransporters and exchangers involved in the transport of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the thick ascending part of the Henle loop and in the distal convoluted tubule. The article presents modern literature data on the genetic types of tubulopathy with the leading syndrome of hypokalemia and alkalosis – Bartter and Gitelman syndromes in children. The clinical and genetic features of the six types of Bartter syndrome with autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance, classification approaches, diagnosis, and modern treatment methods are described. Since the first description of Bartter syndrome, 6 clinical genetic options have been known, including antenatal I, II, IVa, IVb, V types, which are potentially life-threatening diseases. Bartter type III syndrome is characterized by the manifestation of hypokalemic alkalosis in children at an early and preschool age. Treatment of Bartter syndrome in children includes the correction of water – electrolyte disturbances, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to inhibit the excessive formation of renal prostaglandin PgE 2. Gitelman syndrome with an autosomal recessive type of inheritance manifests itself in children at school age, later on in adolescents and adults there is an increase in clinical manifestations (with severe hypomagnesemic seizures of the upper and lower extremities, arterial hypertension) requiring correction. The review presents the clinical and genetic features of the rare, atypical form of the autosomal recessive Gitelman syndrome with a manifestation in school age, which is characterized by progressive bilateral calcifications of the subcortical parts of the cerebral hemispheres, calcifications in the basal ganglia and subcortical cerebellum. Unlike Bartter syndrome, with more severe clinical manifestations in newborns, infants and young children, Gitelman syndrome tends to increase clinical manifestations in adolescents and adults. Treatment of Gitelman syndrome in children and adolescents includes the correction of water – electrolyte disturbances, the use of magnesium preparations and salt subsidy.

Pulmonary Manifestations in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Objectives. The available literature on pulmonary disease in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease is limited. We evaluated the prevalence of pulmonary manifestations in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and their association with disease severity. Methods. Patients completed the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), a self-reported measure of quality of life in patients with pulmonary disease. Chart review provided demographic information and Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) and Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index scores. Regression models were utilized to evaluate associations between SGRQ score and clinical risk factors. Results. The prevalence of pulmonary manifestations was 9.62% (95% confidence interval = 5.48% to -15.36%). PCDAI scores in Crohn's disease patients with pulmonary symptoms were significantly higher (SGRQ mean = 10.71 ± 10.94) than in patients without such symptoms. SGRQ score was also higher in patients with indeterminate colitis (8.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.72-16.57, P = .03), when compared with Crohn's disease. Conclusions. Additional investigations including pulmonary function tests and imaging could provide further insight into this issue.

Проявление доверия у подростков в связи с семейной депривацией и восприятием отношений со значимым взрослым

Features of trust manifestation in adolescents with family deprivation are described in this article, also correlations of interpersonal trust with indicators of social situation of development and perception of relationships with significant adults were investigated. 286 adolescents took part in the research: 144 from full families, 65 from incomplete (single-mothered) and 77 from orphanage. “Interpersonal trust Scale” by J. Rotter was used for the level of trust investigation. Child-parent relationships were investigated by “Child-parent relationships in adolescents” by O. Karabanova and P. Troyanovskaya. We have received the following results: interpersonal trust level does not differ depending on social situation of development in elder adolescents. At the same time the perception of relationships with parents and with caregiver in orphanages differs. Those adolescents, who suffer from family deprivation, note just controlling part of relationships with their significant adult, whereas adolescents living in the family setting percept their relationships with parents as accepting, supporting and collaborating.

Acoustic and Perceptual Features of the Emotional Speech of Adolescents Aged 14–16 Years

The goal of the study was to describe perceptual and acoustic characteristics of emotional spontaneous speech of adolescents aged 14–16 years. 18 adolescents aged 14–16 years (9 boys and 9 girls, three people in each age) were participants. Perceptual analysis of speech of children by adults (70 Russian speakers and 70 speakers of other languages) was conducted to define the emotional state via voice and speech characteristics. Instrumental and linguistic analysis was used to determine acoustic features and linguistic information on which listeners rely while recognizing the adolescents’ state. It was shown that listeners had difficulty in recognizing the emotional state of adolescents, but Russian-speaking listeners recognized the emotional state better (26% of phrases recognized with probability 0.75–1.0) than speakers of other languages. Adults recognized comfort better than discomfort, Russian listeners better than foreigners. Russian listeners are likely to rely on acoustic and linguistic information, speakers of other languages – on acoustic features of adolescents’ speech. Phrases uttered in comfort are characterized by a wider pitch range vs. phrases uttered in the neutral state. It was revealed that the phrases of girls uttered in comfort have significantly higher average pitch values vs. discomfort. There were no significant differences between boys and girls in acoustic characteristics of emotional speech. Phrase duration and pitch range values can be included in automatic recognition systems of the speaker’s emotional state via speech as additional informative features. The paper discusses the specificity of emotion manifestation in adolescents and the possibility of further use of the results.

Management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in pediatric practice

The article presents the features of diag nosis and treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders (BD) with early manifestation in adolescence. Management of disorders includes the complex use of pharmacological, psychological treatment and special forms of social care. The treatment program should include the psychoeducation of the child and his parents and the mobilization of family support. The article also discusses the effi cacy of atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine) and mood stabilizers (valproate, lithium, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine) based on recommendations Food and Drug Administration (FDA) USA, European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The obtained results of own conducted controlled trials on the effi cacy and safety of olanzapine use are discussed by the authors. Since 2010, 22 cases of olanzapine (Zolafren®) use for adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders aged 13—17 years have been registered in the department of mental disorders of children and adolescents at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The period of controlled administration for olanzapine at a dose of 5—20 mg per day ranged from 44 to 70 weeks. As a result of the study were highlighted clinical situations in which the characteristics of the olanzapine action profi le demonstrated its greater effi cacy compared to risperidone and conventional antipsychotics in adolescents. The aim of another controlled trial conducted by the Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in 2015—2018 was to evaluate the efficacy of olanzapine at a dose of 5—20 mg per day in adolescents with fi rst time diagnosed acute manic/mixed episode of BD. Nine adolescents aged from 14 to18 years old were assigned. Olanzapine in dose 5 to 20 mg was an eff ective medication for treatment of acute/mixed affective episodes in adolescents with BD and was an acceptable alternative to conventional antipsycho tics and risperidone treatment. Various side eff ects were observed in patients receiving olanzapine therapy, the average number of side eff ects per patient was 2.86, while the most frequent side eff ect was weight gain. Keywords: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, antipsychotic medication, pediatric practice, children and adolescents

Духовна криза особистості як ознака інформаційного суспільства

The article deals with the theoretical analysis of the interpretation of the spiritual crisis phenomenon in psychology and the empirical investigation of the peculiarities of spiritual crisis manifestation in adolescence. It is stated that it is worth talking about the availability of experiencing spiritual crisis by an individual, when he or she realizes, that moral values are lost, and spirituality gave way to material benefit. It is noted that the spiritual crisis, which in the technocratic informational era is partly experiencing by all humanity, is experiencing the situation of impossibility of realizing personal spiritual values in relationships with other people and the world, and because of their non-compliance to the societal or universal values, as well as the levelling of their significance for the person itself or the loss of the moral marks. In the conducted pilot study, according to the purpose of the article, the sample was comprised of students of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, future psychologists (n = 30), average age of the respondents – 20 years. The following methods were used: «Diagnostics of a Spiritual Crisis», the test of hardiness of S. Maddi, the scale of tolerance / intolerance to ambiguity of S. Badner, the scale of «Psychological sapience» of H. Conte. It is revealed that the tendency to experience the spiritual crisis and increase of the intensity of existential vacuum are found by the students with not enough developed hardiness and its components (in particular, involving and challenge), who lack the tolerance in communicating with other people and the psychological wisdom in perceiving their own inner world, in the awareness of feelings and openness to their sensual experience. It is concluded that those scientists, who consider the experiencing of a spiritual crisis as a positive moment of human life, say about the spiritual development and self-disclosure of a personality as its result, while scientists, who perceive the spiritual crisis as a failure, a break in the life path, analyze its negative consequences and look for ways to overcome them.

Reliability and validity of the student stress inventory-stress manifestations questionnaire and its association with personal and academic factors in university students

BackgroundStress affects us in every environment and it is also present in the educational sphere. Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of stress in university students. The Student Stress Inventory-Stress Manifestations (SSI-SM), identify stressors and evaluate stress manifestations in adolescents but its validity in university students remains uncertain. ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the internal consistency and validity of an adapted version of the Student Stress Inventory-Stress Manifestations (SSI-SM) for university students and to investigate if high stress levels are associated with personal and academic factors. Design and MethodsIn this quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, we included 115 university students of the Nursing Degree during the second semester of the 2014/2015 academic year. Information about personal issues, lifestyle and academic performance was recorded and the stress was evaluated with the SSI-SM questionnaire. The internal consistency and homogeneity of the SSI-SM questionnaire was tested and a factorial analysis was performed. ResultsAfter the homogeneity analysis, the final version of the SSI-SM questionnaire included 19 items, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.924. In the factorial analysis, 4 factors were found (‘Self-concept’, ‘Sociability’, ‘Uncertainty’ and ‘Somatization’; all Cronbach's alpha >0.700). Students with higher values on the SSI-SM were, in overall, women (41.0 ± 12.7 vs. 33.2 ± 9.5; p = 0.001) and had significantly more family conflicts (47.6 ± 13.8 vs. 35.2 ± 9.6; p < 0.001), consumed less alcohol (R = −0.184, p = 0.048), slept less hours (R = −0.193, p = 0.038) and had worse academic performance in Clinical Nursing (36.3 ± 10.4 vs. 41.2 ± 13.3, p = 0.039). ConclusionsAfter exclude three items of the original SSI-SM, higher scores in the SSI-SM are correlated with stress level in a cohort of university students of the Nursing Degree. Family conflicts, female gender, absence of alcohol consumption, few sleep hours and poor academic performance are associated with higher stress levels.

Mitigation of cerebellar neuropathy in globoid cell leukodystrophy mice by AAV-mediated gene therapy

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is an autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of the enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). The absence of GALC activity leads to the accumulation of the toxic substance psychosine and the preferential loss of myelinating cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Profound demyelination, astrogliosis and axonopathy are the hallmarks of the pathogenesis of GLD, and cerebellar ataxia is one of the dominant manifestations in adolescents and adults affected with GLD. To date, studies regarding cerebellar degeneration in GLD are limited. In this study, the efficacy of cerebellum-targeted gene therapy on the cerebellar neuropathology in twitcher mice (a murine model of GLD) has been validated. We observed degeneration of Purkinje cells, Bergmann glia, and granule cells in addition to astrocytosis and demyelination in the cerebellum of the twitcher mice. Ultrastructural analysis revealed dark cell degeneration and disintegration of the cellular composition of Purkinje cells in untreated twitcher mice. In addition, the expressions of neurotrophic factors CNTF, GDNF and IGF-I were up-regulated and the expression of BDNF was down-regulated. Intracerebellar-mediated gene therapy efficiently corrected enzymatic deficiency by direct transduction to Purkinje cells and cross-correction in other cell types in the cerebellum, leading to the amelioration of both neuroinflammation and demyelination. The population, dendritic territory, and axonal processes of Purkinje cells remained normal in the cerebellum of treated twitcher mice, where radial fibers of Bergmann glia spanned the molecular layer and collateral branches ensheathed the dendritic processes of Purkinje cells. Moreover, the aberrant expressions of neurotrophic factors were mitigated in the cerebellum of treated twitcher mice, indicating the preservation of cellular function in addition to maintaining the neuronal architecture. The life span of the treated twitcher mice was significantly prolonged and their neurobehavioral performance was improved. Taken together, our findings underscore the complexity of cerebellar neurodegeneration in GLD and highlight the potential effectiveness of gene therapy in mitigating neuropathological deficits in GLD and other neurodegenerative disorders in which Purkinje cells are involved.

Influence of the Internet on Young People as a Problem of Criminology Science

The purpose of this article is to analyze the problem of the influence of the Internet on minors. We define the role of the Internet in the development and education of adolescents and young adults. We characterized the psychological characteristics of minors’ communicate in the Internet. We discuss the impact of globalization on different cyber-deviation’s manifestations in adolescents. A particular attention is paid to information security of children in terms of the development of the information society in modern Kazakhstan. We consider the ways of counteraction the negative effects of the new informational environment. We give recommendations for the prevention of the negative impact of the Internet on minors.

Consistent etiology of severe, frequent psychotic experiences and milder, less frequent manifestations: a twin study of specific psychotic experiences in adolescence.

The onset of psychosis is usually preceded by psychotic experiences (PE). Little is known about the etiology of PE and whether the degree of genetic and environmental influences varies across different levels of severity. A recognized challenge is to identify individuals at high risk of developing psychotic disorders prior to disease onset. To investigate the degree of genetic and environmental influences on specific PE, assessed dimensionally, in adolescents in the community and in those who have many, frequent experiences (defined using quantitative cutoffs). We also assessed the degree of overlap in etiological influences between specific PE. Structural equation model-fitting, including univariate and bivariate twin models, liability threshold models, DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis, and the Cherny method, was used to analyze a representative community sample of 5059 adolescent twin pairs (mean [SD] age, 16.31 [0.68] years) from England and Wales. Psychotic experiences assessed as quantitative traits (self-rated paranoia, hallucinations, cognitive disorganization, grandiosity, and anhedonia, as well as parent-rated negative symptoms). Genetic influences were apparent for all PE (15%-59%), with modest shared environment for hallucinations and negative symptoms (17%-24%) and significant nonshared environment (49%-64%) for the self-rated scales and 17% for parent-rated negative symptoms. Three empirical approaches converged to suggest that the etiology in extreme-scoring groups (most extreme scoring: 5%, 10%, and 15%) did not differ significantly from that of the whole distribution. There was no linear change in heritability across the distribution of PE, with the exception of a modest increase in heritability for increasing severity of parent-rated negative symptoms. Of the PE that showed covariation, this appeared to be due to shared genetic influences (bivariate heritabilities, 0.54-0.71). These findings are consistent with the concept of a psychosis continuum, suggesting that the same genetic and environmental factors influence both extreme, frequent PE and milder, less frequent manifestations in adolescents. Individual PE in adolescence, assessed quantitatively, have lower heritability estimates and higher estimates of nonshared environment than those for the liability to schizophrenia. Heritability varies by type of PE, being highest for paranoia and parent-rated negative symptoms and lowest for hallucinations.

Survey of Cutaneous Manifestations in Adolescents Suffering from Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome

Survey of Cutaneous Manifestations in Adolescents Suffering from Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome

Diagnostic Challenge in Desmin Cardiomyopathy With Transformation of Clinical Phenotypes

Desmin cardiomyopathy is a rare cause of congestive heart failure. Its clinical manifestation in adulthood often is associated with conduction disorders and a neuromuscular phenotype. Only a few cases have been reported, with early manifestation in childhood mostly due to severe cardiomyopathy dilation and conduction abnormalities. However, the disease can result in the variety of clinical phenotypes, including hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. This report describes the first case of desmin cardiomyopathy with early manifestation in adolescence and transformation of several clinical phenotypes over time, representing sufficient difficulties for the correct clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease at an early stage.

P-1006 - The role of hypoxia in mental development and in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders: a review

The purpose of this review is to trace the trends in studying and applying hypoxia in the field of mental problems. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, with a time-frame extending to January 2012. According to the neurodevelopmental model of mental disorders, abnormalities in brain development during pre- and perinatal life lead to psychotic manifestation in adolescence or young adulthood. Studies show that hypoxia plays an important role in almost any risk factor related to brain development in early life: pre-eclampsia, infection/inflammation, hypoxia/ischemia, preterm birth, and asphyxia at birth. The cited data show trends in using hypoxia, especially in the form of intermittent hypoxic training, for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders.