Mangrove Rhizophora Mucronata Research Articles

Use of Mangrove Rhizophora Mucronata as a Natural Dye in Exploration of Natural Dye Shibori

Use of Mangrove Rhizophora Mucronata as a Natural Dye in Exploration of Natural Dye Shibori

Optimization of L-asparaginase production from endophytic bacteria isolated from the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata

Abstract. Nafisaturrahmah A, Susilowati A, Pangastuti A. 2023. Optimization of L-asparaginase production from endophytic bacteria isolated from the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 279-287. L-asparaginase is an enzyme that hydrolyes L-asparaginase to L-aspartate and ammonia. L-asparaginase has the potential to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other malignant cancers. So far, purified L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli and Erwinea chrysanthemi has been available and applied clinically in humans. However, this treatment has side effects such as allergy, cross-interaction, immune system stimulation, drug resistance, and nonspecific L-glutaminase activity. These side effects can be overcome by discovering new sources of L-asparaginase, which are serologically different but have similar therapeutic effects. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of endophytic bacterial culture in producing L-asparaginase. Endophytic bacteria were screened using an M9 medium with asparagine as a substrate; the L-asparaginase-producing isolates showed pink zones around the colonies. Optimization of L-aparaginase production by endophytic bacteria is carried out by One Factor at A Time (OFAT). Optimization of enzyme production includes incubation time, temperature, pH, ammonium sulfate levels, and glucose concentration in the bacterial growth medium; determination of enzyme production by Nesslerization method. The results showed that 8 isolates could produce high L-asparaginase, 14 isolates had medium ability, 30 isolates had low ability, and 2 bacterial isolates did not produce L-asparaginase. Endophytic isolates were able to produce the highest L-Aparaginase under different optimal conditions. The optimal incubation time for endophytic isolates in this study was 60-84 hours, the optimal temperature was 37ºC, the optimal pH was 7, the nitrogen content was 0.25 mg/L, and the optimal glucose level was 3%.

Induction of Apoptosis by Methanolic Extract of Rhizophora mucronata Lam on MCF-7 Cell Line

The tropical red mangrove Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) has been widely used as an astringent, antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-ulcerogenic, and anti-inflammatory agent in traditional Oriental medicine. Cancer is a concept to be characterized by differentiating features, uncontrolled proliferation of cells, invasion of abnormal cells into healthy cells, and their spread through the bloodstream to vital organs. The key programmed cell death mechanism for silently killing unwanted and detrimental cells during embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and immune regulation is apoptosis. Our research investigated the activation of apoptosis by the methanolic extract of R. mucronata and the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. The cell cycle and apoptosis were observed by the Annexin V/PI-flow cytometry technique. The MTT test showed a strong cytotoxic effect on the cell lines of MCF-7. In MCF-7 cells, the sample demonstrated successful cell cycle arrest. More number of MCF7 cells get arrested in Sub G0/G1. In our study, FITC Rabbit Anti-Active Caspase 3 is used as a fluorochrome. It can be inferred from our study that good therapeutic potential against Human Breast derived diseases can be compared to the std control and the compound samples.

Synthesis, optimization, and physicochemical characterization of selenium nanoparticles from polysaccharide of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata with potential bioactivities

BackgroundSelenium (Se) is considered an important micronutrient for human and animal health having potential biological functions and it is required for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The present study was designed to optimize the synthesis conditions of selenium nanoparticles by the Taguchi design method using sodium selenite as a precursor, ascorbic acid as a reductant, and Rhizophora mucronata leaves polysaccharide (RMLP) as a stabilizing agent. MethodsIn the present studies, RMLP-SeNPs were synthesized by using a polysaccharide (RMLP) that was previously isolated from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata leaves. The synthesized RMLP-SeNPs were characterized by UV-Vis, HR-TEM, DLS, FTIR, and TGA-DSC analysis. In addition to this, in vitro antibacterial activity of RMLP-SeNPs was determined by using the disk diffusion method according to the standard protocols. Antibiofilm activity of RMLP-SeNPs was determined by 96-wells polystyrene microtiter plate methods. Moreover, in vitro, antioxidant capacity such as ABTS, DPPH, and reducing power of RMLP-SeNPs was evaluated. ResultsThe result demonstrates that the optimal condition for the synthesis of RMLP-SeNPs was 2 h of reaction time, 0.04 M of Vc concentration, 1 mg/mL of RMLP, and pH 7.5. The particle size of synthesized RMLP-SeNPs was around 54.85 nm under optimal conditions by DLS measurement. HR-TEM results showed that RMLP-SeNPs were a uniform spherical shape with an average size of 31.82 nm. UV-vis analysis showed the synthesis of RMLP-SeNPs with a characteristic peak at 265 nm which was further confirmed by FTIR and EDX spectrum. Further, the RMLP-SeNPs showed excellent scavenging capacity on DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power as compared to other forms of selenium. Moreover, the RMLP-SeNPs show good antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against tested strains such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and exhibited a lesser toxic effect in brine shrimp lethality assay. ConclusionThese findings provide an opportunity to use selenium nanoparticles in food industries, biomedical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications, especially to develop novel antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.

Physico-chemical and functional characterization of polysaccharide purified from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata leaves having potent biological activity

Rhizophora mucronata Leaves Polysaccharide (RMLP) was extracted and purified from the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata leaves by anion-exchange and size-exclusion column chromatography. Physicochemical characterization of RMLP was evaluated by spectrtoscopic analysis (FT-IR, 1H & 13C NMR) and RP-HPLC. The molecular weight of RMLP was found to be 2.69 kDa, comprised of monosaccharides such as arabinose, galacturonic acid, galactose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose and glucose. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed the appearance of irregular stacks of crystal blocks with a compact structure of RMLP at 5000x fold magnification. The viscosity analysis revealed the pseudoplastic fluid behavior of the polysaccharide with shear-thinning properties. The result of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Congo red analysis confirmed the semicrystalline nature of RMLP and has triple-helical conformation. Thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) results proved high thermal stability of the RMLP fraction as its degradation temperature was found to be 310 C. The RMLP showed tremendous antibiofilm activity in a dose-dependent manner against the gram positive and gram negative pathogens. The RMLP showed effective antioxidant ability on DPPH scavenging, superoxide, ABTS, hydroxyl anion radical and Fe2+ chelating activities. These findings indicated that RMLP has promising antioxidant and antibiofilm properties against human pathogens, which makes it a better therapeutic agent in the field of functional foods and medicines.

Sdy-1 Executes Antitumor Activity in HepG2 and HeLa Cancer Cells by Inhibiting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.

Demethylincisterol A3 (Sdy-1), a highly degraded sterol that we previously isolated from Chinese mangrove Rhizophora mucronata endophytic Pestalotiopsis sp. HQD-6, exhibits potent antitumor activity towards a variety of cancer cells. In this study, we further verified that Sdy-1 effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of human liver (HepG2) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells in vitro and it can induce cell apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle in the G1-phase. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Sdy-1 executes its function via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Sdy-1 may not inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway through the cascade reaction from upstream to downstream, but directly acts on β-catenin to reduce its transcription level, thereby reducing the level of β-catenin protein and further reducing the expression of downstream related proteins. The possible interaction between Sdy-1 and β-catenin protein was further confirmed by molecular docking studies. In the nude mouse xenograft model, Sdy-1 can also significantly inhibit tumor growth. These results indicated that Sdy-1 is an efficient inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway and is a promising antitumor candidate for therapeutic applications.

Screening of L-asparaginase-producing endophytic bacteria from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata

L-asparaginase is an enzyme that converts L-asparagine to L-aspartate and ammonia. L-asparaginase is recommended as medical treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and other malignant cancers. Bacteria are the most effective source of L-asparaginase as they can easily be cultured so that the enzyme can be extracted and purified. The commercial L-asparaginase is now available from bacterial but has many side effects for the patients. Therefore, the alternative source of this enzyme is highly necessary to be explored for a more effective and safer future production of L-asparaginase. For this reason, this study was carried out to investigate the endophytic bacteria producing L-asparaginase from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. The samples of the mangrove plants, i.e., roots, stems, and leaves, were surface sterilized with alcohol and sodium hypochlorite. Endophytic bacteria were screened for L-asparaginase production using the rapid plate assay on Minimal Salt Medium with L-Asparagine as a substrate. Asparaginase-producing endophytes were detected by a pink zone formation on the agar, indicating the hydrolysis of asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, which changed the phenol red dye indicator from yellow (acidic conditions) to pink (alkaline conditions). The results revealed that out of the mangroves taken from the seaside, i.e., between sea and land, there were six bacterial colonies from the roots, 12 bacterial colonies from the stems, and 20 bacterial colonies from the leaves, each showing positive L-asparaginase. The isolated bacteria had varied colony morphology and different ability to produce the L-asparaginase enzyme.

Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Leaf Litter Decomposition of Two Species of Mangroves, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata

Decomposition of litter is influenced by physicochemical characteristics of the habitat which is affected by pollution. In this study the effect of heavy metals on leaf litter decomposition of two mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata is investigated. An experiment was conducted in which litter bags were half-buried in mangrove soil in earthen pots in a greenhouse in which close to natural conditions were maintained and they were treated with 0, 5 and 10 ppm Ni and Pb as a solution of sea water for 16 weeks. Periodic observations were taken on the dry weight remaining and the four factor ANOVA was performed. All four factors (species, heavy metals, concentrations, time) were found to be significant (P at the most 0.05) while some of the interactions were also significant. Half-life and rate of decomposition, k were calculated on the basis of 12 periodic weight loss observations. The litter decomposition followed an exponential decay curve in all cases. The highest rate of decomposition (0.0155 gDWd-1) and the shortest half life (7.44 days) were found for the control of Avicennia marina. In general, decomposition rate of A. marina was more rapid compared to that of R. mucronata. Whereas, the decomposition in treatments with heavy metals were found to be slower than in the controls, the minimum of which (0.0105 gDWd-1) and the longest half life (18.17 days) were found in Rhizophora mucronata leaves treated with 10 ppm Pb. Lead appears to be more inhibitory to the process of litter decomposition compared to nickel. The two mangrove species responded differentially to the heavy metal concentrations. The influence of heavy metals in the decomposition process is discussed.

Anti-inflammatory β-sitosterols from the Asiatic loop-root mangrove Rhizophora mucronata attenuate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes

Four biogenic β-sitosterol analogues were identified from methanolic extract of the leaves of loop-root mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. These were characterized as 4, 14, 23-trimethyl-3β-sitosterol (1), 7-ethyl-3β-sitosterol (2), sitosteryl-3β-(33E)-pent-33-enoate (3) and 12α-hydroxy-3β-sitosterol (4) based on comprehensive spectroscopic techniques. Anti-inflammatory activities of β-sitosterol 4 against pro-inflammatory enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 were found to be significantly higher (IC50 1.85 and 1.92 mM, respectively) compared to those demonstrated by compounds of 1–3 (p < 0.05). These β-sitosterol analogues disclosed superior selectivity indices (1.43–2.07) with regard to inducible cyclooxygenase-2 than its constitutive isoform cyclooxygenase-1, when compared to the standard, ibuprofen (0.44). Antioxidant properties of 12α-hydroxy-β-sitosterol (4) were found to be significantly greater (IC50 1.43–1.67 mM) than those of other sitosterol analogues. Structure-activity correlation analyses put forward that the bioactive potencies of the titled β-sitosterols were positively correlated to their electronic parameters. Molecular docking simulations were carried out in the active sites of 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase-2, and the docking scores and binding energies of the studied β-sitosterol analogues were positively correlated with their attenuation properties against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2.

Potency of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata as bactericide for vibrio causing tiger shrimp disease

Tiger shrimp diseases have been occurred in Indonesian brackishwater ponds for two decades and considered as one of the factors causing mass mortality of the cultured shrimp and making big loss for the farmers. Vibrio harveyi is considered as the main causative agent of this disease. The natural substance is proposed to kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic vibrios. In order to know the potency of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata as a bactericide for V. harveyi, research had been conducted at the Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture (BPPBAP) from February to May 2013. This research consists of several steps, i.e. 1) collection of plant; 2) drying of the plant; 3) making powder of plant; 4) extraction of plant/herb; 5) qualitative bioassay; and 6) quantitative bioassay. The results showed that qualitatively all part of the R. mucronata collected from Bone regency had activity against V. harveyi, but the leaf part of this mangrove collected from Maros regency did not have this activity, and neither the leaf or bark part of this mangrove collected from Pangkep regency. The values of Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) on V. harveyi were ranged between 1-10.000 mg/L depending on which part of the plant and the origin of the mangrove. The root part of the plant had higher activity against V. harveyi than other parts of the plant. Rhizophora mucronata collected from Bone regency had the highest activity against V. harveyi than that collected from Maros and Pangkep regencies.

Larvicidal Enzyme Inhibition and Repellent Activity of Red Mangrove Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) Leaf Extracts and Their Biomolecules Against Three Medically Challenging Arthropod Vectors.

The larvicidal potential of crude leaf extracts of Rhizophora mucronata, the red mangrove, using diverse solvent extracts of the plant against the early fourth instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors was analyzed. The acetone extract of R. mucronata showed the greatest efficacy: for Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 0.13 mg/mL; LC90 = 2.84 mg/mL), An. stephensi (LC50 = 0.34 mg/mL; LC90 = 6.03 mg/mL), and Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 0.11 mg/mL; LC90 = 1.35 mg/mL). The acetone extract was further fractionated into four fractions and tested for its larvicidal activity. Fraction 3 showed stronger larvicidal activity against all the three mosquito larvae. Chemical characterization of the acetone extract displayed the existence of several identifiable compounds like phytol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane, eicosanoic acid etc. Enzyme assay displayed that R. mucronata active F3-fractions exert divergent effects on all three mosquitos’ biochemical defensive mechanisms. The plant fractions displayed significant repellent activity against all the three mosquito vectors up to the maximum repellent time of 210 min. Thus, the bioactive molecules in the acetone extract of R. murconata leaves showed significant larvicidal and enzyme inhibitory activity and displayed novel eco-friendly tool for mosquito control.

Leaf tissue specific transcriptome sequence and de novo assembly datasets of Asiatic mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

Transcriptome data is beneficial to explore molecular mechanisms of extreme adaptations in non- model organisms like mangroves. In this data article, five major datasets and two data sub sets of a salt secreting mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. were described. A combination of Illumina HiSeq 2500, Trinity, BLAST X, Bowtie 2 and BLAST 2GO was used for RNA Seq, de novo assembly, transcript annotation, gene expression estimation and gene ontology annotation respectively. The RNA Sequence (Read 1 and Read 2) in Sequence Read Archive amounting to 46,366,348 paired end raw reads is the first data set made open for de novo or comparative transcript assembly. Assembled sequences of 93960 gene transcripts constitute the second data set in Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly. The gene/protein annotations to the assembled transcripts give two sub data sets containing 93960 each of GenBank and GenPept entries with comprehensive cDNA and translated protein sequences of genes. Of these, predicted proteins for 87768 coding sequences, mapped to UniProtKB serve as the third data set. The gene expression levels of the annotated transcripts comprise the fourth data set in Gene Expression Omnibus. The fifth data set in Figshare includes 44,028 gene ontology terms extracted for 21,073 confident transcripts. The data sets provide a valuable resource for further analyses including transcriptomic changes in response to environmental stresses.

BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MANGROVE BARK – RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA EXTRACT

Objective: The present study attempted to synthesize AgNPs from mangrove bark Rhizophora mucronata and analyze characteristics. The synthesized AgNPs analyzed with UV–vis spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) for confirming the nanoparticles.&#x0D; Methods: The dried R. mucronata bark was powdered and kept in at 55°C for 15 min in a water bath and cooled at room temperature to get the extract. The R. mucronata bark extract was treated with silver nitrate and kept overnight in the dark environment which will turn the solution to dark brown color. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible absorption at room temperature. Further characterization was also done with X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscope measurements, and DLS analysis.&#x0D; Results: The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed with various analytical methods that revealed the abundant presence of silver nanoparticles. The UV–vis spectroscopy analysis exposed the surface plasmon resonance peak of 422 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis indicated the size ranging from 10 nm to 200 nm in diameter and a spherical shaped poly dispersal of the particles. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and DLS also confirmed the presence of silver atoms.&#x0D; Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles of Rhizophora mucronata bark revealed a well-defined structure and may be used in antimicrobial function in further researches.

Study of shrimp pond effluent purification on mangrove ecosystem of River Pasir Jangkaran Village Kulon Progo Regency

The research is located in Pasir River, Jangkaran Village, Kulon Progo Regency. Landuse in Pasir River are dominated by shrimp ponds. Mangroves on the riverbank can reduce the concentration of nutrients in shrimp pond effluent. This study aims to determine the purification of shrimp pond effluent in the mangrove ecosystem by comparing the quality of shrimp pond effluent before and after passing through the mangrove ecosystem. The research method used is the field survey method and laboratory analysis. Water sampling and identification of mangrove characteristics were done purposively on 6 observation segments. Data analysis was performed graphically, descriptively, spatially, and comparatively. The results show that mangrove ecosystems can reduce concentration of nitrate and phosphat in shrimp pond effluent as evidenced by a decrease concentration of nitrate in segments 1 to 6. The nitrate concentration in the mangrove ecosystem and after passing through the mangrove are smaller than before passing the mangrove. The characteristics of mangroves that affect the purification process are species and density of vegetation. Species mangrove Rhizophora mucronata with higher vegetation density can reduce the concentration of nitrate in SPT 1 to 4 better than species Avicennia marina with lower density in segment 5.

Productivity and decomposition rate of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia alba litter based on environment characteristics in Muara Gembong

Mangrove forests damage may decrease their function and ecological role in relation to litter production which support the sustenance of aquatic resources. This research aimed to determine and estimate productivity and decomposition rate of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia alba litter, and their effect on water nutrients. The research was conducted at three stations in Pantai Mekar Village, Muara Gembong District for 60 days observation during period of April–September 2018. Litter productivity was measured using litter traps and litter decomposition rate was estimated using litter bags. The concentration of water nutrient (nitrate, ammonium and phosphate) was obtained through a laboratory analysis. Litter productivity of R. mucronata and A. alba stands reached 4.68 and 7.11 g m−2 day−1 respectively with the biggest contributed from leaves litter. Observed different rates of mangrove decomposition was due to the lignin content. The decomposition rate of R. mucronata and A. alba were Y=12.841e−0.382X (R2=0.97) and Y=11.958e−0.478X (R2=0.91) respectively. The productivity and decomposition rate of A. alba litter was greater and faster than R. mucronata. Increased nitrates was indicated of nitrification process, while phosphate and ammonium showed decreased concentration during experiments. Aside from that, water nutrient concentration was affected by dissolved oxygen availability.

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and antibacterial activity test against some pathogenic bacteria

Mangrove plants are widely used traditionally in treating various types of infectious diseases in the people of Lombok Island. This study aims to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam. which grow in coastal region of Lombok Island (Gili Sulat), and to determine their antibacterial activity against some patogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Media used for isolation were NA and TSA. Antibacterial activity tests were carried out with well diffusion methods, and the level of antibacterial activity refers to the category according to Vasanthakumari. Characterization of endophytic bacteria includes their colony morphology, cell morphology, and physiology. Eighteen (18) endophytic bacteria isolates were obtained. Results showed that 12 isolates of endophytic bacteria had moderate (8-12mm) to strong category (Φ > 12mm) of their antibacterial activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa. Isolate of NBM2(1) gave the strongest antibacterial activity against B. cereus. It can be concluded that endophytic bacteria isolated from mangrove R. mucronata Lam. is highly potential to be developed as a new antibacterial source, especially against B. cereus pathogenic bacterium.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Mangrove Rhizophora mucronata: Its Characterization and Antibacterial Potential

The green synthesis of nano-sized particles with specific functions is of great significance in the present bio-nanotechnology. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous extract of stem, root and leaf of Rhizophora mucronata, one of the two native mangrove plants in southern Iran, and its activity against some bacterial pathogens are reported for the first time. A green procedure for the synthesis of AgNPs using the mangrove extract as reducing agent was used. Synthesized AgNPs were investigated using UV–visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antibacterial effect of the biosynthesized AgNPs was investigated by agar well diffusion assay against pathogenic bacteria. The leaf extract yielded the highest production of biosynthesized AgNPs among the plant parts. UV–visible spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 420 nm confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The results from the XRD analysis approved the formation of crystalline AgNPs with crystallinity percentage of 88.54. As shown by TEM evaluation, AgNPs had the same spherical morphology. The size of the biosynthesized AgNPs was between 1 and 80 nm with average size of 32.44 nm. According to the size distribution histogram, nanoparticles in the size range of 20–25 nm were more than other size groups. SEM images identified silver nanoparticles ranging in size from 10 to 19 nm. Results of EDS showed the existence of carbon, silver, oxygen and chlorine in the nanoparticles synthesized from the leaf extract of R. mucronata. Silver was the major constituent element, 73.5%. FTIR analysis distinguished different functional groups such as aromatic loops, alcohol, phenol group, alkanes and alkyl halides in the biosynthesis process. The biosynthesized AgNPs had potential antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogens. Out of the selected bacterial strains, the Gram-positive bacteria of Bacillus cereus with the maximum inhibition zone and the Gram-negative bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the minimum inhibition zone were the most sensitive and resistant bacteria, respectively. The mangrove Rhizophora mucronata extract was found to be a suitable reducing agent for biosynthesis of AgNPs with approved antibacterial activity.

THE EFFECT OF HEATING TEMPERATURE ON INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF MANGROVE RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA FRUIT EXTRACT TOWARD Α-GLUCOSIDASE

Objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the effect of heating temperature of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata fruit extract toward its inhibition activity of α-glucosidase. Methods: Research method used was an experimental method with the treatment of heating temperature (70°C, 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C) of crude tannin extract of mangrove R. mucronata fruit on inhibition activity toward α-glucosidase. Results: IC50 of unheated extract and extracts that were heated at 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C are adalah 3.38 ppm, 2.79 ppm, 2.97 ppm, 3.19 ppm, and 3.52 ppm, respectively. Heating until 100°C only decreased its inhibition activity of α-glucosidase of about 3.87% compared to unheated extract. Mangrove R. mucronata fruit extract contains phytochemical compounds, i.e., alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, tannin, and terpenoids. IC50 of this extract is lower compared to IC50 of acarbose (antidiabetic medicine), which as IC50 value of 13.27 ppm. Conclusion: Mangrove R. mucronata fruit extract is quite heat resistant and is potential to be an antidiabetic functional food.

Potential of methanol extract from the stem bark of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata against bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophylla

Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophylla are well known pathogenic bacteria causing diseases in both human and animals. Since the popular antibacterial drugs in the market lead to resistance, other alternatives antibacterial need to be searched from the active ingredient found in marine and terrestrial vegetation. The potential use of secondary metabolites from marine vegetation is currently being developed. One of marine vegetation that has been expected to have antibacterial activity is mangrove. This study aims to provide information related to the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of the bark of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. The phytochemical screening and disc testing methods were used in this study. The results showed that the methanol extract of R. mucronata containedphenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the positive outcome of active antibacterial potential of the methanol extract against E. coli and A. hydrophilla has been indicated by inhibition of discs in a clear zone at 7,56 and 7,00 mm.

Optimal concentration of mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) leaf and propagule based natural dye

This research aims to discover total extract level from leaf and propagule of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata, Baume relationship and extract level from leaf and propagule of mangrove, the result of color extract for fabric cotton, phytochemical screening of active compounds contained in mangroves and dye application by fractionation method using column chromatography. The methods employed in this study by means of Baume scale, gravimetric analysis of extract contents, phytochemical screening, and column gravity chromatography separated color of the pigment. The results showed that the higher the level of extract, the greater the mass of the species and the higher the level of extract, the color will be darker. During the soxhlet extraction process, water contents of the material were at 60% for fresh leaves, 18% for dehydrated leaves, 16% for mangrove fruit propagule, and 14% for mangrove branch propagule. Average dye contents were measured at 5% for fresh leaves, 22% for dehydrated leaves, 17% for mangrove fruit propagule, and 21% for mangrove branch propagule. The colors resulted from treatment of the samples using limestone, alum and lotus solutions from each mangrove leaf and propagule sample were different from white to dark brown. The optimal concentration of dye found in this study were 0.0071 g/mL for fresh leaves, 0.0080 g/mL for dehydrated leaves, 0.0255 g/mL for fruit propagule, and 0.0275 g/mL for branch propagule. Phytochemical test results also show that the pigment associated to the blackish-green hue was tannin, and that which was associated with red was flavonoid and quinone. The result of column chromatography showed that on leaf waste and skin is found in blackish green color and on the skin can be found in red.