Mangrove Plant Excoecaria Agallocha Research Articles

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic extracts from leaves of Excoecaria agallocha

Ethnopharmacological relevanceExcoecaria agallocha is popularly known as ‘Thillai’ plant in the tamil language of the South India. Its uses are mentioned on the temple inscription of the Chidambaram Temple, Chidambaram, India which dates back to 2nd Century CE. AimTo investigate the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of leaves mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha. Material and methodsThe ethanolic leaf extract of Excoecaria agallocha (100, 200 and 40 mg/kg) was evaluated in Swiss albino mice and male wistar rats were used for the study. Two different study models were employed; Maximal electroshock and Lithium-Pilocarpine convulsion method. The ethanolic extract was also subjected to acute toxicity study and phytochemical evaluation. ResultsThe ethanolic extract of leaves of Excoecaria agallocha was found to be safe in toxicity studies when compared to the standard drugs. It has LD50 of 2.12 g/kg of oral dose and 3.12 mg/kg of intraperitoneal dose. This extract (100–400 mg/kg) produced a significant (P < 0.01) dose dependent delay in onset of seizures in the MES model on oral administration which is comparable to Phenytoin (20 mg/kg i. p). This extract (100–400 mg/kg) produced a significant (P < 0.01) dose dependent reduction in intensity of seizures in the Lithium-Pilocarpine epilepsy model which was comparable to the standard drug diazepam (10 mg/kg). ConclusionThe results obtained from this study and finding suggests for the use of Excoecaria agallocha for the management of convulsions and justifies its use in traditional medicine.

Excoecarins L and O from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

Two new beyerene-type diterpenoids (1 and 2), along with six known metabolites (3-8) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. collected from coastal areas in Vietnam. The structures and relative configurations of new compounds were established on the basis of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Two new metabolites were tested for cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines (KB and LU-1), but both compounds did not show significant activity.

IN VITRO ANALYSIS OF ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACTS OF EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA L.

Objective: Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is one of the key enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis that has a prominent regulatory role in cell growth in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its regulation/inhibition is a potential means of controlling cell growth. The purpose of the study was to check the effect of the methanol extracts of leaves and seeds of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha in controlling/inhibiting ODC enzyme produced by Escherichia coli.Methods: The methanol extracts of leaves and seeds of the mangrove plant E. agallocha were made. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on ODC enzyme produced by E. coli was tested by a modified spectrophotometric assay (measured in terms of µM of putrescine produced), and the antibacterial effect of the extract was determined by well diffusion assay.Results: It was found that both the leaf and seed extracts inhibited ODC activity thereby preventing the conversion of ornithine to putrescine (the prominent by-product of ODC activity) in a concentration-dependent manner. The leaf extract exhibited 50% inhibition of ODC activity at a concentration of 17.5 µg/ml whereas seed extract inhibited 50% of the activity at a concentration of 16.1 µg/ml. In the growth inhibition assay by well diffusion method, the effect of the extracts on the growth of E. coli was studied and a concentration-dependent growth inhibition was found - 100 µl of leaf extract showed a zone of inhibition of 12.31 mm (diameter) and seed extract showed 12.64 mm, confirming the antibacterial activity of the extracts.Conclusion: The ODC inhibition-mediated growth inhibition of E. coli is a novel finding as far as the extracts of E. agallocha are concerned. The extract was potent enough to be suggested as an antibacterial agent.Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase, Excoecaria agallocha, Escherichia coli, Ornithine decarboxylase inhibition, Putrescine, Ornithine, Antibacterial effect.

Facile synthesis of multifunctional silver nanoparticles using mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. for its antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects.

The current study describes a simple, rapid and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Excoecaria agallocha (E. agallocha) leaf extract as stabilizer, bioreductant and capping agent. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Generation of AgNPs was initially confirmed with the color change from yellow to dark brown which produces intense absorbance spectra at 440nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy without any shifting of peaks. Further, XRD pattern confirms that the synthesized AgNPs was face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline in structure with an average size of 20nm. On the other hand, FTIR spectrum reveals that the active metabolites like water soluble phenolic compounds, flavonoids, methylene groups, amides and carboxylate groups. These active biocompounds plays a vital role in the reduction of Ag+ into their nanoscale values, it also acts as a stabilizing and surface functionalization agent. FESEM micrographs of synthesized AgNPs shows spherical and hexagonal shaped well dispersed particles in the dimension ranging between 23 and 42nm. EDAX confirms the presence of silver (Ag) as the major constituent element without any impurities; also substantiate the stability of generated AgNPs. The biomedical insights of nanoparticles (NPs) were assessed through radical scavenging and antibacterial properties. Additionally, synthesized AgNPs was also exhibits an excellent cytotoxic effect against human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7). This study proves that synthesized AgNPs can be developed as a potential nano-drug formulation to combat pathogenic disease and also for the expansion of breast cancer therapy.

A Complete Profile on Blind-your-eye Mangrove Excoecaria Agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Aspects.

Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importances. This article provides a comprehensive review of the complete profile of an important mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) and elaborately describing the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. It is used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases such as epilepsy, ulcers, leprosy, rheumatism, and paralysis. The latex obtained from the bark is poisonous in nature and may cause temporary blindness, thus it is also known as the blind-your-eye mangrove plant. Many phytoconstituents were isolated from the plant, which were mainly diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, and few other compounds. The plant also showed many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, anticancer, antireverse transcriptase, antihistamine-release, antifilarial, DNA damage protective, antidiabetic, and antitumor protecting activities. Hence, this review could help guide researchers anticipating to undertake further investigations in these directions.

Spatial variation of chlorophyll integrity in a mangrove plant (Excoecaria agallocha) of Indian Sundarban, with special reference to leaf element and water salinity

Present study describes a site specific variation of leaf elemental concentration and Photosynthetic pigment concentration in a mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha in Sundarban, India. Three locations (S1, S2 and S3) were selected according to water salinity gradient in north to southward direction. Range of water salinity is from 19 ppt to 34 ppt. All elements (Fe, Cu, and Mn) are found to be higher in S1 followed by S2 and S3 except Zn. They follow the trend like Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. Interestingly photosynthetic pigment concentration (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b) showed negative correlation with salinity i.e. increase in water salinity causes decrease in pigment concentration. Results from our study depicts that Sundarban is facing problems for increasing pollution load and water salinity. Keywords: Excoecaria agallocha, Leaf element, Mangrove, Salinity gradient, The Sundarban.

Inhibitory effects of polyphenols toward HCV from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

Four new polyphenols namely excoecariphenols A-D (1-4) were isolated from the Chinese mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. together with 23 known phenolic compounds. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses including IR, MS, NMR, and CD data. Excoecariphenols A and B presented as the unusual flavane-based 1-thioglycosides. Part of the isolated polyphenols were tested against hepatitis C NS3-4A protease and HCV RNA in huh 7.5 cells. Excoecariphenol D, corilagin, geraniin, and chebulagic acid showed potential inhibition toward HCV NS3-4A protease with IC(50) values in a range of 3.45-9.03μM, while excoecariphenol D and corilagin inhibited HCV RNA in huh 7.5 cells significantly. A primary structure-activity relationship (SAR) is discussed.

TNF-α inhibitory diterpenoids from the Chinese mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

Chemical examination of the stems and twigs of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. resulted in the isolation of six ent-kaurane diterpenoids named agallochaols K–P ( 1– 6), an atisane-type diterpenoid agallochaol Q ( 7), along with eight known diterpenoids ( 8– 15). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their NMR spectroscopic data with those reported in literature, in association with the biogenetic relationship with the X-ray structure of 9. Compounds 1, 5– 7, 9– 10, and 13 showed anti-inflammatory potency to suppress expression of NF-κB and AP-1 targeted genes including TNF-α and IL-6 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophages Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, compounds 1, 5– 7, 9– 10, and 13 block NF-κB activation, while compounds 1 and 7 block AP-1 activation dramatically, indicating these compounds possess an anti-inflammatory potential in vitro.

Cytotoxic Polyphenols from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium expansum

Two new polyphenols containing both phenolic bisabolane sesquiterpenoid and diphenyl ether units, expansols A (1) and B (2), and two new phenolic bisabolane sesquiterpenoids, (S)-(+)-11-dehydrosydonic acid (3) and (7S,11S)-(+)-12-acetoxysydonic acid (4), along with two known compounds, (S)-(+)-sydonic acid (5) and diorcinol (6), were isolated from the metabolites of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium expansum 091006 endogenous with the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, chemical transformation, and theoretical calculation, the structures of 1-4 were elucidated as (S)-(+)-2-[3-hydroxy-4-(2- methoxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)benzyl]-5-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-3-methylphenol, S-(+)-2-[3-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)benzyl]-5-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-3-methylphenol, (S)-(+)-3-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl)benzoic acid, and 4-[(2S,6S)-7-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-3-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Expansol A (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against the HL-60 cell line with an IC(50) value of 15.7 microM, and expansol B (2) inhibited the proliferation of A549 and HL-60 cells with IC(50) values of 1.9 and 5.4 microM, respectively.

Assignment of the absolute stereochemistry of an unusual diterpenoid from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

Assignment of the absolute stereochemistry of an unusual diterpenoid from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

Phenolic glucopyranosides from the Chinese mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

Phenolic glucopyranosides from the Chinese mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L.

A new atisane-type diterpene from the bark of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha.

A new atisane-type diterpene, ent-16α-hydroxy-atisane-3,4-lactone (4) and three known diterpenes, ent-16α-hydroxy-atisane-3-one (1), ent-atisane-3β,16α-diol (2), ent-3,4-seco-16α-hydroxyatis- 4(19)-en -3-oic acid (3) were isolated from the bark of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by means of extensive NMR and MS analysis. Compound 3 exhibited significant anti-microfouling activity against the adherence of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, with an EC50 value of 0.54 ± 0.01 ppm.