Mangrove Forest Resources Research Articles

Progress of Tourism Development in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia: A Path to Realize the Sustainable Economic Sector

The tourism sector in East Kalimantan Province is expected to contribute to the region’s economy over the domination of the mining industry. On the other hand, the main issue is that the province’s economy still relies much upon the mining-based sector, particularly coal. As green growth-based and sustainable development strategies have been embraced globally for future development, developing a tourism-based economy is associated with this implementation due to tropical and mangrove forest area resources owned by the province. This path, if consistently developed, means not only an improved proportion of non-mining sectors in total local GDP but also significant reductions of carbon emissions responsible for global warming and climate change. Less elaborated studies have discussed the case of tourism development for the case of coal-based at province level. This paper tries to contribute to the gap by descriptively summarizing the current conditions of the tourism destinations and their climate development in the region using SWOT analysis. Our study shows that East Kalimantan Province has a comparative advantage in natural tourism with ecotourism destinations. Mangrove forest attractions, for instance, recorded as many as 18 objects and if these objects are properly conserved, they may contribute to reducing the harmful effects led by greenhouse gases. Other tourist objects with nature backgrounds have also reached 124 in number, and there was one object recognized in the Indonesian Tourism Village Award. An increase in non-domestic tourist visits from 2013 to 2019 was also seen, though the number was less developed compared to national tourists, and it experienced a significant decrease due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Some limitations such as accessibility and amenities, human resource, branding, and marketing of tourist destinations hamper the development of the tourism sector and should be addressed to optimize its competitiveness. Policies that cut these burdens may improve the realization of sustainability in East Kalimantan’s Province economy. Keywords: tourism, development, tourist destinations, ecotourism, East Kalimantan

Strategic Model for Mangrove Forest Resource Management in Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province

Mangrove forest destruction in Boalemo Regency has increased significantly over the past decade. The condition of mangrove forests has been degraded due to the pressure of population growth, especially in coastal areas. Damage to mangrove forest resources is certainly very dangerous to the ecosystem of fisheries resources, biodiversity and destroys the stability of coastal forests that support the protection of inland and rural agricultural crops. The purpose of this research is to design a model of sustainable mangrove forest resource management strategy in Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province, so that it can be applied as a policy in improving and optimizing mangrove forest resource management efforts in Gorontalo Province. The method used is Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The results showed that there are thirteen sub-elements of program requirements needed to build the model, of the thirteen elements of program requirements there are no sub-elements that occupy quadrant I, in quadrant II there are two sub-elements and in quadrant III there are six sub-elements, in quadrant IV is occupied by five sub-elements which are key elements to build a mangrove forest resource management strategy model.

Utilization of Mangroves as Ecoprint Materials to Support Souvenir Products at the Ngulusenge Mangrove Tourism Attraction, Central Maitara Village, District of North Tidore

Ecoprint is a term that comes from the words "eko", which means "ecosystem/nature", and "print", which means "print." The ecoprint printing method uses natural dyes to print flowers, twigs and leaves on fabric. This method begins by attaching mangrove leaves to cloth, then printing the leaves and stems on the cloth. The problems faced by community groups are the lack of public knowledge about the benefits of mangroves as a business opportunity, the lack of public knowledge about techniques for making mangrove leaf ecoprints. Mitra only knows that mangrove forests function to protect beaches from waves and the wood is used as firewood. Meanwhile, the use of mangroves as dyes for ecoprint products as tourist souvenir products and increasing business opportunities for the community is not yet known. The objectives of the PKM activity are: partners can find out about the benefits of mangroves as a business opportunity, apply appropriate technology in techniques for making ecoprints on mangrove leaves and obtain types of quality ecoprint product motifs that have high selling value. The training activity for making ecoprints by utilizing the potential of mangrove forest resources around the Ngusanlenge mangrove tourist attraction area went smoothly with high participant enthusiasm. Enthusiasm for the results of ecoprint products with a variety of patterns and motifs from the mangrove leaves used. PKM activities increase knowledge and improve the skills of the community and students in making ecoprints by utilizing the potential of mangrove forests and building community enthusiasm for entrepreneurship. The ecoprint products produced include bags, tablecloths, handkerchiefs and headscarves.

Green Economic Strategy: Mangrove Ecotourism Guide Training ForGen-Z In Kenagarian Sungai Pinang Pesir Selatan District

Nagari Sungai Pinang is an area of Pesisir Selatan Regency that has Mangrove Ecotourism potential. This is the strategy of the Provincial Government and the South Coastal Government to make the Nagari Sungai Pinang area into an educational tourism center in the field of coral reef conservation and mangrove cultivation. However the problem is the very limited level of community education, coupled with the stigma of low learning motivation, means that the development of scientific literacy in mangroves in Nagari Sungai Pinang needs attention. The aim of this community service is to create a strategy for creating quality Tour Guides from Gen-Z and to make mangrove ecotourism a destination for tourists visiting Nagari Sungai Pinang. The steps built from this strategy are literacy given to nagari children with the concept of Green Economic Modeling as well as personal communication skills. They are members of the Andespin Youth Group community (Anak nagari Sungai Pinang Village). The number of members of this community is more than 200 people, the majority of whom are young people. The results of this activity make Green Economics an optimization of improving community welfare by utilizing mangrove forest resources, and making a good contribution to the environment. Thefuture output of this research is to produce Mangrove Tour Guides who are skilled and intelligent in promoting their nagari's tourism products, especially mangroves in the Nagari Sungai Pinang area, Pesisir Selatan Regency.

Geomorphological changes and landscape ecosystem services dynamics of the Bhasan Char Island in the Northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Geomorphological changes have had numerous environmental impacts on landscape features, natural resources, landform stability, and ecosystem services on Bhasan Char Island in the Northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study examines the morphological change of the island and its impacts on landscape features, landform stability, and coastal mangrove forest resources since its evolution. Optical satellite images from Landsat (TM and OLI) spanning from 2003 to 2023 have been used to assess geomorphological parameters using the bio-physical indices NDWI and MNDWI. A hybrid classification method involving unsupervised classification, supervised machine learning, and post-classification refinement was employed to precisely delineate landscape features and evaluate ecosystem services. Indeed, to evaluate forest cover health dynamics, the leaf area index (LAI) was estimated using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. The study results reveal that the geomorphology of the island was changed by fluvial and marine processes and responses, whereas only 3% of the landscape ages older than 19 years. Results also disclosed that built-up area construction for Rohingya nations drastically lost ∼ 7% of mangrove plantations over the last 8 years, from 2015 to 2023. The current research delivers crucial management strategies regarding further structural development by evading unplanned construction, hastening reforestation, and evolving the green belt along the existing embankment. The study findings will help policymakers, environmental managers, coastal and marine resource planners, ecologists, and geomorphologists take an eco-friendly sustainable development plan and conserve the coastal island and its landscape resources from the risk of fluvial and marine processes.

Kajian Valuasi Ekonomi Sumberdaya Hutan Mangrove di Desa Bone Pute Kecamatan Tonra Kabupaten Bone

Bone Regency is geographically located in an area that is influenced by the coast. The coastal resource ecosystem in Bone Regency is dominated by mangrove forests. Mangrove utilization activities that have been carried out so far are physical utilization in the form of continuous use of wood without any replanting activities. The objectives of this study are: 1) To determine the economic value of mangrove forest resources in Bone Pute Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency. 2) To analyze how much the contribution of mangrove forest resources is to the community in the research area of ​​Bone Pute Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency. while the expected benefits of this research are as follows: 1) The results of this study can provide information on the economic value of mangrove forest resources to the community in Bone Pute Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency. 2) For local governments, as input in making policies, planning and managing mangrove forest resources. 3) The knowledge of this research can be used as a reference in the management and development of mangrove ecosystems in other sectors.This research was conducted in the village of Bone Pute, Tonra District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research activity lasted for 6 (six) months, from May to July 2017. From the results of the research it was found that the Total Economic Value of the mangrove ecosystem in Bone Pute Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency with an area of ​​15.20 ha amounted to Rp. 499,469,964, -/year, while the direct benefits of the mangrove ecosystem for the community made the largest contribution, namely Rp. 336,864,000, -/year, indirect benefits of Rp. 128,468,690, existence benefits of Rp. Rp. 31,032,894, while the optional benefits contributed very little, namely Rp. 3,104,220. The potential of mangrove forests in the mangrove forest area of ​​Bone Pute Village, Tonra District, Bone Regency with an area of ​​15.2 ha, and has a contribution to the community in the mangrove forest area of ​​81.13% of the total economic value of mangrove forests / year

The Strategy of Management of Mangrove Forests Area as a Sustainable Production Area in Coastal of Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi

A sustainable production forest is a forest that can produce economically valuable and sustainable products, meaning that these products are used for life today and in the future. Mangrove forests products and services consist of wood and non-timber. Such as wood and aquatic organisms living in it as a source of income and livelihood for the community around the mangrove forest area. The data collection techniques used were adjusted to the required data, including observation, documentation techniques, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The number of samples used was 60 people. It was determined using a SWOT analysis to specify the management of mangrove forests strategy as a sustainable production forest area. Furthermore, internal (Internal Factor Analysis Strategic) and external (External Factor Analysis Strategic) factors are calculated. Based on this, the strategy taken is (1) developing the sustainable and economically valuable mangrove forest resources potential through cultivation and fishing that is environmentally friendly, (2) increasing the role of NGOs to increase knowledge and community awareness in mangrove management, (3) developing the potential of mangrove forests as an eco-tourisms area, (4) empowering communities through groups of fishermen/farmers to create a home-scale industry based on mangrove resources.

Sundarbans Mangrove Mapping and Above Ground Biomass Estimation Using Earth Observation Techniques

The Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest, plays a crucial role in Bangladesh's economy and environment. However, overexploitation, anthropogenic activities like tree cutting for development and agriculture, as well as natural disasters, have caused severe damage and changes to the Sundarbans. This research aims to detect changes in the mangrove forest areas and create an above-ground biomass map of the Sundarbans Forest. Previous studies relied on time-consuming and inaccurate traditional methods, while this study seeks to make a significant contribution to mangrove mapping and forest resource management. Landsat 5 and 8 images from 2007 to 2017 were used to generate the mangrove index (including CMRI and MI) for different years. ALOS-PALSAR 2 and JERS images from 1996, 2007, and 2017, with HV+HH polarization, were processed to calculate the backscatter ratio, enabling identification and estimation of vegetation loss and gain over the years. To estimate the above-ground biomass (AGB), tree height was derived from SRTM DEM, and an allometric equation was used to calculate AGB. The results indicate a continuous shrinkage of the mangrove forest. The 2017 maps of the two different indexes reveal significant mangrove vegetation loss compared to 1996 and 2007. Additionally, the study estimates the total above-ground biomass of the Sundarbans mangrove forest to be 329 million tons. The findings can assist relevant authorities in taking necessary action, formulating policies, and implementing plans for sustainable management of the Sundarbans mangrove forest resources.

Determination of Environmental Flows in Data-Poor Estuaries—Wami River Estuary in Saadani National Park, Tanzania

Land use changes and mounting water demands reduce freshwater inflows into estuaries, impairing estuarine ecosystems and accelerating coastal seawater intrusion. However, determining minimum river inflows for management guidelines is hampered by a lack of ecosystem-flow link data. This study describes the development of freshwater inflow guidelines for the Wami Estuary, combining scarce river flow data, hydrological modeling, inferring natural salinity regime from vegetation zonation and investigating freshwater requirements of people/wildlife. By adopting the Building Blocks Methodology, a detailed Environmental Flows Assessment was performed to know the minimum water depth/quality seasonal requirements for vegetation, terrestrial/aquatic wildlife and human communities. Water depth requirements were assessed for drought and normal rainfall years; corresponding discharges were obtained by a hydrological model (HEC-RAS) developed for the river channel upstream of estuary. Recommended flows were well within historically occurring flows. However, given the rapidly increasing water demand coupled with reduction in basin water storage due to deforestation/wetland loss, it is critical to ensure these minimum flows are present, without which essential ecosystem services (fisheries, water quality, mangrove forest resources and wildlife/tourism) will be jeopardized. The EFA process is described in painstaking detail to provide a reference for undertaking similar studies in data-poor regions worldwide.

Mangrove conservation efforts with the ecotourism development in the Cengkrong Mangrove Ecotourism, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Kurniawati B, Sulistyaningrum N, Nugroho GD, Sunarto, Kusumaningrum L, Rahawarin YY, Flores AB, Yap CK, Setyawan AD. 2022. Mangrove conservation efforts with the ecotourism development in the Cengkrong Mangrove Ecotourism, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 12: 75-81. For mangrove conservation efforts, it is necessary to develop ecotourism so that people can also take advantage of the existence of mangrove forests. Analysis of the role mangrove ecosystem is carried out to develop a mangrove conservation strategy and the concept of sustainable development. This research examined conservation and ecotourism efforts by the community around the Cengkrong Mangrove Ecotourism and social perceptions of ecotourism based on mangrove development. The research was conducted in June 2022 at Mangrove Cengkrong Ecotourism, Karanggandu Village, Watulimo Sub-district, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia, by conducting interviews with 50 respondents. Data was collected through field observations and interviews with ecotourism administrators and residents around the location. The results of this study indicate that the conservation efforts carried out are protecting, conserving, and utilizing mangroves by seeding, planting, managing, and monitoring mangroves. The POKMASWAS or the Community Monitoring Group manages the Cengkrong Mangrove Ecotourism area. However, the utilization of mangrove forest resources that have economic value by the community around the Cengkrong Mangrove Ecotourism area is still low because it is only limited to the cultivation of crabs, shells, making mangrove syrup, cakes and chips. In addition, the place is quite crowded with tourists. Indeed, area development still lacks preservation, utilization, and conservation for the management, surrounding communities, and tourists. Limited facilities and infrastructure are a challenge for the sustainable development of mangrove ecotourism. In addition, increasing community involvement and collaboration with institutions and the government in mangrove management must also be improved so that all the surrounding communities can also benefit. With the increasing economic benefits of mangrove ecotourism management, the community around the mangrove forest will participate in maintaining and preserving the mangrove forest ecosystem.

Key elements structure in mangrove ecotourism management of Peropa’ea Protected Forest in North Buton Regency

Mangrove ecosystem in Peropa’ea protected forest area has an aesthetic landscape that has a potential to be developed as ecotourism. The development of ecotourism in the protected forest area of Peropa’ea as a utilization effort of environmental services is a better strategy because it may reduce pressure on mangrove forest resources and bring socio-economic benefits to the community and area. The Peropa’ea Protected Forest Management Unit (KPHL) has prepared a service business plan environment in the form of “Banda Kawasa” mangrove ecotourism for the period 2015 to 2025. Some steps needed to be studied such as key elements in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify elements and sub-elements in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. The method used in this research was Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) with an element of related institutions, constraints, objectives, and priority programs in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. The results indicated that the Provincial Forestry Office and Forest Management Unit (KPHL) Peropa’ea were the institutional key player in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. Limited funding and supporting infrastructure for mangrove ecotourism was the main management constraint, and the program priority was to develop an integrated and sustainable mangrove ecotourism management plan. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the coordination among related institutions to develop and maintain the sustainability of mangrove ecotourism in this area.

Analysis of Mangrove Forest Resource Depletion Models due to The Opening of Fish Pond Land with Time Delay

Mangrove forest is an ecosystem with many resources and high biological diversity that contain many species of animal, such as proboscis monkeys. One of the problems that keep happening on mangrove forest is the opening of fish pond. Opening of fish pond can damage mangrove resource by the degradation of the mangrove habitat. This study aims to analyze the depletion stability model of mangrove forest resources with time delay, and to show effect of time delay and the presence of change in the equilibrium point (Hopf bifurcation) on depletion stability model of mangrove forest resources due to fish pond openings. The depletion stability model of mangrove forest resources can be modeled as a system of nonlinear differential equations. In the numerical simulation results, critical value of delay (τ0) is 7.05 and the transverse conditions are not fulfilled. This mean there is no change in stability and the delay time parameter (τ) does not affect the stability of the system. System will remain stable when the mangrove forests, proboscis monkeys, and fish ponds are in equilibrium. In other words, mangrove forests, proboscis monkeys, and fish ponds can coexist even though time delays, and the analysis using the Hopf bifurcation cannot be carried out.

Entrepreneurship Workshop in Kampung Nelayan’s Community, Medan Belawan District

Approximately 600 families inhabit the Kampung Nelayan of Medan Belawan District; most of them work as fishermen. The people of Kampung Nelayan have limited facilities and relatively low knowledge of entrepreneurship which caused an inability to maximize the potential of marine natural resources and mangrove forest resources. Entrepreneurship workshop activities are carried out to equip the public to have a good knowledge of entrepreneurship, which is expected to generate and increase the spirit of entrepreneurship in utilizing and managing the potential of natural resources into high selling value products. The activities were carried out using a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest approach. The results of the pretest and post-test were used to measure changes in participants knowledge. The results of the outreach activities showed that there was a change in participants entrepreneurial knowledge, marked by an increase in the average number of pretest and post-test scores. However, in terms of the number of individual scores, there were variations in participants' knowledge, namely increasing, constant, and decreasing. Following up on this result, it is necessary to conduct entrepreneurship assistance and workshops to implement knowledge in managing businesses and marketing them to improve the economy.

Restoration and Conservation Benefits of Mangrove Forest to the Coastal Communities: A Review on Sri Lankan Perspective

Mangrove forest plays a vital role to enhance the standard of living in coastal communities by providing a variety of products and services. However, the mangrove forest cover was 0.2% which is much less than other existing forest types. The objective of the study was to conduct a review of mangrove forest resources and their associated benefits to coastal communities through conservation and restoration in Sri Lanka. This study reviewed secondary data such as peer-reviewed published research papers and reports for this study. The present extent of mangrove forest cover is increased to 16,000 ha between 2015 and 2016. Notably, the Puttalam district has the highest extent of mangrove forest. 10% of mangroves are cleared for prawn farming in the Chilaw and Kalpitiya. Mangrove forests provide vegetables, fuelwood, timber, and seafood to local communities to accomplish their subsistence and commercial uses. The restoration project has been initiated by the Sri Lankan government with the partnership of non-profit organizations and Seacology. Rhizophoraand Avicinnia was the main species used for replanting. Community-based restoration and conservation approaches are widely considered and implemented for replanting mangroves. This study recommends that future researches need to be focused more on the mangrove forest in each province, and their values to empower the livelihood, and more in-depth scientific studies regarding the effective mangrove restoration, conservation, and quantification of mangrove forests carbon stocks through REDD+ scheme to obtain incentives to improve the living standards of the mangrove-dependent community.

The impact of water resources management on the socio-economic and ecological aspects of the coastal area of Merauke-Indonesia

Natural resource management in coastal areas should have a sustainable impact on the socio-economic aspects of fishing communities, including fishing communities in Merauke, Papua-Indonesia. In a descriptive qualitative study conducted on fishing communities living in the Merauke area using observation techniques to see the impact of natural resource management on the welfare level of fishermen from the social, economic, and management aspects of mangrove forests that the social and economic conditions of fishermen are quite good, but income as a fisherman is only sufficient to meet primary needs, especially for local fishermen. Meanwhile, the management of mangrove forest resources as an important ecological part in coastal areas around the coast shows that there is a tendency to expand population settlements by utilizing mangrove forest areas as new residential areas that damage the natural ecology in coastal areas. We found that it is necessary to do alternative sources of livelihood that can guarantee sources of community income to improve the welfare of fishermen in coastal areas.

STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN HUTAN MANGROVE SEBAGAI KAWASAN HUTAN PRODUKSI DI KABUPATEN MAROS SULAWESI SELATAN, INDONESIA

Sustainable production forest is a forest that can produce products of economic value that can be used for the needs of life today and in the future. The benefits of various products and services from mangrove forests have been felt by humans, both in the form of wood and non-wood products. The population of this research is people age 20 - 60 years who live around the mangrove forest area of the coast of Maros Regency. The sampling technique is carried out using proportional stratified random sampling, which is based on the stratification of the types of activities around the mangrove forest area. Data collection techniques used are adjusted to the required data including, Direct Observation, Documentation, In-depth Interview with the Participatory Rural Appraisal approach, Focus Group Discussion, to determine the distribution and extent mangrove forest area in South Sulawesi. After that, the internal and external factors that are supporting and inhibiting use the SWOT analysis. The results showed that the strategy of managing mangrove forest areas as production forest areas in Maros Regency is develop the potential of sustainable and economically valuable mangrove forest resources through eco-friendly cultivation and capture businesses, increasing the role of ngos to increase community knowledge and awareness in mangrove management, providing counseling and training on crab processing., community empowerment through fishermen / farmer groups to create a household scale industry based on mangrove resources, training and mentoring of farmer/fisherman/women's groups in utilizing mangrove forest resources

KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN MANGROVE BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI KESATUAN PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MODEL WILAYAH III PROVINSI ACEH

Institutional community-based mangrove management as an alternative to sustainable management of mangrove forests. This study aims to analyze which factors from the institution most play a role in guiding the community in managing mangrove forest resources in relation to forest management units (FMU). Primary data were collected through interviews conducted semi-structured to 26 respondents selected by the purposive sampling method. The snowball method is used to capture information from key figures. Deepening is considered complete if information saturation has occurred which is marked by repetition of the same information. While secondary data, obtained from various libraries. Of the three models of mangrove management institutions, namely the community institution of Pusong Kapal Village (PKV), the community institution of Pusong Telaga Tujoh Village (PTTV), and the Community Forestry (CF-BM) Bina Mufakat institution where the analysis shows that the community institutions of Pusong Kapal Village (PKV) are more flexible as an alternative form of community-based mangrove management institutions, because this institution is able to adapt to the changing social and environmental conditions that continue to occur, the collaboration of management with the government, and the recognition of community rights in the use of mangrove forests. FMU as the management authority at the site level has guaranteed the upholding of the rights of the PKV community as the manager of mangrove forests so that the bundle of rights and incentives obtained in the management of mangrove resources by PKV communities becomes strong.

Mangrove Forest Management Strategy as A Sustainable Production Forest Area in Luwu District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

The study was conducted at the coast of Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi to determine the strategy of managing mangrove forests as production forest areas. Data collected in this study are primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected from informants and respondents through direct interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and field observation while Proportionate stratified random sampling was used. Interpretation of Landsat 8 Satellite Imagery utilized to determine the distribution and extent of mangrove forest areas on the coast of Luwu Regency. SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis are used to identify the internal and external factor. The results shown that the alternative strategy used is an aggressive strategy which is to take advantage of opportunities in achieving profitable opportunities by developing the potential of sustainable and economically valuable mangrove forest resources through eco-friendly cultivation and capture businesses, increasing the role of NGOs to increase knowledge and awareness community management of mangroves, developing the potential of mangrove forests as an ecotourism area, community empowerment through fishermen/farmers groups to create a household scale industry based on mangrove resources.

Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest in Tanakeke Island, Takalar District, South Sulawesi Province

Mangrove forests on Tanakeke Island provide many benefits, both direct and indirect benefits. All the benefits received/enjoyed by the community so far have never been calculated/valued in money so sometimes the community does not realize how much value is actually given by this mangrove forest and how much it contributes to their income. Resource economic valuation is a method used to estimate the monetary value of goods and services provided by mangrove forest resources. The purpose of this study was to determine the total economic value of the benefits of mangrove forests on Tanakeke Island. The total economic value of the benefits of mangrove forests is derived from the value of direct benefits (tree, firewood, charcoal, seaweed stake, fish and mangrove crabs), indirect benefits (anchoring abrasion and intrusion), optional benefits, existence benefits and inheritance benefits. Based on the results of calculations, the total economic value of mangrove forests on Tanakeke Island is Rp73,563,108,250.00/year or Rp127,492,388.00/ha/year. Direct benefits provide the greatest value of Rp44,173,560,000.00/year (60.05%), then indirect benefits of Rp14,257,696,532.00/year (19.38%), the benefit of being Rp10,597,566,668.00/year (14.41%), the inheritance benefit of Rp4,417,356,000/year (6.00%) and optional benefits of Rp116,929,050/year (0.16%).

Peluang dan strategi pengurangan emisi di Kawasan Delta Mahakam, Kalimantan Timur

Mahakam Delta area which functions as a Permanent Production Forest has abundant forest resources. However, there is a lack of management of the Mahakam Delta forest area which causes degradation and of mangrove forests to fish and shrimp ponds. This study aims to provide a rational, measurable, efficient and effective conceptual framework for exploiting mangrove forest resources by taking into account the socio-economic business aspects, emission reduction, local community culture and the preservation of mangrove forests in the Mahakam Delta area to achieve independent management of the Mahakam Delta. The method used in this study is Action Learning in which business plan concepts are introduced by promoting the principle of emission reduction to representatives of the KPHP Delta Mahakam. The results show the need for several improvements and strategies to resolve the Mahakam Delta problem, such as resolving pond conflicts, fostering and monitoring the Mahakam Delta area, synergies with related stakeholders, and optimal utilization of forest potential.
 Keywords: Business Strategy, Mahakam Delta, Production Forest, Emission